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Pressley KR, Schwegman L, Montes De Oca Arena M, Chase Huizar C, Zamvil SS, Forsthuber TG. HLA-transgenic mouse models to study autoimmune central nervous system diseases. Autoimmunity 2024; 57:2387414. [PMID: 39167553 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2024.2387414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
It is known that certain human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are associated with autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), but their exact role in disease susceptibility and etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The best studied HLA-associated autoimmune CNS disease is MS, and thus will be the primary focus of this review. Other HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, such as autoimmune encephalitis and neuromyelitis optica will be discussed. The lack of animal models to accurately capture the complex human autoimmune response remains a major challenge. HLA transgenic (tg) mice provide researchers with powerful tools to investigate the underlying mechanisms promoting susceptibility and progression of HLA-associated autoimmune CNS diseases, as well as for elucidating the myelin epitopes potentially targeted by T cells in autoimmune disease patients. We will discuss the potential role(s) of autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles in autoimmune CNS diseases and highlight information provided by studies using HLA tg mice to investigate the underlying pathological mechanisms and opportunities to use these models for development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle R Pressley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lance Schwegman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Maria Montes De Oca Arena
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carol Chase Huizar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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2
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Läderach F, Zdimerova H, Rieble L, Schuhmachers P, Engelmann C, Valencia-Camargo AD, Kirchmeier D, Böni M, Münz C. MHC class II-deficient mice allow functional human CD4 + T-cell development. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250313. [PMID: 37118896 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been developed to study cell-mediated immune responses to human pathogens in vivo. How immunocompetent human T cells are selected in a murine thymus in such humanized mice remains poorly explored. To gain insights into this mechanism, we investigated the differentiation of human immune compartments in mouse MHC class II-deficient immune-compromised mice (humanized Ab0 mice). We observed a strong reduction in human CD4+ T-cell development but despite this reduction Ab0 mice had no disadvantage during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Viral loads were equally well controlled in humanized Ab0 mice compared to humanized NSG mice, and improved T-cell recognition of autologous EBV-transformed B cells was observed, especially with respect to cytotoxicity. MHC class II blocking experiments with CD4+ T cells from humanized Ab0 mice demonstrated MHC class II restriction of lymphoblastoid cell line recognition. These findings suggest that a small number of CD4+ T cells in humanized mice can be solely selected on human MHC class II molecules, presumably expressed by reconstituted human immune cells, leading to improved effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Läderach
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schuhmachers
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Engelmann
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Kirchmeier
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Böni
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Katz H, Victor L, Guinet E, Nouri-Shirazi M. Human T cells show plasticity for direct recognition of xenogeneic dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2022; 248:90-95. [PMID: 35753524 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Organ shortage continues to be the forefront of problems facing clinical transplantation. Although xenografts serve as a promising alternative, its success is contingent upon further investigation into the mechanisms of cell-mediated xenograft rejection. Here, we explored the direct and indirect contribution of human immune cells in xenorecognition using human and murine in vitro coculture systems. Our data shows that human T cells directly recognized the xenogeneic MHC molecules since blocking of MHCs suppressed their proliferative response and cytokines production of IL-2 and IFN-γ. While B and NK cells alone did not generate a significant response, the combination of B and T cells promoted indirect xenorecognition by T cells as evidenced by an increase in B cell proliferative response. Overall, our data suggests that human T cells have the plasticity to recognize xenogeneic MHCs and contribute to xenograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Katz
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Lisa Victor
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Elisabeth Guinet
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Mahyar Nouri-Shirazi
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA..
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4
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Abstract
The goal of cellular transplantation is to allow long-term function of the grafted cells using minimal host immunosuppression. To this end, the major strategies to implant cells and tissues are through: (i) the pretreatment of the graft to reduce tissue immunogenicity; (ii) the application of immunoisolation technologies to prevent host sensitization to implanted cells; and (iii) the induction of immunological tolerance to the donor tissues. Further, a major dilemma facing clinical tissue grafting is the shortage of donor tissue for transplantation. This problem requires the consideration of tissues from other species (xenografts) as a potential source of donor material. In light of these issues, the focus of this discussion is on the T cell-dependent response to allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants and the implications of this reactivity on the field of cellular replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Gill
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
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5
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Li X, Huang J, Kaneko I, Zhang M, Iwanaga S, Yuda M, Tsuji M. A potent adjuvant effect of a CD1d-binding NKT cell ligand in human immune system mice. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:73-80. [PMID: 27801602 PMCID: PMC5526659 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1256208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A CD1d-binding invariant natural killer T (iNKT)-cell stimulatory glycolipid, namely 7DW8-5, is shown to enhance the efficacy of radiation-attenuated sporozoites (RAS)-based malaria vaccine in mice. In the current study, we aim to determine whether 7DW8-5 can display a potent adjuvant effect in human immune system (HIS) mice. METHODS HIS-A2/hCD1d mice, which possess both functional human iNKT cells and CD8+ T cells, were generated by the transduction of NSG mice with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 expressing genes that encode human CD1d molecules and HLA-A*0201, followed by the engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells. The magnitudes of human iNKT-cell response against 7DW8-5 and HLA-A*0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response against a human malaria antigen in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice were determined by using human CD1d tetramer and human HLA-A*0201 tetramer, respectively. RESULTS We found that 7DW8-5 stimulates human iNKT cells in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice, as well as those derived from HIS-A2/hCD1d mice in vitro. We also found that 7DW8-5 significantly increases the level of a human malarial antigen-specific HLA-A*0201-restricted human CD8+ T-cell response in HIS-A2/hCD1d mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that 7DW8-5 can display a potent adjuvant effect on RAS vaccine-induced anti-malarial immunity by augmenting malaria-specific human CD8+ T-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Li
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Jing Huang
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
| | - Izumi Kaneko
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Min Zhang
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
- c Department of Pathology , New York University School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Masao Yuda
- b Department of Medical Zoology , Mie University Graduate School of Medicine , Tsu , Mie , Japan
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- a HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center , Affiliate of The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA
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6
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Pow Sang L, Surls J, Mendoza M, Casares S, Brumeanu T. HLA-DR*0401 expression in the NOD mice prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes by multiple alterations in the T-cell compartment. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:54-65. [PMID: 26363521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Several human HLA alleles have been found associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), but their precise role is not clearly defined. Herein, we report that a human MHC class II (HLA-DR*0401) allele transgene that has been expressed into NOD (H-2(g7)I-E(null)) mice prone to T1D rendered the mice resistant to the disease. T1D resistance occurred in the context of multi-point T-cell alterations such as: (i) skewed CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, (ii) decreased size of CD4(+)CD44(high) T memory pool, (iii) aberrant TCR Vβ repertoire, (iv) increased neonatal number of Foxp3(+) and TR-1(+) regulatory cells, and (v) reduced IFN-γ inflammatory response vs. enhanced IL-10 suppressogenic response of T-cells upon polyclonal and antigen-specific stimulation. The T-cells from NOD/DR4 Tg mice were unable to induce or suppress diabetes in NOD/RAG deficient mice. This study describes a multifaceted regulatory function of the HLA-DR*0401 allele strongly associated with the lack of T1D development in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Pow Sang
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Jacqueline Surls
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Mirian Mendoza
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sofia Casares
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Naval Medical Research Center, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Infectious Diseases Directorate-Malaria Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Teodor Brumeanu
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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7
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Cellular Immune Responses to Xenografts. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Human intrathymic development: a selective approach. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:411-23. [PMID: 18925396 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphocytes can be generated from CD34 progenitor cells from different sources. This can be obtained in an in vivo model wherein human thymic tissue and fetal liver is transplanted in an immunodeficient mouse. However, human T cells are also generated in immunodeficient mice without co-transplantation of human thymus or in in vitro hybrid human-mouse fetal thymus organ culture. This shows that xenogeneic mouse thymus tissue supports human T cell differentiation. Finally, human T cells are generated on co-culture with murine stromal cells that express the Delta-like1 ligand for the Notch receptor. How these different environments influence the human T cell repertoire is reviewed and discussed.
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9
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Singh NP, Guo L, Que X, Shirwan H. Blockade of indirect recognition mediated by CD4+ T cells leads to prolonged cardiac xenograft survival. Xenotransplantation 2004; 11:33-42. [PMID: 14962291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell response to xenografts is induced by direct and indirect recognition of xenoantigens. Although the importance of indirect recognition is well established in vitro, the contribution of this pathway to xenograft rejection in vivo remains to be fully elucidated. We herein investigated the direct contribution of indirect recognition to cardiac xenograft rejection in the rat-to-mouse (PVG.R8-to-C57BL/10) concordant model. Rat xenoantigens invoked a vigorous proliferative response in mouse T cells harvested from naïve or graft recipients at rejection. Indirect recognition predominated the response, as antibodies against mouse class II I-A(b), CD80, or CD86 molecules significantly (45 to 60%) blocked the proliferative response. Importantly, the blockade of indirect recognition in vivo by treating the graft recipients with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against class II I-A(b) molecule on days 0, 1, and 3 post-transplantation resulted in significant (P < 0.009) prolongation of cardiac xenograft survival (Mean Survival Time (MST) >94 +/- 55 days vs. 7 +/- 0.8 days for controls). In contrast, treatment of recipients with a mAb against mouse class I H-2K(b)/D(b) molecules did not significantly affect graft rejection (MST = 8 +/- 1 days). These results demonstrate that indirect recognition mediated by CD4(+) T cells plays a critical role in the rejection of cardiac grafts in the rat-to-mouse xenogeneic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Singh
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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10
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Sun Y, Langnas AN, Zhao Y. The interaction defect of accessory molecules is responsible for the poor ex vivo response to human antigens of mouse T helper cells. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:59-66. [PMID: 12828559 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mouse T cells fail to respond to xenogeneic pig and human antigens using the direct antigen-presenting pathway. The poor response by mouse CD8 cells is because of multiple defects in the molecular interactions between mouse CD8 cells and xenogeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using human CD4/DR3+, mouse CD4-/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II - mice, we investigated the defects in molecular interaction responsible for the poor response to xenogeneic antigens by naïve mouse CD4+ cells. Mouse CD4 cells failed to respond to human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR3 expressed on mouse APCs but developed a strong response to alloantigens, indicating a defect in the interaction between mouse CD4 and HLA-DR3 molecules. Human CD4+/mouse CD4- mouse T cells respond poorly to human and pig APCs but not allogeneic APCs, indicating that accessory molecular interactions are deficient across highly separated species. Adding mouse interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the mixed lymphocyte reaction system did not improve the poor response to human or pig antigens by mouse or human CD4+/mouse CD4- mouse T cells. Therefore, multiple molecular interactions deficient between mouse CD4 cells and human or pig APCs may lead to the poor response to xenogeneic antigens by naïve mouse CD4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, The Lied Transplant Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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11
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Boyer O, Marodon G, Cohen JL, Lejeune L, Irinopoulou T, Liblau R, Bruneval P, Klatzmann D. Human CD4 expression at the late single-positive stage of thymic development supports T cell maturation and peripheral export in CD4-deficient mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4347-53. [PMID: 12370367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.8.4347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection of developing thymocytes is initiated at the double-positive (DP) CD4(+)CD8(+) stage of their maturation. Accordingly, expression of a human CD4 (hCD4) transgene beginning at the DP stage has been shown to restore normal T cell development and function in CD4-deficient mice. However, it is unclear whether later onset CD4 expression would still allow such a restoration. To investigate this issue, we used transgenic mice in which a hCD4 transgene is not expressed on DP, but only on single-positive cells. By crossing these animals with CD4-deficient mice, we show that late hCD4 expression supports the maturation of T cell precursors and the peripheral export of mature TCRalphabeta(+) CD8(-) T cells. These results were confirmed in two different MHC class II-restricted TCR transgenic mice. T cells arising by this process were functional in the periphery because they responded to agonist peptide in vivo. Interestingly, thymocytes of these mice appeared refractory to peptide-induced negative selection. Together, these results indicate that the effect of CD4 on positive selection of class II-restricted T cells extends surprisingly late into the maturation process by a previously unrecognized pathway of differentiation, which might contribute to the generation of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Thérapeutique des Pathologies Immunitaires and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7087, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 83 boulevard de l'hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
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12
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Yahata T, Ando K, Nakamura Y, Ueyama Y, Shimamura K, Tamaoki N, Kato S, Hotta T. Functional human T lymphocyte development from cord blood CD34+ cells in nonobese diabetic/Shi-scid, IL-2 receptor gamma null mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:204-9. [PMID: 12077246 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.1.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An experimental model for human T lymphocyte development from hemopoietic stem cells is necessary to study the complex processes of T cell differentiation in vivo. In this study, we report a newly developed nonobese diabetic (NOD)/Shi-scid, IL-2Rgamma null (NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null)) mouse model for human T lymphopoiesis. When these mice were transplanted with human cord blood CD34(+) cells, the mice reproductively developed human T cells in their thymus and migrated into peripheral lymphoid organs. Furthermore, these T cells bear polyclonal TCR-alphabeta, and respond not only to mitogenic stimuli, such as PHA and IL-2, but to allogenic human cells. These results indicate that functional human T lymphocytes can be reconstituted from CD34(+) cells in NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mice. This newly developed mouse model is expected to become a useful tool for the analysis of human T lymphopoiesis and immune response, and an animal model for studying T lymphotropic viral infections, such as HIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD34/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Crosses, Genetic
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fetal Blood/immunology
- Fetal Blood/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Species Specificity
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/transplantation
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yahata
- Research Center for Cell Transplantation, Kanagawa, Japan
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13
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Marschner S, Hünig T, Cambier JC, Finkel TH. Ligation of human CD4 interferes with antigen-induced activation of primary T cells. Immunol Lett 2002; 82:131-9. [PMID: 12008044 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(02)00028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The CD4 molecule functions to enhance T cell activation when it is co-aggregated with the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) by MHC class II antigenic peptide complexes. However, independent ligation of CD4 has been shown to negatively effect signaling through the TCR in vitro. The interaction between the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 and CD4 is a central event in the pathogenesis of AIDS and may contribute to immune deficiency via both direct and indirect mechanisms, including lytic infection of T cells and induction of CD4 signaling events resulting in apoptosis and anergy. Analysis of the consequences of interactions between CD4 and gp120 have yielded contradictory results presumably because most of these studies have focused on T cell clones of questionable relevance to the in vivo target of the virus. Here, we analyzed the effects of CD4 ligation on freshly isolated cells of human CD4 transgenic mice, and show that huCD4 preligation, in the absence of human CXCR4, has an inhibitory effect on both early and late T cell activation events. CD4 signaling negatively regulates the response to antigen, as well as to anti-TCR mAb. In addition, we show here that this negative signal requires the cytoplasmic tail of CD4. These results suggest that in HIV infected patients the interaction of gp120 with CD4 induces unresponsiveness of CD4+ T cells to subsequent activation by antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Marschner
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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14
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Seagal J, Spectorman E, Gershoni JM, Denisova GF. Use of human CD4 transgenic mice for studying immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120. Transgenic Res 2001; 10:113-20. [PMID: 11305358 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008941713904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope protein, gp120, is a major immunogenic protein of the AIDS virus. A specific feature of this protein is its interaction with the receptor protein, human CD4, an important component of the immune system. This interaction might affect the immunogenic properties of the gp 120 and modulate the immune response towards HIV. To test this hypothesis we used human CD4-transgenic mice for immunization with gp120. The dynamics of the immune response towards gp120, CD4 and other proteins was followed. The results show that the primary immune response to gp120 (two weeks) developed somewhat faster in CD4-transgenic mice versus non-transgenic mice. Both animals, however, ultimately mounted the same level of response over time. The primary immune response to gp120 when complexed with soluble CD4 before the immunization, developed similarly in both groups. The secondary immune response was earlier and markedly stronger in non-transgenic mice compared with the transgenic mice where a less efficient memory response to gp120 was observed. The ability of gp120 to directly interact with CD4+ helper lymphocytes appears to affect the humoral response towards this antigen. Moreover, these effects illustrate how viral modulation of these cells may in turn lead to potentially different states of immunological equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seagal
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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15
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Sønderstrup G, Cope AP, Patel S, Congia M, Hain N, Hall FC, Parry SL, Fugger LH, Michie S, McDevitt HO. HLA class II transgenic mice: models of the human CD4+ T-cell immune response. Immunol Rev 1999; 172:335-43. [PMID: 10631958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the field of current HLA class II transgenic mouse models and the individual approaches applied in production of these mice. The majority of these mice have been created with the objective of obtaining a disease model with clinical features mimicking human autoimmune disease. The development process of a different type of HLA class II transgenic mice, which are designed to function as a substitute for a normal human immune system in studies of human autoantigens, is described. Several HLA-DR4 transgenic lines with normally expressed HLA-DR4 molecules have been produced. To obtain adequate positive selection of the HLA-DR4-restricted CD4+ T-cell repertoire in these mice it is essential both to introduce a human CD4 transgene, and to delete the murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. These HLA-DR4 transgenic mice have been used to determine the immunogenic CD4+ T-cell epitopes of several human autoantigenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sønderstrup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5124, USA.
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16
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Xenoreactions and their modulation with bone marrow transplantation to induce tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00075200-199909000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu XC, Naziruddin B, Sasaki H, Smith DM, Mohanakumar T. Allele-specific and peptide-dependent recognition of swine leukocyte antigen class I by human cytotoxic T-cell clones. Transplantation 1999; 68:473-9. [PMID: 10480402 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199908270-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The T-cell mediated immune responses play a major role in xenograft rejection. However, the mechanisms behind human T-cell recognition of porcine xenoantigens remain to be elucidated. METHODS Human CD8+ T-cell lines were generated against porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs) from y/y and z/z haplotypes of Yucatan inbred swine. T-cell clones were obtained by limiting dilution. The human T-cell receptor (TCR)-swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I interaction was characterized. RESULTS The human CD8+ T-cell mediated direct recognition of PAECs was SLA haplotype-specific. The haplotype specificity was restricted by the SLA class I allelic polymorphism. To characterize the role of SLA-bound peptides in the human TCR-SLA class I interaction, we stripped peptides from SLA molecules by a brief acid treatment. Using z/z-specific CD8+ T cells as effectors, we demonstrated that the acid-treatment, which stripped SLA molecules of bound peptides, decreased the lysis of PAECs by 72%. Addition of peptides eluted from affinity purified z/z SLA class I molecules, but not from the irrelevant y/y SLA class I, restored the lysis of acid-treated z/z PAECs. In addition, the lysis of a human HLA class I negative cell line, 721.221, transfected with a relevant SLA class I allele derived from the z/z haplotype, was significantly increased with the addition of relevant z/z peptides. These experiments indicated that both SLA class I and bound peptides were required for recognition by human CD8+ T cells. Cloning studies identified two groups of xenoreactive T-cell clones. Group I clones recognized distinct porcine peptides in the context of SLA class I molecules, whereas group II clones recognized human endogenous cross-reactive peptides presented by SLA class I. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that, despite the differences in MHC molecules between species, human T-cell recognition of porcine MHC is similar to direct allo-recognition, that is, human TCR recognizes xenogeneic SLA-peptide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Xu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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18
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Dorling A, Lechler RI. T cell-mediated xenograft rejection: specific tolerance is probably required for long term xenograft survival. Xenotransplantation 1998; 5:234-45. [PMID: 9915251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1998.tb00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
T cell-mediated mechanisms of xenograft rejection appear resistant to standard immunosuppression protocols used to prevent allograft rejection and, consequently, higher doses of immunosuppressive drugs are required to promote xenograft compared to allograft survival. Evidence from recent studies suggests that porcine xenografts may be especially immunogenic in humans because of a prominent and vigorous indirect xenoresponse and because of the ability of porcine endothelium to activate human T cells. This has led to an anxiety that systemic immunosuppressives, used as the mainstay of therapy for clinical xenotransplantation, may not allow the long-term survival of porcine organs transplanted into human recipients. This article will review the biology of T cell xenoresponses, present the case for the development of novel graft-specific immunosuppressive regimes in clinical xenotransplantation, and review recent experimental progress in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dorling
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Sawada S, Gowrishankar K, Kitamura R, Suzuki M, Suzuki G, Tahara S, Koito A. Disturbed CD4+ T cell homeostasis and in vitro HIV-1 susceptibility in transgenic mice expressing T cell line-tropic HIV-1 receptors. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1439-49. [PMID: 9565636 PMCID: PMC2212262 DOI: 10.1084/jem.187.9.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell line-tropic (T-tropic) HIV type 1 strains enter cells by interacting with the cell-surface molecules CD4 and CXCR4. We have generated transgenic mice predominantly expressing human CD4 and CXCR4 on their CD4-positive T lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells). Their primary thymocytes are susceptible to T-tropic but not to macrophage-tropic HIV-1 infection in vitro, albeit with a viral antigen production less efficient than human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interestingly, even without HIV infection, transgenic mice display a CD4+ T cell depletion profile of peripheral blood reminiscent of that seen in AIDS patients. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cell trafficking in transgenic mice is biased toward bone marrow essentially due to CXCR4 overexpression, resulting in the severe loss of CD4+ T cells from circulating blood. Our data suggest that CXCR4 plays an important role in lymphocyte trafficking through tissues, especially between peripheral blood and bone marrow, participating in the regulation of lymphocyte homeostasis in these compartments. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothetical model in which the dual function of CXCR4 in HIV-1 infection and in lymphocyte trafficking may cooperatively induce progressive HIV-1 infection and CD4+ T cell decline in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sawada
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, and Tsukuba Life Science Center, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
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20
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21
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Fuller-Espie SL, Murphy GA, Brett SJ, Lechler RI. Quantitative but not qualitative variation in MHC class II alters CD4 interaction and influences T cell repertoire formation. Cell Immunol 1997; 177:49-61. [PMID: 9140095 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1997.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the interaction between CD4 and MHC class II molecules on selection of the T cell repertoire was studied in transgenic mice expressing human or human/mouse hybrid MHC class II beta chains. Either wild-type DR beta chains (DR1 beta) or hybrid beta chains comprising the beta1 domain of DR and the beta2, transmembrane, and intracytoplasmic domains of I-E (DRbeta 1Ebeta2) were introduced into and expressed in transgenic mice as a heterodimer with endogenous I-E alpha. Mice expressing low levels of DR1beta:I-E alpha or those expressing low or higher levels of the hybrid DRbeta 1Ebeta2:I-E alpha were studied. Immunization with a suboptimal dose of influenza nucleoprotein peptide exposed a fivefold lower frequency of DR-restricted, peptide-specific, IL-2-secreting T cells in the mice with low-level expression of DRbeta1 Ebeta2:I-E alpha when compared to mice expressing the same molecule at higher levels. The frequency in DRbeta wild-type mice was only twofold lower than that measured in mice with comparable levels of expression of DRbeta 1Ebeta2. These results suggest that positive selection is sensitive to quantitative variation in MHC class II density, unmasked when antigen is limiting, but is relatively insensitive to qualitative variation in the MHC class II: CD4 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Fuller-Espie
- Department of Immunology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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22
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23
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Seebach JD, Yamada K, McMorrow IM, Sachs DH, DerSimonian H. Xenogeneic human anti-pig cytotoxicity mediated by activated natural killer cells. Xenotransplantation 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1996.tb00137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Kääb G, Brandl G, Marx A, Wekerle H, Bradl M. The myelin basic protein-specific T cell repertoire in (transgenic) Lewis rat/SCID mouse chimeras: preferential V beta 8.2 T cell receptor usage depends on an intact Lewis thymic microenvironment. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:981-8. [PMID: 8647189 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the Lewis rat, myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific, encephalitogenic T cells preferentially recognize sequence 68-88, and use the V beta 8.2 gene to encode their T cell receptors. To analyze the structural prerequisites for the development of the MBP-specific T cell repertoire, we reconstituted severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with fetal (embryonic day 15-16) Lewis rat lymphoid tissue, and then isolated MBP-specific T cell lines from the adult chimeras after immunization. Two types of chimera were constructed: SCID mice reconstituted with rat fetal liver cells only, allowing T cell maturation within a chimeric SCID thymus consisting of mouse thymic epithelium and rat interdigitating dendritic cells, and SCID mice reconstituted with rat fetal liver cells and rat fetal thymus grafts, allowing T cell maturation within the chimeric SCID and the intact Lewis rat thymic microenvironment. Without exception, the T cell lines isolated from MBP-immunized SCID chimeras were restricted by MHC class II of the Lewis rat (RT1.B1), and none by I-Ad of the SCID mouse. Most of the T cell lines recognized the immunodominant MBP epitope 68-88. In striking contrast to intact Lewis rats, in SCID mice reconstituted by rat fetal liver only, MBP-specific T cell clones used a seemingly random repertoire of V beta genes without a bias for V beta 8.2. In chimeras containing fetal Lewis liver plus fetal thymus grafted under the kidney capsule, however, dominant utilization of V beta 8.2 was restored. The migration of liver-derived stem cells through rat thymus grafts was documented by combining fetal tissues from wild-type and transgenic Lewis rats. The results confirm that the recognition of the immunodominant epitope 68-88 by MBP-specific encephalitogenic T cells is a genetically determined feature of the Lewis rat T cell repertoire. They further suggest that the formation of the repertoire requires T cell differentiation in a syngeneic thymic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kääb
- Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, Germany
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25
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Dorling A, Binns R, Lechler RI. Cellular xenoresponses: Although vigorous, direct human T cell anti-pig primary xenoresponses are significantly weaker than equivalent alloresponses. Xenotransplantation 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.1996.tb00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Yeung RS, Penninger JM, Kündig TM, Law Y, Yamamoto K, Kamikawaji N, Burkly L, Sasazuki T, Flavell R, Ohashi PS, Mak TW. Human CD4-major histocompatibility complex class II (DQw6) transgenic mice in an endogenous CD4/CD8-deficient background: reconstitution of phenotype and human-restricted function. J Exp Med 1994; 180:1911-20. [PMID: 7964466 PMCID: PMC2191727 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.5.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To reconstitute the human immune system in mice, transgenic mice expressing human CD4 and human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (DQw6) molecules in an endogenous CD4- and CD8-deficient background (mCD4/8-/-), after homologous recombination, have been generated. We report that expression of human CD4 molecule in mCD4/8-/- mice rescues thymocyte development and completely restores the T cell compartment in peripheral lymphoid organs. Upon vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) challenge, the reconstituted mature T cell population effectively provide T help to B cells in immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to specific IgG-neutralizing antibodies. Human CD4+DQw6+ double transgenic mice are tolerant to DQw6 and the DQw6 molecule functions in antigen presentation, effectively generating a human MHC class II-restricted T cell response to streptococcal M6C2 peptide. These data show that both the hCD4 and DQw6 molecules are functional in mCD4/8-/- mice, fully and stably reconstituting this limb of the human immune system in mice. This animal model provides a powerful in vivo tool to dissect the human CD4-human class II MHC interaction, especially its role in human autoimmune diseases, superantigen-mediated diseases, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Yeung
- Department of Immunology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto, Canada
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27
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Baron A, Hafen K, von Boehmer H. A human CD4 transgene rescues CD4-CD8+ cells in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1933-6. [PMID: 8056052 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The specificity of the alpha beta T cell receptor for class I or class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules determines whether a mature T cell will be of the CD4-CD8+ or CD4+CD8- phenotype, respectively. We show here that a human CD4 transgene can rescue a significant fraction of CD4-CD8+ T cells in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice. Cells with this phenotype could be induced to become potent killers of targets expressing allogeneic MHC antigens, indicating that lineage commitment can precede the rescue of developing cells by the T cell receptor for antigen and the CD4 coreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baron
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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28
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Yamamoto K, Fukui Y, Esaki Y, Inamitsu T, Sudo T, Yamane K, Kamikawaji N, Kimura A, Sasazuki T. Functional interaction between human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and mouse CD4 molecule in antigen recognition by T cells in HLA-DR and DQ transgenic mice. J Exp Med 1994; 180:165-71. [PMID: 8006580 PMCID: PMC2191563 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.1.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in vitro have suggested that a species barrier exists in functional interaction between human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II and mouse CD4 molecules. However, whether mouse CD4+ T cells restricted by HLA class II molecules are generated in HLA class II transgenic mice and respond to peptide antigens across this barrier has remained unclear. In an analysis of T cell responses to synthetic peptides in mice transgenic for HLA-DR51 and -DQ6, we found that DR51 and DQ6 transgenic mice acquired significant T cell response to influenza hemagglutinin-derived peptide 307-319 (HA 307) and Streptococcus pyogenes M12 protein-derived peptide 347-397 (M6C2), respectively. Inhibition studies with several monoclonal antibodies showed that transgenic HLA class II molecules presented these peptides to mouse CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, T cell lines specific for HA 307 or M6C2 obtained from the transgenic mice could respond to the peptide in the context of relevant HLA class II molecules expressed on mouse L cell transfectants that lack the expression of mouse MHC class II. These findings indicate that interaction between HLA class II and mouse CD4 molecules is sufficient for provoking peptide-specific HLA class II-restricted T cell responses in HLA class II transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Genetics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Schwartz BD. HLA class II transgenic mice: the chance to unravel the basis of HLA class II associations with disease. J Exp Med 1994; 180:11-3. [PMID: 8006577 PMCID: PMC2191577 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B D Schwartz
- Department of Immunology, Searle/Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri 63198
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cunningham
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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31
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Law YM, Yeung RS, Mamalaki C, Kioussis D, Mak TW, Flavell RA. Human CD4 restores normal T cell development and function in mice deficient in murine CD4. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1233-42. [PMID: 8145040 PMCID: PMC2191459 DOI: 10.1084/jem.179.4.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a human coreceptor to function in mice was investigated by generating human CD4 (hCD4)-expressing transgenic mice on a mouse CD4-deficient (mCD4-/-) background. From developing thymocyte to matured T lymphocyte functions, hCD4 was shown to be physiologically active. By examining the expansion and deletion of specific V beta T cell families in mutated mice with and without hCD4, it was found that hCD4 can participate in positive and negative selection. Mature hCD4 single positive cells also were found in the periphery and they were shown to restore MHC class II-restricted alloreactive and antigen-specific T cell responses that were deficient in the mCD4 (-/-) mice. In addition, these hCD4 reconstituted mice can generate a secondary immunoglobulin G humoral response matching that of mCD4 wild-type mice. The fact that human CD4 is functional in mice and can be studied in the absence of murine CD4 should facilitate studies of human CD4 activity in general and human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp120-mediated pathogenesis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Law
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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32
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Cunningham AC, Butler TJ, Kirby JA. Demonstration of direct xenorecognition of porcine cells by human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunol Suppl 1994; 81:268-72. [PMID: 8157275 PMCID: PMC1422328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
It is not known whether human cytotoxic T cells can recognize porcine major histocompatibility antigens directly, or whether recognition occurs by co-operation with syngeneic human antigen-presenting cells (APC). Limiting dilution assays were used to quantify human anti-pig precursor cytotoxic T-cell (CTLp) frequencies and to analyse the 'kinetics' of the interaction between human lymphoid cells and porcine splenic cells. Single-hit kinetics are demonstrative of direct recognition, as only one cell type, the CTLp, is diluted out, whereas multi-hit kinetics indicate that more than one cell is limiting and provide evidence for co-operative recognition of xenoantigens. Initial assays indicated that the frequency of CTLp reactive with alloantigens on human splenic targets (mean 1/1845; n = 3) was approximately sixfold greater than the frequency of CTLp reactive with porcine splenic cells (1/12,082; n = 3). However, not all of the assays performed using the xenogeneic combination produced single-hit kinetics. Subsequent assays were performed by mixing limiting numbers of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or APC-depleted PBMC preparations with porcine splenocytes. There was a significant difference in the frequency of xenospecific CTLp between PBMC and APC-depleted preparations (P = 0.034). The overall frequency increased in the APC-depleted group. Variation between the seven human donors was also significant (P = 0.006). There was no significant difference in frequency between the two cell preparations after correction for the proportion of CD3+ cells (P = 0.13). There was, however, a significant departure from single-hit kinetics in the PBMC group (P = 0.004) which was not observed in the APC-depleted group (P = 0.052). It is concluded that human cytotoxic T cells can be activated by porcine xenoantigens directly. However, the direct recognition mechanism can be altered in the presence of human APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Cunningham
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
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Forte P, Aiuti A, Pozzi L, Citarella F, Fattorossi A, Rossi GB, Fantoni A. Human CD4 produced in lymphoid cells of transgenic mice binds HIV gp120 and modifies the subsets of mouse T-cell populations. Immunogenetics 1993; 38:455-9. [PMID: 8406619 DOI: 10.1007/bf00184528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Forte
- Dip. Biopatologia Umana, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy
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