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Julson JR, Marayati R, Beierle EA, Stafman LL. The Role of PIM Kinases in Pediatric Solid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3565. [PMID: 35892829 PMCID: PMC9332273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PIM kinases have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in several malignancies. Here, we provide an in-depth review of PIM kinases, including their structure, expression, activity, regulation, and role in pediatric carcinogenesis. Also included is a brief summary of the currently available pharmaceutical agents targeting PIM kinases and existing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rae Julson
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (J.R.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (J.R.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Elizabeth Ann Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (J.R.J.); (R.M.)
| | - Laura Lee Stafman
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA;
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2
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Tran Q, Sudasinghe A, Jones B, Xiong K, Cohen RE, Sharlin DS, Hartert KT, Goellner GM. FAM171B is a novel polyglutamine protein widely expressed in the mammalian brain. Brain Res 2021; 1766:147540. [PMID: 34052262 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in proteins containing polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts has been shown to underlie a number of severe human neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's Disease and Spinocerebellar Ataxia. In this study, we identify and describe FAM171B as a novel polyQ protein containing fourteen consecutive glutamine residues in its National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) referenced sequence. Utilizing western blotting, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that FAM171B is widely expressed in mouse brain with pronounced localization in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiments reveal that FAM171B predominantly localizes to vesicle-like structures in the cytoplasm of neurons. Finally, bioinformatic analysis suggests that FAM171B is robustly expressed in human brain, and (similar to other polyQ disease genes) its polyQ tract is polymorphic within the general human population. Thus, as a polyQ protein that is expressed in brain, FAM171B should be considered a candidate gene for an as yet molecularly uncharacterized neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Ashani Sudasinghe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Brooke Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Ka Xiong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Rachel E Cohen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - David S Sharlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Keenan T Hartert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States
| | - Geoffrey M Goellner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Trafton South 242, Minnesota State University, Mankato, MN 56001, United States.
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3
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Synthesis of new substituted pyridine derivatives as potent anti-liver cancer agents through apoptosis induction: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico integrated approaches. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104877. [PMID: 33839579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the most common type of cancer in many countries. New studies and statistics show rising liver cancer worldwide, so it is essential to seek new agents for this type of cancer. PIM1 has an attractive target in the discovery of cancer medications as it is very much expressed in a variety of malignancies and influences such as tumorigenesis, cell cycle progression, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and cell migration. Accordingly, a series of pyridones and pyridine-amides were synthesized and tested for anti-liver cancer activity. In the synthetic strategy 4,6-diaryl-3-cyano-2-pyridones 3a-n were synthesized using one-pot four component synthetic method. Structural modifications were done on 4,6-diphenyl-3-cayno-2-pyridone 3a to enhance the activity. Alkylation in the presence of K2CO3 afforded the O-alkylated products 4-6. The acetoxy hydrazide 7 was synthesized and cyclized into 1,3,4-oxadiazolethione 8 which alkylated on sulfur to give 10. Azide-coupling method was used to couple the 2-(pyridin-2-yloxy)acetohydrazide 7 to different amines and amino acid esters to furnish the products 12a-e and 13a-b. The synthesized derivatives were subjected to cytotoxic screening against HepG2 and THLE-2 cells, Compounds 10, 12e and 13a have a remarkable cytotoxic activity with IC50 values (10.7-13.9 µM). Compound 7 was found to be more cytotoxic by showing the lowest IC50 value of 7.26 compared to 5-FU (IC50 = 6.98 µM). It inhibited cell growth by 76.76%. Additionally, it significantly stimulated apoptotic liver cancer cell death with 49.78-fold (22.90% compared to 0.46% for the control) arresting cell cycle Pre-G1 with 35.16% of a cell population, compared to 1.57% for the control. Moreover, it validated the intrinsic apoptosis through upregulation of P53, and other related genes, with inhibition of anti-apoptotic genes through PIM-1 inhibition.
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Abstract
DNA damage occurs on exposure to genotoxic agents and during physiological DNA transactions. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous lesions that activate DNA damage response (DDR) kinases, leading to initiation of a canonical DDR (cDDR). This response includes activation of cell cycle checkpoints and engagement of pathways that repair the DNA DSBs to maintain genomic integrity. In adaptive immune cells, programmed DNA DSBs are generated at precise genomic locations during the assembly and diversification of lymphocyte antigen receptor genes. In innate immune cells, the production of genotoxic agents, such as reactive nitrogen molecules, in response to pathogens can also cause genomic DNA DSBs. These DSBs in adaptive and innate immune cells activate the cDDR. However, recent studies have demonstrated that they also activate non-canonical DDRs (ncDDRs) that regulate cell type-specific processes that are important for innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we review these ncDDRs and discuss how they integrate with other signals during immune system development and function.
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Repository corticotropin injection reverses critical elements of the TLR9/B cell receptor activation response in human B cells in vitro. Clin Immunol 2019; 201:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Arrouchi H, Lakhlili W, Ibrahimi A. A review on PIM kinases in tumors. Bioinformation 2019; 15:40-45. [PMID: 31359998 PMCID: PMC6651028 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Proviral Integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases is serine/threonine kinases that promote growth and survival in multiple cell types, implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Over expression of Pim-1 experimentally leads to tumor formation in mice, whereas there is no observable phenotype concerning the complete knockout of the protein. When it is over expressed it may lead to cancer development by three major ways; by inhibiting apoptosis, by promoting cell proliferation and also through promoting genomic instability. Expression in normal tissues is nearly undetectable. Recent improvements in the development of novel inhibitors of PIMs have been reviewed. Significant progress in the design of PIMs inhibitors, in which it displays selectivity versus other kinases, has been achieved within the last years. However, the development of isoform-selective PIM inhibitors is still an open task. As Pim-1 possesses oncogenic functions and is over expressed in various kinds of cancer diseases, its inhibition provides a new option in cancer therapy. A PubMed literature search was performed to review the currently available data on Pim-1 expression, regulation, and targets; its implication in different types of cancer and its impact on prognosis is described. Consequently, designing new inhibitors of PIMs is now a very active area of research in academic and industrial laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housna Arrouchi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology (MedBiotech),Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School,Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,Morocco
| | - Wiame Lakhlili
- Laboratory of Biotechnology (MedBiotech),Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School,Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,Morocco
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology (MedBiotech),Rabat Medical and Pharmacy School,Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat,Morocco
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Control of translational activation by PIM kinase in activated B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma confers sensitivity to inhibition by PIM447. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63362-63373. [PMID: 27556513 PMCID: PMC5325370 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM family kinases promote growth and survival of tumor cells and are expressed in a wide variety of human cancers. Their potential as therapeutic targets, however, is complicated by overlapping activities with multiple other pathways and remains poorly defined in most clinical scenarios. Here we explore activity of the new pan-PIM inhibitor PIM447 in a variety of lymphoid-derived tumors. We find strong activity in cell lines derived from the activated B-cell subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL). Sensitive lines show lost activation of the mTORC1 signaling complex and subsequent lost activation of cap-dependent protein translation. In addition, we characterize recurrent PIM1 protein-coding mutations found in DLBCL clinical samples and find most preserve the wild-type protein's ability to protect cells from apoptosis but do not bypass activity of PIM447. Pan-PIM inhibition therefore may have an important role to play in the therapy of selected ABC-DLBCL cases.
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Xu Z, Gwin KA, Li Y, Medina KL. Developmental stage-specific effects of Pim-1 dysregulation on murine bone marrow B cell development. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:16. [PMID: 27287229 PMCID: PMC4902936 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0152-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The serine threonine kinase Pim-1 has documented roles in hematopoietic progenitor and B cell precursor proliferation and survival. Pim-1 is a molecular target of the transcription factor Hoxa9. Previous studies showed that Pim-1 deficiency phenocopied the hematopoietic progenitor defect in hoxa9-/- mice and forced expression of Pim-1 normalized the in vitro proliferation defect inherent to hoxa9-/- hematopoietic progenitors. Pim-1 is induced by cytokine signaling, including the early lymphoid/B lineage regulators Flt3 and IL-7, and expression levels were shown to influence the size of the B cell compartment in bone marrow (BM). Results In this study, we sought to determine if transgenic expression of Pim-1, driven by the immunoglobulin enhancer, Eμ, was sufficient to rescue the lymphoid/B cell precursor defect in hoxa9 or flt3-ligand (flt3l) deficient mice. Unexpectedly, expression of Eμ − Pim1 exacerbated lymphoid progenitor deficiencies in flt3l-/-, and to a lesser extent, hoxa9-/- mice. Furthermore, Eμ − Pim1 expression alone reduced early myeloid and lymphoid, but not erythroid, progenitors. In contrast, Pim-1 deficiency had no significant effect on early lymphoid/B cell development through the Pre-Pro-B cell stage, but caused a significant reduction in IgM− B cell precursors. Importantly, loss of Pim-1 did not phenocopy hoxa9- or flt3l-deficiency on the lymphoid/early B cell progenitor pools. Conclusions These experimental findings demonstrate that Pim-1 overexpression has developmental-stage-specific effects on B lymphopoiesis and myelopoiesis. Importantly, these suggest that Pim-1 deficiency does not contribute significantly to the early lymphoid/B cell developmental deficiency in hoxa9-/- or flt3l-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Xu
- The Key Laboratory Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kimberly A Gwin
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Yulin Li
- The Key Laboratory Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pathology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kay L Medina
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Karo JM, Sun JC. Novel molecular mechanism for generating NK-cell fitness and memory. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1906-15. [PMID: 26018782 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system has been traditionally subdivided into two compartments known as the innate and the adaptive. T cells and B cells, which rearrange their antigen-receptor genes using the RAG recombinase, comprise the adaptive arm of immunity. Meanwhile, every other white blood cell has been grouped together under the broad umbrella of innate immunity, including NK cells. NK cells are considered innate lymphocytes because of their rapid responses to stressed cells and their ability to develop without receptor gene rearrangement (i.e. in RAG-deficient mice). However, new findings implicate a critical function for RAG proteins during NK-cell ontogeny, and suggest a novel mechanism by which controlled DNA breaks during NK-cell development dictate the fitness, function, and longevity of these cells. This review highlights recent work describing how DNA break events can impact cellular differentiation and fitness in a variety of cell types and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Karo
- Immunology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are highly expressed in many types of hematological and solid cancers. Pim kinases regulate the network of signaling pathways that are critical for tumorigenesis and development, making Pim kinases the attractive drug targets. Currently, two approaches have been employed in designing Pim kinase inhibitors: ATP-mimetics and non-ATP mimetics; but all target the ATP-binding pocket and are ATP-competitive. In this review, we summarize the current progress in understanding the Pim-related structure and biology, and provide insights into the binding modes of some prototypical Pim-1 inhibitors. The challenges as well as opportunities are highlighted for development of Pim kinase inhibitors as potential anticancer agents.
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Aguirre E, Renner O, Narlik-Grassow M, Blanco-Aparicio C. Genetic Modeling of PIM Proteins in Cancer: Proviral Tagging and Cooperation with Oncogenes, Tumor Suppressor Genes, and Carcinogens. Front Oncol 2014; 4:109. [PMID: 24860787 PMCID: PMC4030178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The PIM proteins, which were initially discovered as proviral insertion sites in Moloney-murine leukemia virus infection, are a family of highly homologous serine/threonine kinases that have been reported to be overexpressed in hematological malignancies and solid tumors. The PIM proteins have also been associated with metastasis and overall treatment responses and implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, metabolism, the cell cycle, and homing and migration, which makes these proteins interesting targets for anti-cancer drug discovery. The use of retroviral insertional mutagenesis and refined approaches such as complementation tagging has allowed the identification of myc, pim, and a third group of genes (including bmi1 and gfi1) as complementing genes in lymphomagenesis. Moreover, mouse modeling of human cancer has provided an understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in tumor initiation and progression at the physiological level. In particular, genetically modified mice have allowed researchers to further elucidate the role of each of the Pim isoforms in various tumor types. PIM kinases have been identified as weak oncogenes because experimental overexpression in lymphoid tissue, prostate, and liver induces tumors at a relatively low incidence and with a long latency. However, very strong synergistic tumorigenicity between Pim1/2 and c-Myc and other oncogenes has been observed in lymphoid tissues. Mouse models have also been used to study whether the inhibition of specific PIM isoforms is required to prevent carcinogen-induced sarcomas, indicating that the absence of Pim2 and Pim3 greatly reduces sarcoma growth and bone invasion; the extent of this effect is similar to that observed in the absence of all three isoforms. This review will summarize some of the animal models that have been used to understand the isoform-specific contribution of PIM kinases to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enara Aguirre
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Oliver Renner
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Maja Narlik-Grassow
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carmen Blanco-Aparicio
- Biology Section, Experimental Therapeutics Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid , Spain
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An N, Lin YW, Mahajan S, Kellner JN, Wang Y, Li Z, Kraft AS, Kang Y. Pim1 serine/threonine kinase regulates the number and functions of murine hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1202-12. [PMID: 23495171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The genes and pathways that govern the functions and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the roles of serine/threonine Pim kinases in hematopoiesis in mice. We generated PIM1 transgenic mice (Pim1-Tx) overexpressing human PIM1 driven by vav hematopoietic promoter/regulatory elements. Compared to wild-type littermates, Pim1-Tx mice showed enhanced hematopoiesis as demonstrated by increased numbers of Lin(-) Sca-1 (+) c-Kit (+) (LSK) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and cobblestone area forming cells, higher BrdU incorporation in long-term HSC population, and a better ability to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice. We then extended our study using Pim1(-/-), Pim2(-/-), Pim3(-/-) single knockout (KO) mice. HSCs from Pim1(-/-) KO mice showed impaired long-term hematopoietic repopulating capacity in secondary and competitive transplantations. Interestingly, these defects were not observed in HSCs from Pim2(-/-) or Pim3(-/-) KO mice. Limiting dilution competitive transplantation assay estimated that the frequency of LSKCD34(-) HSCs was reduced by approximately 28-fold in Pim1(-/-) KO mice compared to wild-type littermates. Mechanistic studies demonstrated an important role of Pim1 kinase in regulating HSC cell proliferation and survival. Finally, our polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array and confirmatory real-time PCR (RT-PCR) studies identified several genes including Lef-1, Pax5, and Gata1 in HSCs that were affected by Pim1 deletion. Our data provide the first direct evidence for the important role of Pim1 kinase in the regulation of HSCs. Our study also dissects out the relative role of individual Pim kinase in HSC functions and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningfei An
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Fabbri G, Khiabanian H, Holmes AB, Wang J, Messina M, Mullighan CG, Pasqualucci L, Rabadan R, Dalla-Favera R. Genetic lesions associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia transformation to Richter syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2273-88. [PMID: 24127483 PMCID: PMC3804949 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the pattern of clonal evolution from CLL to RS, the genetic determinants of CLL transformation to RS, and the pathogenetic relationship between RS and classical non–CLL-associated de novo DLBCL. Richter syndrome (RS) derives from the rare transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into an aggressive lymphoma, most commonly of the diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) type. The molecular pathogenesis of RS is only partially understood. By combining whole-exome sequencing and copy-number analysis of 9 CLL-RS pairs and of an extended panel of 43 RS cases, we show that this aggressive disease typically arises from the predominant CLL clone by acquiring an average of ∼20 genetic lesions/case. RS lesions are heterogeneous in terms of load and spectrum among patients, and include those involved in CLL progression and chemorefractoriness (TP53 disruption and NOTCH1 activation) as well as some not previously implicated in CLL or RS pathogenesis. In particular, disruption of the CDKN2A/B cell cycle regulator is associated with ∼30% of RS cases. Finally, we report that the genomic landscape of RS is significantly different from that of de novo DLBCL, suggesting that they represent distinct disease entities. These results provide insights into RS pathogenesis, and identify dysregulated pathways of potential diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fabbri
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2 Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, 3 Departments of Genetics and Development and of Microbiology and Immunology and 4 Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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Gwin KA, Shapiro MB, Dolence JJ, Huang ZL, Medina KL. Hoxa9 and Flt3 signaling synergistically regulate an early checkpoint in lymphopoiesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:745-54. [PMID: 23772038 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hoxa9 and Flt3 signaling are individually important for the generation of lymphoid lineage precursors from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors (MPP) in bone marrow. Mice deficient for Hoxa9, Flt3, or Flt3 ligand (FL) have reduced numbers of lymphoid-primed multipotential progenitors (LMPP), common lymphoid progenitors (CLP), and B/T cell precursors. Hoxa9 regulates lymphoid development, in part, through transcriptional regulation of Flt3. However, it was unclear whether Hoxa9 has functions in lymphopoiesis independent of, or alternatively, synergistically with Flt3 signaling. In this study, we show that Hoxa9(-/-)Flt3l(-/-) mice have more severe deficiencies in all B lineage cells, CLP, LMPP, and total Flt3(+) MPP in bone marrow than the single knockouts. Although LMPP and Flt3(+) CLP contain precursors for NK and dendritic cell lineage cells, no deficiencies in these lineages beyond that in Flt3l(-/-) mice was found. Thymocyte cellularity was significantly reduced in the compound knockout, although peripheral T cell numbers mirrored Flt3l(-/-) mice. Analysis of the hematopoietic progenitor compartment revealed elevated numbers of CD150(+hi)CD34(-)CD41(+) myeloid-biased stem cells in Hoxa9(-/-)Flt3l(-/-) mice. In contrast, CD150(-) MPP enriched for lymphoid potential were synergistically reduced, suggesting Hoxa9 and Flt3 signaling function coordinately to regulate lymphopoiesis at a very early stage. Real-time PCR analysis of CD150(-)Flt3(+) cells from wild-type control, Hoxa9(-/-), and Flt3l(-/-) single knockouts revealed decreased lymphoid transcripts, corroborating the importance of these regulators in lymphoid development. Taken together, these studies reveal a very early checkpoint in lymphopoiesis dependent on the combinatorial activities of Hoxa9 function and Flt3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Gwin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Peng YH, Li JJ, Xie FW, Chen JF, Yu YH, Ouyang XN, Liang HJ. Expression of pim-1 in tumors, tumor stroma and tumor-adjacent mucosa co-determines the prognosis of colon cancer patients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76693. [PMID: 24116137 PMCID: PMC3792018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Provirus integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (pim-1) is a proto-oncogene that is linked to the development and progression of several cancers. In this study, we evaluated pim-1 expression in tumors, tumor stroma and tumor-adjacent mucosa together as an independent prognostic factor for colon cancer patients. The study included 343 colon cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect pim-1. Multivariate cox regression for disease-free survival (DFS) were used to identify independent prognostic factors. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the weight of pim-1 in tumors, tumor stroma and tumor-adjacent mucosa in order to obtain a Pim-1 total score (PTS) for recurrence and survival. Kaplan-Meier DFS curves and OS curves for patients with different pim-1 expression levels were compared using the log-rank test. In this study, four independent prognostic factors were identified for colon cancer patients: pim-1 expression in tumors, tumor stroma, tumor-adjacent mucosa, as well as tumor stage. It has been established that clinical stage is an important prognostic factor for colon cancer patients. However, PTS can identify the patients who are likely to recur not only in the whole radical excision group but also within each stage of this group. Based on the results of this study we can conclude that the PTS combined with clinical staging system may be a better predictor of colon cancer patients' prognosis than using the clinical stage system alone. ClinicalTrials.gov Number: ChiCTR-PRCH-12002842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-hai Peng
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-jun Li
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang-wei Xie
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-fang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-hao Yu
- Department of Pathology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-nong Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (XO)
| | - Hou-jie Liang
- Department of Oncology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HL); (XO)
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Bednarski JJ, Sleckman BP. Integrated signaling in developing lymphocytes: the role of DNA damage responses. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4129-34. [PMID: 23032308 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte development occurs in a stepwise progression through distinct developmental stages. This ordered maturation ensures that cells express a single, non-autoreactive antigen receptor, which is the cornerstone of a diverse adaptive immune response. Expression of a mature antigen receptor requires assembly of the antigen receptor genes by the process of V(D)J recombination, a reaction that joins distant gene segments through DNA double-strand break (DSB) intermediates. These physiologic DSBs are generated by the recombinase-activating gene (RAG) -1 and -2 proteins, and their generation is regulated by lymphocyte and developmental stage-specific signals from cytokine receptors and antigen receptor chains. Collectively, these signals ensure that V(D)J recombination of specific antigen receptor genes occurs at discrete developmental stages. Once generated, RAG-induced DSBs activate the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase to orchestrate a multifaceted DNA damage response that ensures proper DSB repair. In response to RAG DSBs, ATM also regulates a cell type-specific transcriptional response, and here we discuss how this genetic program integrates with other cellular cues to regulate lymphocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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17
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Transcription and translation are primary targets of Pim kinase inhibitor SGI-1776 in mantle cell lymphoma. Blood 2012; 120:3491-500. [PMID: 22955922 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-02-412643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus (Pim) kinases are serine/threonine/tyrosine kinases and oncoproteins that promote tumor progression. Three isoforms of Pim kinases have been identified and are known to phosphorylate numerous substrates, with regulatory functions in transcription, translation, cell cycle, and survival pathways. These kinases are involved in production, proliferation, and survival of normal B cells and are overexpressed in B-cell malignancies such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). SGI-1776 is a small molecule and Pim kinase inhibitor with selectivity for Pim-1. We hypothesize that Pim kinase function can be inhibited by SGI-1776 in MCL and that inhibition of phosphorylation of downstream substrates will disrupt transcriptional, translational, and cell cycle processes and promote cell death. SGI-1776 treatment in 4 MCL cell lines resulted in apoptosis induction. Phosphorylation of transcription (c-Myc) and translation targets (4E-BP1), tested in Jeko-1 and Mino, was declined. Consistent with these data, Mcl-1 and cyclin D1 protein levels were decreased. Importantly, similar to cell line data, MCL primary cells but not normal cells showed similar inhibition of substrate phosphorylation and cytotoxicity from SGI-1776 treatment. Genetic knockdown of Pim-1/Pim-2 affected similar proteins in MCL cell lines. Collectively these data demonstrate Pim kinases as therapeutic targets in MCL.
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18
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Bednarski JJ, Sleckman BP. Lymphocyte development: integration of DNA damage response signaling. Adv Immunol 2012; 116:175-204. [PMID: 23063077 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394300-2.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes traverse functionally discrete stages as they develop into mature B and T cells. This development is directed by cues from a variety of different cell surface receptors. To complete development, all lymphocytes must express a functional nonautoreactive heterodimeric antigen receptor. The genes that encode antigen receptor chains are assembled through the process of V(D)J recombination, a reaction that proceeds through DNA double-stranded break (DSB) intermediates. These DSBs are generated by the RAG endonuclease in G1-phase developing lymphocytes and activate ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), the kinase that orchestrates cellular DSB responses. The canonical DNA damage response includes cell cycle arrest, DNA break repair, and apoptosis of cells when DSBs are not repaired. However, recent studies have demonstrated that ATM activation in response to RAG DSBs also regulates a transcriptional program including many genes with no known function in canonical DNA damage responses. Rather, these genes have activities that would be important for lymphocyte development. Here, these findings and the broader concept that signals initiated by physiologic DNA DSBs provide cues that regulate cell type-specific processes and functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Bednarski JJ, Nickless A, Bhattacharya D, Amin RH, Schlissel MS, Sleckman BP. RAG-induced DNA double-strand breaks signal through Pim2 to promote pre-B cell survival and limit proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 209:11-7. [PMID: 22201128 PMCID: PMC3260864 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 7 (IL-7) promotes pre-B cell survival and proliferation by activating the Pim1 and Akt kinases. These signals must be attenuated to induce G1 cell cycle arrest and expression of the RAG endonuclease, which are both required for IgL chain gene rearrangement. As lost IL-7 signals would limit pre-B cell survival, how cells survive during IgL chain gene rearrangement remains unclear. We show that RAG-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated during IgL chain gene assembly paradoxically promote pre-B cell survival. This occurs through the ATM-dependent induction of Pim2 kinase expression. Similar to Pim1, Pim2 phosphorylates BAD, which antagonizes the pro-apoptotic function of BAX. However, unlike IL-7 induction of Pim1, RAG DSB-mediated induction of Pim2 does not drive proliferation. Rather, Pim2 has antiproliferative functions that prevent the transit of pre-B cells harboring RAG DSBs from G1 into S phase, where these DNA breaks could be aberrantly repaired. Thus, signals from IL-7 and RAG DSBs activate distinct Pim kinase family members that have context-dependent activities in regulating pre-B cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Bednarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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20
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Zhukova YN, Alekseeva MG, Zakharevich NV, Shtil AA, Danilenko VN. Pim family of protein kinases: Structure, functions, and roles in hematopoietic malignancies. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311040170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Magnuson NS, Wang Z, Ding G, Reeves R. Why target PIM1 for cancer diagnosis and treatment? Future Oncol 2011; 6:1461-78. [PMID: 20919829 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved proto-oncogenic protein PIM1 is an unusual serine or threonine kinase, in part because it is constitutively active. Overexpression of PIM1 experimentally leads to tumor formation in mice, while complete knockout of the protein has no observable phenotype. It appears to contribute to cancer development in three major ways when it is overexpressed; by inhibiting apoptosis, by promoting cell proliferation and by promoting genomic instability. Expression in normal tissues is nearly undetectable. However, in hematopoietic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors, increased PIM1 expression has been shown to correlate with the stage of disease. This characteristic suggests it can serve as a useful biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Several specific and potent inhibitors of PIM1’s kinase activity have also been shown to induce apoptotic death of cancer cells, to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy and to synergize with other anti-tumor agents, thus making it an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Magnuson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164–7520, USA
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22
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Abstract
Pim oncogenes are overexpressed in a wide range of tumours from a haematological and epithelial origin. Pim genes encode serine/threonine kinases that have been shown to counteract the increased sensitivity to apoptosis induction that is associated with MYC-driven tumorigenesis. Recently, considerable progress has been made in characterizing the pathways of PIM-mediated survival signalling. Given the unique structure of their active site and the minimal phenotype of mice mutant for all Pim family members, these oncogenes might be promising targets for highly specific and selective drugs with favourable toxicity profiles. In this Review, we discuss the physiological functions and oncogenic activities of Pim kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn C Nawijn
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Gwin K, Frank E, Bossou A, Medina KL. Hoxa9 regulates Flt3 in lymphohematopoietic progenitors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:6572-83. [PMID: 20971928 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0904203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early B cell factor (EBF) is a transcription factor essential for specification and commitment to the B cell fate. In this study, we show downregulation of a developmentally regulated cluster of hoxa genes, notably hoxa9, coincides with induction of EBF at the Pro-B cell stage of B cell differentiation. Analysis of the hematopoietic progenitor compartment in Hoxa9(-/-) mice revealed significantly reduced frequencies and expression levels of Flt3, a cytokine receptor important for lymphoid priming and the generation of B cell precursors (BCPs). We show that Hoxa9 directly regulates the flt3 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed binding of Hoxa9 to the flt3 promoter in a lymphoid progenitor cell line. Knockdown of Hoxa9 significantly reduced Flt3 transcription and expression. Conversely, forced expression of Hoxa9 increased Flt3 transcription and expression in a Pro-B cell line that expressed low levels of Flt3. Hoxa9 inversely correlated with ebf1 in ex vivo-isolated bone marrow progenitors and BCPs, suggesting that EBF might function to silence a Hoxa9 transcriptional program. Restoration of EBF function in an EBF(-/-) cell line induced B lineage gene expression but did not directly suppress hoxa9 transcription, revealing alternate mechanisms of Hoxa9 regulation in BCPs. These data provide new insight into Hoxa9 function and regulation during lymphoid and B cell development. Furthermore, they suggest that failure to upregulate Flt3 provides a molecular basis for the lymphoid/early B cell deficiencies in Hoxa9(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Gwin
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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24
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A small molecule inhibitor of Pim protein kinases blocks the growth of precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Blood 2009; 115:824-33. [PMID: 19965690 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-233445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine Pim kinases are up-regulated in specific hematologic neoplasms, and play an important role in key signal transduction pathways, including those regulated by MYC, MYCN, FLT3-ITD, BCR-ABL, HOXA9, and EWS fusions. We demonstrate that SMI-4a, a novel benzylidene-thiazolidine-2, 4-dione small molecule inhibitor of the Pim kinases, kills a wide range of both myeloid and lymphoid cell lines with precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (pre-T-LBL/T-ALL) being highly sensitive. Incubation of pre-T-LBL cells with SMI-4a induced G1 phase cell-cycle arrest secondary to a dose-dependent induction of p27(Kip1), apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway, and inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin C1 (mTORC1) pathway based on decreases in phospho-p70 S6K and phospho-4E-BP1, 2 substrates of this enzyme. In addition, treatment of these cells with SMI-4a was found to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and the combination of SMI-4a and a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor was highly synergistic in killing pre-T-LBL cells. In immunodeficient mice carrying subcutaneous pre-T-LBL tumors, treatment twice daily with SMI-4a caused a significant delay in the tumor growth without any change in the weight, blood counts, or chemistries. Our data suggest that inhibition of the Pim protein kinases may be developed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of pre-T-LBL.
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25
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Greig KT, Carotta S, Nutt SL. Critical roles for c-Myb in hematopoietic progenitor cells. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:247-56. [PMID: 18585056 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While it has long been known that the transcription factor c-Myb is an essential regulator of hematopoiesis, its precise molecular targets have remained elusive. Cell line studies suggest that c-Myb promotes proliferation and at the same time inhibits differentiation, however the early lethality of c-Myb deficient embryos precluded analysis of its role in adult hematopoiesis. Here we review insights derived from recently developed mouse models of c-Myb deficiency that are viable as adults. These studies reveal a complex array of functions for c-Myb in multiple hematopoietic cell types that will redefine our understanding of this crucial transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie T Greig
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
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26
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Cohen P. Murine models of immunodeficiency and autoimmune disease. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2008; Appendix 1:Appendix 1E. [PMID: 18432641 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.ima01es17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined murine immunodeficiency states are useful for understanding the function of specific immune-system genes and cellpopulations. In addition, certain immunodeficient strains may be exploited as hosts for foreign tumors or immune cells. The more commonly used immunodeficiency models are described in this appendix. Not included are strains better known for primary neurological or neuromuscular abnormalities or for defective osteoclast function. Many of the recently described immune-deficient "knockout" strains are described, including cytokine and cytokine receptor knockout strains. The most widely studied murine strains for autoimmune disease and experimental autoreactivity are also listed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cohen
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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27
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Muraski JA, Rota M, Misao Y, Fransioli J, Cottage C, Gude N, Esposito G, Delucchi F, Arcarese M, Alvarez R, Siddiqi S, Emmanuel GN, Wu W, Fischer K, Martindale JJ, Glembotski CC, Leri A, Kajstura J, Magnuson N, Berns A, Beretta RM, Houser SR, Schaefer EM, Anversa P, Sussman MA. Pim-1 regulates cardiomyocyte survival downstream of Akt. Nat Med 2007; 13:1467-75. [PMID: 18037896 DOI: 10.1038/nm1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine kinases Pim-1 and Akt regulate cellular proliferation and survival. Although Akt is known to be a crucial signaling protein in the myocardium, the role of Pim-1 has been overlooked. Pim-1 expression in the myocardium of mice decreased during postnatal development, re-emerged after acute pathological injury in mice and was increased in failing hearts of both mice and humans. Cardioprotective stimuli associated with Akt activation induced Pim-1 expression, but compensatory increases in Akt abundance and phosphorylation after pathological injury by infarction or pressure overload did not protect the myocardium in Pim-1-deficient mice. Transgenic expression of Pim-1 in the myocardium protected mice from infarction injury, and Pim-1 expression inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis with concomitant increases in Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) protein levels, as well as in Bad phosphorylation levels. Relative to nontransgenic controls, calcium dynamics were significantly enhanced in Pim-1-overexpressing transgenic hearts, associated with increased expression of SERCA2a, and were depressed in Pim-1-deficient hearts. Collectively, these data suggest that Pim-1 is a crucial facet of cardioprotection downstream of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Muraski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, USA
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28
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Magnuson NS. Pim-1 kinase-dependent phosphorylation of p21Cip1/WAF1 regulates its stability and cellular localization in H1299 cells. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:909-22. [PMID: 17855660 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory showed that p21Cip1/WAF1 can be phosphorylated by Pim-1 kinase in vitro, implying that part of the function of Pim-1 might involve influencing the cell cycle. In the present study, site-directed mutagenesis and phosphorylated-specific antibodies were used as tools to identify the sites phosphorylated by Pim-1 and the consequences of this phosphorylation. What we found was that Pim-1 can efficiently phosphorylate p21 on Thr145 in vitro using recombinant protein and in vivo in intact cells. Unexpectedly, we found that Ser146 is a second site that is phosphorylated in vivo, but this phosphorylation event seems to be an indirect result of Pim-1 expression. More importantly, the consequences of phosphorylation of either Thr145 or Ser146 are distinct. When p21 is phosphorylated on Thr145, it localizes to the nucleus and results in the disruption of the association between proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Thr145 promotes stabilization of p21. On the other hand, when p21 is phosphorylated on Ser146, it localizes primarily in the cytoplasm and the effect of phosphorylation on stability is minimal. Cotransfection of wild-type Pim-1 with p21 increases the rate of proliferation compared with cotransfection of p21 with kinase-dead Pim-1. Knocking down Pim-1 expression greatly decreases the rate of proliferation of H1299 cells and their ability to grow in soft agar. These data suggest that Pim-1 overexpression may contribute to tumorigenesis in part by influencing the cellular localization and stability of p21 and by promoting cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Zhang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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29
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Hu YL, Passegué E, Fong S, Largman C, Lawrence HJ. Evidence that the Pim1 kinase gene is a direct target of HOXA9. Blood 2007; 109:4732-8. [PMID: 17327400 PMCID: PMC1885524 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-043356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The HOXA9 homeoprotein exerts dramatic effects in hematopoiesis. Enforced expression of HOXA9 enhances proliferation of primitive blood cells, expands hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and leads to myeloid leukemia. Conversely, loss of HOXA9 inhibits proliferation and impairs HSC function. The pathways by which HOXA9 acts are largely unknown, and although HOXA9 is a transcription factor, few direct target genes have been identified. Our previous study suggested that HOXA9 positively regulates Pim1, an oncogenic kinase. The hematologic phenotypes of Hoxa9- and Pim1-deficient animals are strikingly similar. Here we show that HOXA9 protein binds to the Pim1 promoter and induces Pim1 mRNA and protein in hematopoietic cells. Pim1 protein is diminished in Hoxa9(-/-) cells, and Hoxa9 and Pim1 mRNA levels track together in early hematopoietic compartments. Induction of Pim1 protein by HOXA9 increases the phosphorylation and inactivation of the proapoptotic BAD protein, a target of Pim1. Hoxa9(-/-) cells show increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation, defects that are ameliorated by reintroduction of Pim1. Thus Pim1 appears to be a direct transcriptional target of HOXA9 and a mediator of its antiapoptotic and proproliferative effects in early cells. Since HOXA9 is frequently up-regulated in acute myeloid leukemia, Pim1 may be a therapeutic target in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Hu
- Hematology Research, Medical Service, UCSF Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
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30
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Jacobs MD, Black J, Futer O, Swenson L, Hare B, Fleming M, Saxena K. Pim-1 Ligand-bound Structures Reveal the Mechanism of Serine/Threonine Kinase Inhibition by LY294002. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:13728-34. [PMID: 15657054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413155200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pim-1 is an oncogene-encoded serine/threonine kinase primarily expressed in hematopoietic and germ cell lines. Pim-1 kinase was originally identified in Maloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas and is associated with multiple cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis (Wang, Z., Bhattacharya, N., Weaver, M., Petersen, K., Meyer, M., Gapter, L., and Magnuson, N. S. (2001) J. Vet. Sci. 2, 167-179). The crystal structures of Pim-1 complexed with staurosporine and adenosine were determined. Although a typical two-domain serine/threonine protein kinase fold is observed, the inter-domain hinge region is unusual in both sequence and conformation; a two-residue insertion causes the hinge to bulge away from the ATP-binding pocket, and a proline residue in the hinge removes a conserved main chain hydrogen bond donor. Without this hydrogen bond, van der Waals interactions with the hinge serve to position the ligand. The hinge region of Pim-1 resembles that of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase more closely than it does other protein kinases. Although the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also inhibits Pim-1, the structure of the LY294002.Pim-1 complex reveals a new binding mode that may be general for Ser/Thr kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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31
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Mikkers H, Nawijn M, Allen J, Brouwers C, Verhoeven E, Jonkers J, Berns A. Mice deficient for all PIM kinases display reduced body size and impaired responses to hematopoietic growth factors. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:6104-15. [PMID: 15199164 PMCID: PMC480904 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.13.6104-6115.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pim family of proto-oncogenes encodes a distinct class of serine/threonine kinases consisting of PIM1, PIM2, and PIM3. Although the Pim genes are evolutionarily highly conserved, the contribution of PIM proteins to mammalian development is unclear. PIM1-deficient mice were previously described but showed only minor phenotypic aberrations. To assess the role of PIM proteins in mammalian physiology, compound Pim knockout mice were generated. Mice lacking expression of Pim1, Pim2, and Pim3 are viable and fertile. However, PIM-deficient mice show a profound reduction in body size at birth and throughout postnatal life. In addition, the in vitro response of distinct hematopoietic cell populations to growth factors is severely impaired. In particular, PIM proteins are required for the efficient proliferation of peripheral T lymphocytes mediated by synergistic T-cell receptor and interleukin-2 signaling. These results indicate that members of the PIM family of proteins are important but dispensable factors for growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Burchill MA, Goetz CA, Prlic M, O'Neil JJ, Harmon IR, Bensinger SJ, Turka LA, Brennan P, Jameson SC, Farrar MA. Distinct effects of STAT5 activation on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell homeostasis: development of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells versus CD8+ memory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5853-64. [PMID: 14634095 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.5853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using transgenic mice that express a constitutively active version of STAT5b, we demonstrate that STAT5 plays a key role in governing B cell development and T cell homeostasis. STAT5 activation leads to a 10-fold increase in pro-B, but not pro-T, cells. Conversely, STAT5 signaling promotes the expansion of mature alphabeta T cells (6-fold increase) and gammadelta and NK T cells (3- to 4-fold increase), but not of mature B cells. In addition, STAT5 activation has dramatically divergent effects on CD8(+) vs CD4(+) T cells, leading to the selective expansion of CD8(+) memory-like T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells. These results establish that activation of STAT5 is the primary mechanism underlying both IL-7/IL-15-dependent homeostatic proliferation of naive and memory CD8(+) T cells and IL-2-dependent development of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- B-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Milk Proteins
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Burchill
- Center for Immunology, Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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33
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Regnström K, Ragnarsson E, Artursson P. Gene expression after vaccination of mice with formulations of diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid and different adjuvants: identification of shared and vaccine-specific genes in spleen lymphocytes. Vaccine 2003; 21:2307-17. [PMID: 12744861 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00103-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We immunized mice with four different combinations of diphtheria toxoid or tetanus toxoid with aluminum phosphate or Freund's adjuvant and studied the resulting gene expression profiles in spleen lymphocytes. Genes, which are unique for each combination or shared in several combinations, were found activated, with functions in immune response but also in other cellular processes like apoptosis or signal transduction. Using bioinformatic tools we show, that some of the genes may serve as indicators for adverse reactions, while other genes may be new immune response markers. The results also suggest that adjuvant participates in the formation of an immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Regnström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, PO Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Mikkers H, Allen J, Berns A. Proviral activation of the tumor suppressor E2a contributes to T cell lymphomagenesis in EμMyc transgenic mice. Oncogene 2002; 21:6559-66. [PMID: 12242653 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2002] [Revised: 08/01/2002] [Accepted: 08/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix factor E2A plays an important role in the development of B and T lymphocytes. In addition, E2a has been implicated as a gene with tumor suppressor activity, since mice deficient for E2a succumb to T cell lymphomas. We have performed retroviral tagging in EmuMyc transgenic mice to identify genes that contribute to lymphomagenesis. The EmuMyc transgenic mouse is a well-established model of a common translocation in human B cell lymphomas. Analyses of the proviral insertion sites in the MuLV-induced lymphomas revealed that a number of T cell lymphomas carried proviral insertions in the promoter region of E2a. These proviral insertions yield hybrid viral-E2a mRNAs resulting in a marked rise in E2A protein levels. The proviral insertions in E2a were predominantly of clonal origin indicating that E2a insertions are early events in these T cell lymphomas. The primary oncogenic effect of E2A is likely to be associated with enhancement of transcription of the c-Myc transgene via binding to the regulatory immunoglobulin enhancers. The results herein thus provide the first evidence that in a specific setting E2A overexpression can contribute to T-lymphomagenesis. This implies that E2a contains oncogenic features in addition to the previously described tumor suppressive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Mikkers
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Centre of Biomedical Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Nosaka T, Kitamura T. Pim-1 expression is sufficient to induce cytokine independence in murine hematopoietic cells, but is dispensable for BCR-ABL-mediated transformation. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:697-702. [PMID: 12135666 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00808-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BCR-ABL is a unique oncoprotein of which sole expression can cause cancer. A number of signaling molecules were shown to be activated by BCR-ABL. One of the important molecules that contributes to BCR-ABL-mediated cell proliferation is signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5. To elucidate the mechanism of BCR-ABL-mediated leukemogenesis, a role of pim-1, one of the important target genes of STAT5, was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A temperature-sensitive mutant of p210(BCR-ABL) was introduced in interleukin-3-dependent murine hematopoietic cell line Ba/F3 cells, and downstream signaling after activation of BCR-ABL was investigated. Effects of the expression of a dominant-negative (dn) Pim-1 and a dn STAT5A in BCR-ABL-driven cell proliferation also were studied in Ba/F3 cells. RESULTS We found that pim-1 was markedly up-regulated following activation of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase with activation of STAT5. Overexpression of pim-1 alone induced cytokine-independent cell growth of Ba/F3 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, expression of the dn Pim-1 did not affect growth of Ba/F3 cells transformed by BCR-ABL, whereas that of the dn STAT5A did suppress it. CONCLUSION Pim-1 is one of the redundant molecules that contributes to induction of autonomous cell growth and is dispensable for leukemogenesis by BCR-ABL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nosaka
- Division of Hematopoietic Factors, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
Apoptosis, or the ability of cells to die in an orderly and highly regulated manner, is essential for normal development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Diseases in which deregulation of this process is implicated include autoimmune diseases, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. The importance of apoptosis for the development and function of lymphoid cells has been extensively investigated. Less clear is the role apoptosis plays in regulating early progenitor and stem cell compartments. This question is being investigated using a transgenic mouse model, H2K-BCL-2, in which all hematopoietic cells have an increased resistance to apoptosis. The same transgenic model is also being used to address the question whether protection against apoptosis can increase system-wide resistance to lethal challenges such as irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Domen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Jacobs H. TCR-independent T cell development mediated by gain-of-oncogene function or loss-of-tumor-suppressor gene function. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:487-502. [PMID: 11085181 DOI: 10.1006/smim.2000.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms that govern differentiation of T cell precursors during intrathymic development bridge an interdisciplinary research field of immunology, oncology and developmental biology. Critical checkpoints controlling early thymic T cell development and homeostasis are set by the proper signaling function of the IL-7 receptor, c-Kit receptor, and the pre-T cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR). Given the intimate link between cell cycle control and differentiation in T cell development, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressors participate as physiological effectors downstream of these receptors not only to influence the cell cycle but also to determine differentiation and survival. Gain- or loss-of-function mutations of these downstream effectors uncouples partially or completely T cell precursors from these checkpoints, providing a selective advantage and enabling aberrant development. These effectors can be identified by provirus tagging in normal mice and more readily by complementation tagging in mice with a predefined block in T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jacobs
- Basel Institute for Immunology, Switzerland
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Pircher TJ, Zhao S, Geiger JN, Joneja B, Wojchowski DM. Pim-1 kinase protects hematopoietic FDC cells from genotoxin-induced death. Oncogene 2000; 19:3684-92. [PMID: 10951575 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic cell S/T kinase Pim-1 was originally discovered as a target of murine leukemia provirus integration, and when expressed at increased levels is predisposing to lymphomagenesis. Recently, Pim-1 has been shown to enhance the activities of p100, c-Myb and cdc25a, and in part this might explain reported effects on mitogenesis. In the context of cytokine withdrawal, Pim-1 also can attenuate programmed cell death (PCD). Cytokine withdrawal, however, alters signaling pathways and can complicate the dissection of mitogenic vs apoptotic responses. To better study possible effects of Pim-1 on PCD, a hematopoietic cell model was developed in which proliferation was supported efficiently by SCF plus EPO in the absence of endogenous Pim-1 gene expression. This was provided by factor-dependent FDCW2 cells that express endogenous and functional c-Kit, and were transfected stably with truncated Epo receptor form mutated at a Y343 STAT5 binding site. In proliferating cells, exogenously expressed Pim-1 was observed to efficiently inhibit PCD as induced by either Co60 or adriamycin, and the dose-dependent nature of this effect was established in several independent clones. By comparison, effects of exogenous Pim-1 on mitogenesis were nominal. In addition, in cell fractionation studies an estimated 25% of Mr 34000 Pim-1 (but not Mr 44000 Pim-1) was present in nuclear extracts. Thus, Pim-1 efficiently buffers hematopoietic progenitor cells against death as induced by several clinically important apoptotic agents, and may directly target nuclear effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Pircher
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Eichmann A, Yuan L, Bréant C, Alitalo K, Koskinen PJ. Developmental expression of pim kinases suggests functions also outside of the hematopoietic system. Oncogene 2000; 19:1215-24. [PMID: 10713710 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have cloned a novel quail cDNA with strong homology to the pim family of proto-oncogenes. The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of the cDNA, named qpim, is more closely related to Xenopus Pim and to the recently identified rat Pim-3 than to human or rodent Pim-1 or Pim-2. The protein encoded by the qpim cDNA can autophosphorylate itself and share substrates with murine Pim-1, suggesting functional redundancy to other Pim family serine/threonine kinases. We have compared the expression of qpim in avian embryos to mouse pim-1, -2 and -3 by in situ hybridization. qpim shows a highly dynamic expression pattern, particularly at early developmental stages. Surprisingly, its expression pattern is not identical to any of the murine pim genes, which show complementary and/or partially overlapping expression sites both in- and outside of the hematopoietic system. Altogether, our results suggest novel functions for Pim family kinases during embryonic development, in particular in epithelia and in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eichmann
- Institut d'Embryologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du CNRS et du Collège de France 49bis, Avenue de la Belle Gabrielle, 94736 Nogent-sur-Marne Cedex, France
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Shirogane T, Fukada T, Muller JM, Shima DT, Hibi M, Hirano T. Synergistic roles for Pim-1 and c-Myc in STAT3-mediated cell cycle progression and antiapoptosis. Immunity 1999; 11:709-19. [PMID: 10626893 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation of STAT3 by the cytokine receptor gp130 is required for both the G1 to S cell cycle transition and antiapoptosis. We found that Pim-1 and Pim-2 are targets for the gp130-mediated STAT3 signal. Expression of a kinase-defective Pim-1 mutant attenuated gp130-mediated cell proliferation. Constitutive expression of Pim-1 together with c-myc, another STAT3 target, fully compensated for loss of the STAT3-mediated cell cycle progression, antiapoptosis, and bcl-2 expression. We also identified valosine-containing protein (VCP) as a target gene for the Pim-1-mediated signal. Expression of a mutant VCP led cells to undergo apoptosis. These results indicate that Pim-family proteins play crucial roles in gp130-mediated cell proliferation and explain the synergy between Pim and c-Myc proteins in cell proliferation and lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shirogane
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Biomedical Research Center, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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41
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Jacobs H, Krimpenfort P, Haks M, Allen J, Blom B, Démollière C, Kruisbeek A, Spits H, Berns A. PIM1 reconstitutes thymus cellularity in interleukin 7- and common gamma chain-mutant mice and permits thymocyte maturation in Rag- but not CD3gamma-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1999; 190:1059-68. [PMID: 10523604 PMCID: PMC2195657 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.8.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of lymphomas induced in Rag-deficient mice by Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV) infection express the CD4 and/or CD8 markers, indicating that proviral insertions cause activation of genes affecting the development from CD4(-)8(-) pro-T cells into CD4(+)8(+) pre-T cells. Similar to MoMuLV wild-type tumors, 50% of CD4(+)8(+) Rag-deficient tumors carry a provirus near the Pim1 protooncogene. To study the function of PIM proteins in T cell development in a more controlled setting, a Pim1 transgene was crossed into mice deficient in either cytokine or T cell receptor (TCR) signal transduction pathways. Pim1 reconstitutes thymic cellularity in interleukin (IL)-7- and common gamma chain-deficient mice. In Pim1-transgenic Rag-deficient mice but notably not in CD3gamma-deficient mice, we observed slow expansion of the CD4(+)8(+) thymic compartment to almost normal size. Based on these results, we propose that PIM1 functions as an efficient effector of the IL-7 pathway, thereby enabling Rag-deficient pro-T cells to bypass the pre-TCR-controlled checkpoint in T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jacobs
- Basel Institute for Immunology, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland.
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42
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Mochizuki T, Kitanaka C, Noguchi K, Muramatsu T, Asai A, Kuchino Y. Physical and functional interactions between Pim-1 kinase and Cdc25A phosphatase. Implications for the Pim-1-mediated activation of the c-Myc signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:18659-66. [PMID: 10373478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.26.18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The pim-1 oncogene encodes a serine/threonine kinase (Pim-1) involved in the transduction of cytokine-triggered mitogenic signals. Pim-1 is unique in that it closely cooperates with c-Myc not only in oncogenesis, but also in apoptosis induction. However, the molecular basis of Pim-1 function remains poorly understood, largely because the downstream effector molecule(s) for Pim-1 kinase has not been identified. Here we provide several lines of evidence that Cdc25A cell cycle phosphatase, a direct transcriptional target for c-Myc, is a substrate for Pim-1 kinase and functions as an effector for Pim-1. We found that Pim-1 physically interacts with Cdc25A both in vitro and in vivo and phosphorylates Cdc25A. We also observed that Pim-1-mediated phosphorylation of Cdc25A increases its phosphatase activity. In addition, wild-type Pim-1, but not kinase-inactive Pim-1, enhanced Cdc25A-mediated cellular transformation and apoptosis. Our results indicate that Cdc25A might be a key molecule that links Pim-1 and c-Myc and that also ties Pim-1-mediated mitogenic signals to cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mochizuki
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Konietzko U, Kauselmann G, Scafidi J, Staubli U, Mikkers H, Berns A, Schweizer M, Waltereit R, Kuhl D. Pim kinase expression is induced by LTP stimulation and required for the consolidation of enduring LTP. EMBO J 1999; 18:3359-69. [PMID: 10369676 PMCID: PMC1171416 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.12.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals and several cellular models of synaptic plasticity, long-lasting changes in synaptic strength are dependent on gene transcription and translation. Here we demonstrate that Pim-1, a serine/threonine kinase closely related to Pim-2 and Pim-3, is induced in hippocampus in response to stimuli that evoke long-term potentiation (LTP). Mice deficient for Pim-1 show normal synaptic transmission and short-term plasticity. However, they fail to consolidate enduring LTP even though Pim-2 and Pim-3 are constitutively expressed in the hippocampus and Pim-3 expression is similarly induced by synaptic activity. Thus, expression of Pim-1 is required for LTP. Its level of expression and, consequently, its capacity to phosphorylate target proteins in dendritic and nuclear compartments of stimulated neurons might be a determining factor for the establishment of long-lasting changes in synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Konietzko
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie (ZMNH), University of Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Hematopoietic tumors in both humans and mice frequently up-regulate expression of the c-myb gene, but it is unclear whether this is a cause or a consequence of the leukemic state. Recent results placing super-activation of the c-Myb protein at the bottom of a kinase-activated signal transduction pathway indicate that it may be a downstream effector of transformation induced by other oncogenes. The relationship between c-Myb and the serine-threonine kinase pim-1, its immediate activator, is discussed, together with the possibility that c-Myb, like pim-1, may be able to synergize with c-Myc to induce tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Weston
- CRC Centre for Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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45
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Interferon- Activates Multiple STAT Proteins and Upregulates Proliferation-Associated IL-2R, c-myc, and pim-1 Genes in Human T Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.6.1980.406k20_1980_1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon- (IFN-) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunoregulatory functions. There is increasing evidence that IFN- has an important role in T-cell biology. We have analyzed the expression ofIL-2R, c-myc, and pim-1 genes in anti-CD3–activated human T lymphocytes. The induction of these genes is associated with interleukin-2 (IL-2)–induced T-cell proliferation. Treatment of T lymphocytes with IFN-, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 upregulated IL-2R, c-myc, andpim-1 gene expression. IFN- also sensitized T cells to IL-2–induced proliferation, further suggesting that IFN- may be involved in the regulation of T-cell mitogenesis. When we analyzed the nature of STAT proteins capable of binding to IL-2R,pim-1, and IRF-1 GAS elements after cytokine stimulation, we observed IFN-–induced binding of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT4, but not STAT5 to all of these elements. Yet, IFN- was able to activate binding of STAT5 to the high-affinity IFP53 GAS site. IFN- enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5a, and STAT5b. IL-12 induced STAT4 and IL-2 and IL-15 induced STAT5 binding to the GAS elements. Taken together, our results suggest that IFN-, IL-2, IL-12, and IL-15 have overlapping activities on human T cells. These findings thus emphasize the importance of IFN- as a T-cell regulatory cytokine.
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van Kreijl CF, van der Houven van Oordt CW, Kroese ED, Sørensen IK, Breuer ML, Storer RD. Evaluation of the Emu-pim-1 transgenic mouse model for short-term carcinogenicity testing. Toxicol Pathol 1998; 26:750-6. [PMID: 9864091 DOI: 10.1177/019262339802600606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The value of the chronic rodent carcinogenicity assay in adequately predicting cancer risk in humans has become a matter of debate over the past few years. Therefore, more rapid and accurate alternative tests are urgently needed. Transgenic mouse models, those harboring genetic changes that are relevant to the multistage cancer process, may provide such alternative tests. Transgenic Emu-pim-1 mice, developed by Berns and coworkers in 1989, contain the pimn-1 oncogene, which is expressed at elevated levels in their lymphoid compartments. As a result, these mice are predisposed to the development of T-cell lymphomas. Because of the low incidence of spontaneous tumors and the increased sensitivity to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced carcinogenesis, Emu-pim-1 mice were suggested to be one of the first potential and attractive candidates to be used in short-term carcinogenicity testing. In the present article, the results from 2 recent short-term assays (with mitomycin C and x-rays) are briefly presented, together with a review of all 11 performed bioassays and their corresponding histopathologic and molecular data. The overall results allow the first evaluation of the Emu-pim-1 mouse model with regard to its usefulness in short-term carcinogenicity testing. It has been shown that the model is primarily suitable as a sensitive short-term assay for genotoxic carcinogens that not only induce (at least) gene mutations and/or large deletions and rearrangements but that also sufficiently target the lymphoid system. However, the Emu-pim-1 mice lack sufficient sensitivity to justify their routine use in short-term carcinogenicity testing in general.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinogenicity Tests
- Disease Models, Animal
- Evaluation Studies as Topic
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/etiology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitomycin/toxicity
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/genetics
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-pim-1
- Whole-Body Irradiation
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Affiliation(s)
- C F van Kreijl
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Genetics, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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47
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Palaty CK, Kalmar G, Tai G, Oh S, Amankawa L, Affolter M, Aebersold R, Pelech SL. Identification of the autophosphorylation sites of the Xenopus laevis Pim-1 proto-oncogene-encoded protein kinase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10514-21. [PMID: 9099695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.16.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pim-1 is an oncogene-encoded serine/threonine kinase expressed primarily in cells of the hematopoietic and germ line lineages. Previously identified only in mammals, pim-1 cDNA was cloned and sequenced from the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. The coding region of Xenopus pim-1 encoded a protein of 324 residues, which exhibited 64% amino acid identity with the full-length human cognate. Xenopus Pim-1 was expressed in bacteria as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and in COS cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that recombinant Pim-1 autophosphorylated on serine and threonine and to a more limited extent on tyrosine. Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy was undertaken to locate these phosphorylation sites, and the primary autophosphorylation site of GST-Pim-1 was identified as Ser-190 with Thr-205 and Ser-4 being minor sites. Ser-190, which immediately follows the high conserved Asp-Phe-Gly motif in catalytic subdomain VII, is also featured in more than 20 other protein kinases. To evaluate the importance of the Ser-190 site on the phosphotransferase activity of Pim-1, Ser-190 was mutated to either alanine or glutamic acid, and the constructs were expressed in bacteria as GST fusion proteins and in COS cells. These mutants confirmed that Ser-190 is a major autophosphorylation site of Pim-1 and indicated that phosphorylation of Pim-1 on the Ser-190 residue may serve to activate this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Palaty
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1A1, Canada
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48
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Palaty CK, Clark-Lewis I, Leung D, Pelech SL. Phosphorylation site substrate specificity determinants for the PIM-1 protooncogene-encoded protein kinase. Biochem Cell Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/o97-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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49
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Akashi K, Weissman IL. The c-kit+ maturation pathway in mouse thymic T cell development: lineages and selection. Immunity 1996; 5:147-61. [PMID: 8769478 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Positive selection of T cells begins with TCR alpha beta lo thymic progenitors. Here, we show that the most efficient TCRlo progenitors are c-kit+ with intermediate levels of CD4 and CD8 (DPint). Positive selection of DPint TCRlo c-kit+ cells results in TCRmed CD69+ c-kit+ transitional intermediates that show increased TCRV beta frequencies to selecting superantigen (SAg) that are committed to the CD4 or CD8 pathway. The cells on the c-kit+ maturation pathway maintain Bcl-2 expression. Most DPint c-kit+ progenitors fail positive selection, and become DPhi c-kit- cells that lose Bcl-2 expression. Some DPhi c-kit blast cells can be salvaged to produce mature single-positive (SP) cells. DPint c-kit+ maturation to SP cells can occur in <12 hr in vitro on thymic stromal monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Akashi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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50
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Jonkers J, Berns A. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy to identify cancer genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1287:29-57. [PMID: 8639705 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jonkers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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