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Bristol JA, Nelson SE, Ohashi M, Casco A, Hayes M, Ranheim EA, Pawelski AS, Singh DR, Hodson DJ, Johannsen EC, Kenney SC. Latent Epstein-Barr virus infection collaborates with Myc over-expression in normal human B cells to induce Burkitt-like Lymphomas in mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012132. [PMID: 38620028 PMCID: PMC11045125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an important cause of human lymphomas, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL). EBV+ BLs are driven by Myc translocation and have stringent forms of viral latency that do not express either of the two major EBV oncoproteins, EBNA2 (which mimics Notch signaling) and LMP1 (which activates NF-κB signaling). Suppression of Myc-induced apoptosis, often through mutation of the TP53 (p53) gene or inhibition of pro-apoptotic BCL2L11 (BIM) gene expression, is required for development of Myc-driven BLs. EBV+ BLs contain fewer cellular mutations in apoptotic pathways compared to EBV-negative BLs, suggesting that latent EBV infection inhibits Myc-induced apoptosis. Here we use an EBNA2-deleted EBV virus (ΔEBNA2 EBV) to create the first in vivo model for EBV+ BL-like lymphomas derived from primary human B cells. We show that cord blood B cells infected with both ΔEBNA2 EBV and a Myc-expressing vector proliferate indefinitely on a CD40L/IL21 expressing feeder layer in vitro and cause rapid onset EBV+ BL-like tumors in NSG mice. These LMP1/EBNA2-negative Myc-driven lymphomas have wild type p53 and very low BIM, and express numerous germinal center B cell proteins (including TCF3, BACH2, Myb, CD10, CCDN3, and GCSAM) in the absence of BCL6 expression. Myc-induced activation of Myb mediates expression of many of these BL-associated proteins. We demonstrate that Myc blocks LMP1 expression both by inhibiting expression of cellular factors (STAT3 and Src) that activate LMP1 transcription and by increasing expression of proteins (DNMT3B and UHRF1) known to enhance DNA methylation of the LMP1 promoters in human BLs. These results show that latent EBV infection collaborates with Myc over-expression to induce BL-like human B-cell lymphomas in mice. As NF-κB signaling retards the growth of EBV-negative BLs, Myc-mediated repression of LMP1 may be essential for latent EBV infection and Myc translocation to collaboratively induce human BLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian A. Bristol
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott E. Nelson
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Makoto Ohashi
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Casco
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Hayes
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Abigail S. Pawelski
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deo R. Singh
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hodson
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eric C. Johannsen
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shannon C. Kenney
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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2
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Gómez-Escolar C, Marina-Zárate E, Ramiro AR. Activation-induced deaminase expression defines mature B cell lymphoma in the mouse. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268930. [PMID: 37809061 PMCID: PMC10558245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the sites of secondary antibody diversification and underlie the mechanism of action of many vaccination strategies. Activation-induced deaminase (AID) triggers secondary antibody diversification through the introduction of somatic changes in immunoglobulin genes which lead to the generation of antibodies of higher affinity and more specialized effector functions. However, AID can also target other genomic regions, giving rise to mutations and chromosome translocations with oncogenic potential. Many human lymphomas originate from mature B cells that have undergone the GC reaction, such as the diffuse large B cell lymphoma, the follicular lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma, and carry chromosome translocations. Mature B cell lymphomagenesis has been modeled in the mouse by the genetic introduction of chromosome translocations. Here, we present an in-depth characterization of one such model, λ-MYC mice. We found that young pre-tumor stage mice had a prominent block in early B cell differentiation that resulted in the generation of very aggressive tumors lacking surface B cell receptor (BCR) expression, indicating that a large fraction of tumors in λ-MYC mice arise from B cell precursors rather than from mature B cells. Further, we assessed the contribution of AID to B cell lymphomagenesis in λ-MYC mice by using a genetic tracer of historical AID expression. Only a fraction of tumors contained cells of GC origin as defined by AID expression. AID-experienced tumors associated with longer survival and resembled mature B cell lymphomas. Thus, AID expression defines Burkitt lymphomagenesis in λ-MYC mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Almudena R. Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Yao H, Chen X, Wang T, Kashif M, Qiao X, Tüksammel E, Larsson LG, Okret S, Sayin VI, Qian H, Bergo MO. A MYC-controlled redox switch protects B lymphoma cells from EGR1-dependent apoptosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112961. [PMID: 37561633 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractory and relapsed B cell lymphomas are often driven by the difficult-to-target oncogene MYC. Here, we report that high MYC expression stimulates proliferation and protects B lymphoma cells from apoptosis under normal oxidative stress levels and that compounds including N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and vitamin C (VitC) induce apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress. NAC and VitC injections effectively reduce tumor growth in lymphoma cells with high MYC expression but not in those with low MYC expression. MYC knockdown confers tumor resistance to NAC and VitC, while MYC activation renders B cells sensitive to these compounds. Mechanistically, NAC and VitC stimulate MYC binding to EGR1 through Cys117 of MYC, shifting its transcriptional output from cell cycle to apoptosis gene expression. These results identify a redox-controlled mechanism for MYC's role in maintaining proliferation and preventing apoptosis, offering a potential therapeutic rationale for evaluating NAC or VitC in patients with MYC-driven B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Yao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xue Chen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden; Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, TongJi Hospital, TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430 030, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Kashif
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Xi Qiao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elin Tüksammel
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lars-Gunnar Larsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, Stockholm SE-171 65, Sweden
| | - Sam Okret
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hong Qian
- Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Martin O Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Huda A, Arakawa H, Mazzucco G, Galli M, Petrocelli V, Casola S, Chen L, Doksani Y. The telomerase reverse transcriptase elongates reversed replication forks at telomeric repeats. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf2011. [PMID: 36947627 PMCID: PMC10032592 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase elongates telomeres to prevent replicative senescence. This process requires exposure of the 3'-end, which is thought to occur when two sister telomeres are generated at replication completion. Using two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis (2D-gels) and electron microscopy, we found that telomeric repeats are hotspots for replication fork reversal. Fork reversal generates 3' telomeric ends before replication completion. To verify whether these ends are elongated by telomerase, we probed de novo telomeric synthesis in situ and at replication intermediates by reconstituting mutant telomerase that adds a variant telomere sequence. We found variant telomeric repeats overlapping with telomeric reversed forks in 2D-gels, but not with normal forks, nontelomeric reversed forks, or telomeric reversed forks with a C-rich 3'-end. Our results define reversed telomeric forks as a substrate of telomerase during replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armela Huda
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Mazzucco
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Galli
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Petrocelli
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lu Chen
- Nuclear Dynamics and Cancer Program, Cancer Epigenetics Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cancer and Cellular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ylli Doksani
- IFOM ETS-The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Lacroix M, Beauchemin H, Khandanpour C, Möröy T. The RNA helicase DDX3 and its role in c-MYC driven germinal center-derived B-cell lymphoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1148936. [PMID: 37035206 PMCID: PMC10081492 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1148936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
DDX3X is an RNA helicase with many functions in RNA metabolism such as mRNA translation, alternative pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA stability, but also plays a role as a regulator of transcription as well as in the Wnt/beta-catenin- and Nf-κB signaling pathways. The gene encoding DDX3X is located on the X-chromosome, but escapes X-inactivation. Hence females have two active copies and males only one. However, the Y chromosome contains the gene for the male DDX3 homologue, called DDX3Y, which has a very high sequence similarity and functional redundancy with DDX3X, but shows a more restricted protein expression pattern than DDX3X. High throughput sequencing of germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell malignancies such as Burkitt Lymphoma (BL) and Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) samples showed a high frequency of loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in the DDX3X gene revealing several features that distinguish this gene from others. First, DDX3X mutations occur with high frequency particularly in those GC-derived B-cell lymphomas that also show translocations of the c-MYC proto-oncogene, which occurs in almost all BL and a subset of DLBCL. Second, DDX3X LOF mutations occur almost exclusively in males and is very rarely found in females. Third, mutations in the male homologue DDX3Y have never been found in any type of malignancy. Studies with human primary GC B cells from male donors showed that a loss of DDX3X function helps the initial process of B-cell lymphomagenesis by buffering the proteotoxic stress induced by c-MYC activation. However, full lymphomagenesis requires DDX3 activity since an upregulation of DDX3Y expression is invariably found in GC derived B-cell lymphoma with DDX3X LOF mutation. Other studies with male transgenic mice that lack Ddx3x, but constitutively express activated c-Myc transgenes in B cells and are therefore prone to develop B-cell malignancies, also showed upregulation of the DDX3Y protein expression during the process of lymphomagenesis. Since DDX3Y is not expressed in normal human cells, these data suggest that DDX3Y may represent a new cancer cell specific target to develop adjuvant therapies for male patients with BL and DLBCL and LOF mutations in the DDX3X gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lacroix
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, IRCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Beauchemin
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, IRCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cyrus Khandanpour
- Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tarik Möröy, ; Cyrus Khandanpour,
| | - Tarik Möröy
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, IRCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Tarik Möröy, ; Cyrus Khandanpour,
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6
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Lacroix M, Beauchemin H, Fraszczak J, Ross J, Shooshtarizadeh P, Chen R, Moroy T. The X-linked helicase DDX3X is required for lymphoid differentiation and MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3172-3186. [PMID: 35815807 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked gene DDX3X encodes an RNA helicase that is mutated at high frequencies in several types of human B-cell lymphoma. Females have two active DDX3X alleles and males carry a DDX3Y homolog on the Y chromosome. We show here that pan-hematopoietic, homozygous deletion of Ddx3x in female mice perturbs erythropoiesis, causing early developmental arrest. However, both hemizygous male and heterozygous female embryos develop normally, suggesting that one Ddx3x allele is sufficient for fetal hematopoietic development in females and that the Ddx3y allele can compensate for the loss of Ddx3x in males. In adult mice, DDX3X deficiency altered hematopoietic progenitors, early lymphoid development, marginal zone and germinal center B-cells, and lymphomagenesis in a sex-dependent manner. Loss of both Ddx3x alleles abrogated MYC-driven lymphomagenesis in females, while Ddx3x-deletion in males did not affect the formation of B-cell lymphoma in both mouse models. Moreover, tumors that appeared in male mice lacking DDX3X showed upregulated expression of DDX3Y, indicating a critical requirement for DDX3 activity for lymphomagenesis. These data reveal sex-specific roles of DDX3X in erythro- and lymphopoiesis as well as in MYC-driven lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Lacroix
- IRCM (Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montr�al), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Julie Ross
- Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Tarik Moroy
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montr�al, Montreal, Canada
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7
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Alternative c-MYC mRNA Transcripts as an Additional Tool for c-Myc2 and c-MycS Production in BL60 Tumors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060836. [PMID: 35740961 PMCID: PMC9221284 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While studying c-Myc protein expression in several Burkitt lymphoma cell lines and in lymph nodes from a mouse model bearing a translocated c-MYC gene from the human BL line IARC-BL60, we surprisingly discovered a complex electrophoretic profile. Indeed, the BL60 cell line carrying the t(8;22) c-MYC translocation exhibits a simple pattern, with a single c-Myc2 isoform. Analysis of the c-MYC transcripts expressed by tumor lymph nodes in the mouse λc-MYC (Avy/a) showed for the first time five transcripts that are associated with t(8;22) c-MYC translocation. The five transcripts were correlated with the production of c-Myc2 and c-MycS, and loss of c-Myc1. The contribution of these transcripts to the oncogenic activation of the t(8;22) c-MYC is discussed.
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8
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Latent Membrane Proteins from EBV Differentially Target Cellular Pathways to Accelerate MYC-induced Lymphomagenesis. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4283-4296. [PMID: 35605249 PMCID: PMC9327557 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV LMP1 enhances MYC-mediated degradation of the p27kip1 tumor suppressor and accelerates MYC-induced lymphomagenesis. EBV LMP1 and LMP2A differentially use G1-specific cell cycle and BCR-mediated signaling to accelerate MYC-induced lymphomagenesis.
MYC translocations in association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are often observed in B-cell lymphomas. A subset of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) expresses EBV latent membrane proteins 1 and 2A (LMP1 and LMP2A) in addition to the typical restricted EBV latent gene expression. EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) typically exhibits latency type II or III and expresses LMP1. Here, we investigate the role of LMP1 in MYC-driven lymphomagenesis in our murine model. λ-MYC mice develop tumors having a “starry sky” appearance and have abnormal p53 expression that is also observed in human BL. LMP2A/λ-MYC double-transgenic mice develop tumors significantly faster than mice only expressing MYC. Similar to LMP2A/λ-MYC mice, LMP1/λ-MYC mice also have accelerated MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. As observed in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice, p27kip1 was degraded in LMP1/λ-MYC pretumor and tumor B cells. Coexpression of LMP1 and LMP2A resulted in the enhancement of B cell proliferation. In contrast to LMP2A, the inhibition of Syk or cyclin-dependant kinase (CDK)4/6 activity did not effectively inhibit LMP1-mediated MYC lymphomagenesis. Also, in contrast to LMP2A, LMP1 did not lessen abnormal p53 expression in λ-MYC tumors. To investigate the significance of LMP1 expression in human BL development, we reanalyzed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of primary human BL from previous studies. Interestingly, p53 mutations were less observed in LMP1-expressing BL, although they were not significantly changed by EBV infection, indicating LMP1 may lessen p53 mutations in human primary BL. This suggests that LMP1 effects in EBV-associated human BL vary from what we observe in our murine model. Finally, our studies suggest a novel pathogenic role of LMP1 in lymphomagenesis.
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9
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Human CD22-Transgenic, Primary Murine Lymphoma Challenges Immunotherapies in Organ-Specific Tumor Microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910433. [PMID: 34638774 PMCID: PMC8508822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted immunotherapies have greatly changed treatment of patients with B cell malignancies. To further enhance immunotherapies, research increasingly focuses on the tumor microenvironment (TME), which differs considerably by organ site. However, immunocompetent mouse models of disease to study immunotherapies targeting human molecules within organ-specific TME are surprisingly rare. We developed a myc-driven, primary murine lymphoma model expressing a human-mouse chimeric CD22 (h/mCD22). Stable engraftment of three distinct h/mCD22+ lymphoma was established after subcutaneous and systemic injection. However, only systemic lymphoma showed immune infiltration that reflected human disease. In this model, myeloid cells supported lymphoma growth and showed a phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The human CD22-targeted immunotoxin Moxetumomab was highly active against h/mCD22+ lymphoma and similarly reduced infiltration of bone marrow and spleen of all three models up to 90-fold while efficacy against lymphoma in lymph nodes varied substantially, highlighting relevance of organ-specific TME. As in human aggressive lymphoma, anti-PD-L1 as monotherapy was not efficient. However, anti-PD-L1 enhanced efficacy of Moxetumomab suggesting potential for future clinical application. The novel model system of h/mCD22+ lymphoma provides a unique platform to test targeted immunotherapies and may be amenable for other human B cell targets such as CD19 and CD20.
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10
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Wang XS, Menolfi D, Wu-Baer F, Fangazio M, Meyer SN, Shao Z, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Lee BJ, Estes VM, Cupo OM, Gautier J, Pasqualucci L, Dalla-Favera R, Baer R, Zha S. DNA damage-induced phosphorylation of CtIP at a conserved ATM/ATR site T855 promotes lymphomagenesis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105440118. [PMID: 34521752 PMCID: PMC8463888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105440118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CtIP is a DNA end resection factor widely implicated in alternative end-joining (A-EJ)-mediated translocations in cell-based reporter systems. To address the physiological role of CtIP, an essential gene, in translocation-mediated lymphomagenesis, we introduced the T855A mutation at murine CtIP to nonhomologous end-joining and Tp53 double-deficient mice that routinely succumbed to lymphomas carrying A-EJ-mediated IgH-Myc translocations. T855 of CtIP is phosphorylated by ATM or ATR kinases upon DNA damage to promote end resection. Here, we reported that the T855A mutation of CtIP compromised the neonatal development of Xrcc4-/-Tp53-/- mice and the IgH-Myc translocation-driven lymphomagenesis in DNA-PKcs-/-Tp53-/- mice. Mechanistically, the T855A mutation limits DNA end resection length without affecting hairpin opening, translocation frequency, or fork stability. Meanwhile, after radiation, CtIP-T855A mutant cells showed a consistent decreased Chk1 phosphorylation and defects in the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint. Consistent with the role of T855A mutation in lymphomagenesis beyond translocation, the CtIP-T855A mutation also delays splenomegaly in λ-Myc mice. Collectively, our study revealed a role of CtIP-T855 phosphorylation in lymphomagenesis beyond A-EJ-mediated chromosomal translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin S Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
- Graduate Program of Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Demis Menolfi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Foon Wu-Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Marco Fangazio
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Stefanie N Meyer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Zhengping Shao
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Yimeng Zhu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Verna M Estes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Olivia M Cupo
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
| | - Jean Gautier
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Riccardo Dalla-Favera
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Richard Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York City, NY 10032;
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College for Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
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11
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Meyer SN, Koul S, Pasqualucci L. Mouse Models of Germinal Center Derived B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:710711. [PMID: 34456919 PMCID: PMC8387591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.710711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the revolution in DNA sequencing has changed the way we understand the genetics and biology of B-cell lymphomas by uncovering a large number of recurrently mutated genes, whose aberrant function is likely to play an important role in the initiation and/or maintenance of these cancers. Dissecting how the involved genes contribute to the physiology and pathology of germinal center (GC) B cells -the origin of most B-cell lymphomas- will be key to advance our ability to diagnose and treat these patients. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) that faithfully recapitulate lymphoma-associated genetic alterations offer a valuable platform to investigate the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, and to pre-clinically develop new therapeutic principles in the context of an intact tumor immune microenvironment. In this review, we provide a summary of state-of-the art GEMMs obtained by accurately modelling the most common genetic alterations found in human GC B cell malignancies, with a focus on Burkitt lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and we discuss how lessons learned from these models can help guide the design of novel therapeutic approaches for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N. Meyer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Department of Biological Sciences & Geology, Queensborough Community College (City University of New York), Bayside, NY, United States
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Bauer V, Ahmetlić F, Hömberg N, Geishauser A, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Immune checkpoint blockade impairs immunosuppressive mechanisms of regulatory T cells in B-cell lymphoma. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101170. [PMID: 34229208 PMCID: PMC8264214 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During lymphoma growth, Tregs evolve an increasingly suppressive phenotype. Lymphoma-infiltrating Tregs show an enhanced immunosuppressive function. Cell contacts and IL-10 are required for Treg-mediated immunosuppression. Alterations of intratumoral Tregs are partly abrogated by immune checkpoint blockade.
In malignant disease, CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) hamper antitumor immune responses and may provide a target for immunotherapy. Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become an established therapy for several cancer entities including lymphoma, its mechanisms have not been entirely uncovered. Using endogenously arising λ-MYC-transgenic mouse B-cell lymphomas, which can effectively be suppressed by either Treg ablation or ICB, we investigated which mechanisms are used by Tregs to suppress antitumor responses and how ICB affects these pathways. During tumor development, Tregs up-regulated Foxp3, CD25, CTLA-4 and IL-10, which correlated with enhanced immunosuppressive functions. Thus, in contrast to other tumors, Tregs did not become dysfunctional despite chronic stimulation in the tumor microenvironment and progressive up-regulation of PD-1. Immunosuppression was mediated by direct contacts between Tregs and effector T cells and by IL-10. When λ-MYC mice were treated with ICB antibodies, Tregs revealed a less profound up-regulation of Foxp3, CD25 and IL-10 and a decreased suppressive capacity. This may be due to the shift towards a pro-inflammatory milieu fostered by ICB. In summary, an ICB-induced interference with Treg-dependent immunosuppression may contribute to the success of ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Bauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Fatima Ahmetlić
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Albert Geishauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Klinik für Dermatologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany; Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Marchioninistr. 25, München D-81377, Germany.
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13
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Kasprzyk ME, Sura W, Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk A. Enhancing B-Cell Malignancies-On Repurposing Enhancer Activity towards Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3270. [PMID: 34210001 PMCID: PMC8269369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas and leukemias derive from B cells at various stages of maturation and are the 6th most common cancer-related cause of death. While the role of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of B-cell neoplasms was established, recent research indicated the involvement of non-coding, regulatory sequences. Enhancers are DNA elements controlling gene expression in a cell type- and developmental stage-specific manner. They ensure proper differentiation and maturation of B cells, resulting in production of high affinity antibodies. However, the activity of enhancers can be redirected, setting B cells on the path towards cancer. In this review we discuss different mechanisms through which enhancers are exploited in malignant B cells, from the well-studied translocations juxtaposing oncogenes to immunoglobulin loci, through enhancer dysregulation by sequence variants and mutations, to enhancer hijacking by viruses. We also highlight the potential of therapeutic targeting of enhancers as a direction for future investigation.
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14
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Malaney P, Velasco-Estevez M, Aguilar-Garrido P, Aitken MJL, Chan LE, Zhang X, Post SM, Gallardo M. The Eµ-hnRNP K Murine Model of Lymphoma: Novel Insights into the Role of hnRNP K in B-Cell Malignancies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634584. [PMID: 33912162 PMCID: PMC8072109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas are one of the most biologically and molecularly heterogeneous group of malignancies. The inherent complexity of this cancer subtype necessitates the development of appropriate animal model systems to characterize the disease with the ultimate objective of identifying effective therapies. In this article, we discuss a new driver of B-cell lymphomas - hnRNP K (heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K)-an RNA-binding protein. We introduce the Eµ-Hnrnpk mouse model, a murine model characterized by hnRNP K overexpression in B cells, which develops B-cell lymphomas with high penetrance. Molecular analysis of the disease developed in this model reveals an upregulation of the c-Myc oncogene via post-transcriptional and translational mechanisms underscoring the impact of non-genomic MYC activation in B-cell lymphomas. Finally, the transplantability of the disease developed in Eµ-Hnrnpk mice makes it a valuable pre-clinical platform for the assessment of novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K/genetics
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Malaney
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Marisa J. L. Aitken
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lauren E. Chan
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sean M. Post
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Miguel Gallardo
- H12O–CNIO Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. Mouse Models in the Study of Mature B-Cell Malignancies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034827. [PMID: 32398289 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, genomic analyses of several B-cell lymphoma entities have identified a large number of genes that are recurrently mutated, suggesting that their aberrant function promotes lymphomagenesis. For many of those genes, the specific role in normal B-cell development is unknown; moreover, whether and how their deregulated activity contributes to lymphoma initiation and/or maintenance is often difficult to determine. Genetically engineered mouse models that faithfully mimic lymphoma-associated genetic alterations represent valuable tools for elucidating the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, as well as for the preclinical testing of novel therapeutic principles in an intact microenvironment. Here we summarize what has been learned about the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation from accurately modeling the most common and well-characterized genetic alterations identified in mature B-cell malignancies. This information is expected to guide the design of improved molecular diagnostics and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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16
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Mougiakakos D, Bach C, Böttcher M, Beier F, Röhner L, Stoll A, Rehli M, Gebhard C, Lischer C, Eberhardt M, Vera J, Büttner-Herold M, Bitterer K, Balzer H, Leffler M, Jitschin S, Hundemer M, Awwad MHS, Busch M, Stenger S, Völkl S, Schütz C, Krönke J, Mackensen A, Bruns H. The IKZF1-IRF4/IRF5 Axis Controls Polarization of Myeloma-Associated Macrophages. Cancer Immunol Res 2021; 9:265-278. [PMID: 33563611 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow niche has a pivotal role in progression, survival, and drug resistance of multiple myeloma cells. Therefore, it is important to develop means for targeting the multiple myeloma bone marrow microenvironment. Myeloma-associated macrophages (MAM) in the bone marrow niche are M2 like. They provide nurturing signals to multiple myeloma cells and promote immune escape. Reprogramming M2-like macrophages toward a tumoricidal M1 phenotype represents an intriguing therapeutic strategy. This is especially interesting in view of the successful use of mAbs against multiple myeloma cells, as these therapies hold the potential to trigger macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and cytotoxicity. In this study, we observed that MAMs derived from patients treated with the immunomodulatory drug (IMiD) lenalidomide skewed phenotypically and functionally toward an M1 phenotype. Lenalidomide is known to exert its beneficial effects by modulating the CRBN-CRL4 E3 ligase to ubiquitinate and degrade the transcription factor IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1). In M2-like MAMs, we observed enhanced IKZF1 levels that vanished through treatment with lenalidomide, yielding MAMs with a bioenergetic profile, T-cell stimulatory properties, and loss of tumor-promoting capabilities that resemble M1 cells. We also provide evidence that IMiDs interfere epigenetically, via degradation of IKZF1, with IFN regulatory factors 4 and 5, which in turn alters the balance of M1/M2 polarization. We validated our observations in vivo using the CrbnI391V mouse model that recapitulates the IMiD-triggered IKZF1 degradation. These data show a role for IKZF1 in macrophage polarization and can provide explanations for the clinical benefits observed when combining IMiDs with therapeutic antibodies.See related Spotlight on p. 254.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Bach
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Böttcher
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Beier
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Linda Röhner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrej Stoll
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Rehli
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Gebhard
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Lischer
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eberhardt
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Bitterer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heidi Balzer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Magdalena Leffler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Jitschin
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohamed H S Awwad
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.,Charite Berlin Hematology Department at Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Interleukin-10 counteracts T-helper type 1 responses in B-cell lymphoma and is a target for tumor immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 503:110-116. [PMID: 33524501 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To establish strategies for immunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma, it is mandatory to gain deeper insights into the mechanisms of tumor immune escape. In a mouse model of endogenously arising lymphoma, we investigated the impact of IL-10 on the regulation of antitumor responses. Despite progressive functional impairment of NK cells and lack of IFN-γ in the tumor milieu, we found an augmented fraction of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, which continued to express IFN-γ but also upregulated IL-10 during disease development. Using a lymphoma microenvironment in vitro, we showed that Th1 cells were converted to Foxp3-negative T regulatory type 1 (Tr1) cells, which coexpressed IFN-γ and IL-10 and upregulated PD-1. This differentiation required pre-existing IL-10, which was primarily provided by malignant B cells and dendritic cells. IFN-γ only declined in cells with the uppermost PD-1 levels. Importantly, antibody-mediated IL-10 ablation in vivo improved effector cell functions and significantly suppressed tumor development. While the contribution of IL-10 to cancer immune escape has been controversially discussed in the past, we show that IL-10 suppresses ongoing, potentially protective immune responses in lymphoma and might be a target for immunotherapy.
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18
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Ahmetlic F, Fauser J, Riedel T, Bauer V, Flessner C, Hömberg N, Hennel R, Brenner E, Lauber K, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Therapy of lymphoma by immune checkpoint inhibitors: the role of T cells, NK cells and cytokine-induced tumor senescence. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-001660. [PMID: 33441389 PMCID: PMC7812096 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although antibodies blocking immune checkpoints have already been approved for clinical cancer treatment, the mechanisms involved are not yet completely elucidated. Here we used a λ-MYC transgenic model of endogenously growing B-cell lymphoma to analyze the requirements for effective therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Methods Growth of spontaneous lymphoma was monitored in mice that received antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4, and the role of different immune cell compartments and cytokines was studied by in vivo depletion experiments. Activation of T and natural killer cells and the induction of tumor senescence were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results On immune checkpoint blockade, visible lymphomas developed at later time points than in untreated controls, indicating an enhanced tumor control. Importantly, 20% to 30% of mice were even long-term protected and did never develop clinical signs of tumor growth. The therapeutic effect was dependent on cytokine-induced senescence in malignant B cells. The proinflammatory cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were necessary for the survival benefit as well as for senescence induction in the λ-MYC model. Antibody therapy improved T-cell functions such as cytokine production, and long-time survivors were only observed in the presence of T cells. Yet, NK cells also had a pronounced effect on therapy-induced delay of tumor growth. Antibody treatment enhanced numbers, proliferation and IFN-γ expression of NK cells in developing tumors. The therapeutic effect was fully abrogated only after depletion of both, T cells and NK cells, or after ablation of either IFN-γ or TNF. Conclusions Tumor cell senescence may explain why patients responding to immune checkpoint blockade frequently show stable growth arrest of tumors rather than complete tumor regression. In the lymphoma model studied, successful therapy required both, tumor-directed T-cell responses and NK cells, which control, at least partly, tumor development through cytokine-induced tumor senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahmetlic
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Josia Fauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Tanja Riedel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Vera Bauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Carolin Flessner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Roman Hennel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Ellen Brenner
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tübingen, Medizinische Fakultät, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie und Radioonkologie, LMU München, München, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tübingen, Medizinische Fakultät, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany .,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
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19
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The role of dendritic cells for therapy of B-cell lymphoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1343-1350. [PMID: 33141285 PMCID: PMC8053142 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blocking (ICB) is a promising new tool of cancer treatment. Yet, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs) for the therapeutic effect of ICB in a λ-MYC-transgenic mouse model of endogenously arising B-cell lymphoma. The growth of these tumors can be effectively delayed by antibodies against CTLA-4 and PD-1. Tumor-infiltrating DCs from mice having received therapy showed an upregulation of costimulatory molecules as well as an augmented IL-12/IL-10 ratio as compared to untreated controls. Both alterations seemed to be induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is upregulated in T cells and natural killer cells upon ICB. Furthermore, the enhanced IL-12/IL-10 ratio, which favors Th1-prone antitumor T-cell responses, was a consequence of direct interaction of ICB antibodies with DCs. Importantly, the capability of tumor-infiltrating DCs of stimulating peptide-specific or allogeneic T-cell responses in vitro was improved when DCs were derived from ICB-treated mice. The data indicate that ICB therapy is not only effective by directly activating T cells, but also by triggering a complex network, in which DCs play a pivotal role at the interface between innate and adaptive antitumor responses.
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20
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Sugihara E, Hashimoto N, Osuka S, Shimizu T, Ueno S, Okazaki S, Yaguchi T, Kawakami Y, Kosaki K, Sato TA, Okamoto S, Saya H. The Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein Livin Confers Resistance to Fas-Mediated Immune Cytotoxicity in Refractory Lymphoma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4439-4450. [PMID: 32928920 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Death receptor Fas-mediated apoptosis not only eliminates nonspecific and autoreactive B cells but also plays a major role in antitumor immunity. However, the possible mechanisms underlying impairment of Fas-mediated induction of apoptosis during lymphomagenesis remain unknown. In this study, we employed our developed syngeneic lymphoma model to demonstrate that downregulation of Fas is required for both lymphoma development and lymphoma cell survival to evade immune cytotoxicity. CD40 signal activation significantly restored Fas expression and thereby induced apoptosis after Fas ligand treatment in both mouse and human lymphoma cells. Nevertheless, certain human lymphoma cell lines were found to be resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis, with Livin (melanoma inhibitor of apoptosis protein; ML-IAP) identified as a driver of such resistance. High expression of Livin and low expression of Fas were associated with poor prognosis in patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Livin expression was tightly driven by bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins BRD4 and BRD2, suggesting that Livin expression is epigenetically regulated in refractory lymphoma cells to protect them from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Accordingly, the combination of CD40-mediated Fas restoration with targeting of the BET proteins-Livin axis may serve as a promising immunotherapeutic strategy for refractory B-cell lymphoma. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings yield insights into identifying risk factors in refractory lymphoma and provide a promising therapy for tumors resistant to Fas-mediated antitumor immunity. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/20/4439/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sugihara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Norisato Hashimoto
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Osuka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wallace Tumor Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Takatsune Shimizu
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ueno
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shogo Okazaki
- Division of Development and Aging, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Sato
- Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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21
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Fuertes T, Ramiro AR, de Yebenes VG. miRNA-Based Therapies in B Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:932-947. [PMID: 32888820 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a diverse class of hematological cancers, many of which arise from germinal center (GC)-experienced B cells. Thus GCs, the sites of antibody affinity maturation triggered during immune responses, also provide an environment that facilitates B cell oncogenic transformation. miRNAs provide attractive and mechanistically different strategies to treat these malignancies based on their potential for simultaneous modulation of multiple targets. Here, we discuss the scientific rationale for miRNA-based therapeutics in B cell neoplasias and review recent advances that may help establish a basis for novel candidate miRNA-based therapies for B cell-NHL (B-NHL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Fuertes
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Virginia G de Yebenes
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Farnworth-McHugh S, Barth N, Melville L, Paterson M, Lynch C, Holland P, Dransfield I, Gregory C. Potential Oncogenic Effect of the MERTK-Dependent Apoptotic-Cell Clearance Pathway in Starry-Sky B-Cell Lymphoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1759. [PMID: 32973744 PMCID: PMC7468413 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The histological architecture of certain aggressive B-cell lymphomas (prototypically Burkitt's lymphoma, BL) is characterized by a “starry-sky” (SS) appearance. This is caused by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), which appear in standard histological preparations as “stars” in a darkly stained “sky” of lymphoma cells. SS-TAMs accumulate in response to constitutive apoptosis in these tumors and are activated by the apoptotic tumor cells to a pro-oncogenic phenotype. The extent to which SS-TAMs contribute to lymphoma growth through responses generated by interactions with apoptotic tumor cells is unknown. Here, we demonstrate a role for the receptor tyrosine kinase, MERTK, in the oncogenic activity of SS-TAMs. We show that MERTK expression is largely restricted to the macrophages of human BL and of murine models of SS B-cell lymphoma and that it is upregulated in SS-TAMs as compared to the germinal center or paracortical macrophages of normal lymph nodes. Our results further demonstrate that MERTK is active in the phagocytosis of apoptotic lymphoma cells by macrophages and, most significantly, that SS lymphoma growth is markedly inhibited in Mertk−/− mice. These results point toward the MERTK apoptotic-cell clearance/response pathway playing a key role in growth of aggressive B-cell lymphoma and identifies MERTK as a novel potential antilymphoma target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lynsey Melville
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Paterson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Lynch
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Pamela Holland
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Gregory
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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23
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Ferrad M, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y. Mouse Models of c-myc Deregulation Driven by IgH Locus Enhancers as Models of B-Cell Lymphomagenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32793219 PMCID: PMC7390917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations linking various oncogenes to transcriptional enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus are often implicated as the cause of B-cell malignancies. Two major IgH transcriptional enhancers have been reported so far. The Eμ enhancer located upstream of the Cμ gene controls early events in B-cell maturation such as VDJ recombination. The 3' regulatory region (3'RR) located downstream from the Cα gene controls late events in B-cell maturation such as IgH transcription, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Convincing demonstrations of the essential contributions of both Eμ and 3'RR in B-cell lymphomagenesis have been provided by transgenic and knock-in animal models which bring the oncogene c-myc under Eμ/3'RR transcriptional control. This short review summarizes the different mouse models so far available and their interests/limitations for progress in our understanding of human c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferrad
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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24
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Muralidharan SV, Nilsson LM, Lindberg MF, Nilsson JA. Small molecule inhibitors and a kinase-dead expressing mouse model demonstrate that the kinase activity of Chk1 is essential for mouse embryos and cancer cells. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/8/e202000671. [PMID: 32571801 PMCID: PMC7335382 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study use small molecule inhibitors and a kinase-dead expressing mouse model to demonstrate that the kinase activity of Chk1 is essential for mouse embryos and cancer cells. Chk1 kinase is downstream of the ATR kinase in the sensing of improper replication. Previous cell culture studies have demonstrated that Chk1 is essential for replication. Indeed, Chk1 inhibitors are efficacious against tumors with high-level replication stress such as Myc-induced lymphoma cells. Treatment with Chk1 inhibitors also combines well with certain chemotherapeutic drugs, and effects associate with the induction of DNA damage and reduction of Chk1 protein levels. Most studies of Chk1 function have relied on the use of inhibitors. Whether or not a mouse or cancer cells could survive if a kinase-dead form of Chk1 is expressed has not been investigated before. Here, we generate a mouse model that expresses a kinase-dead (D130A) allele in the mouse germ line. We find that this mouse is overtly normal and does not have problems with erythropoiesis with aging as previously been shown for a mouse expressing one null allele. However, similar to a null allele, homozygous kinase-dead mice cannot be generated, and timed pregnancies of heterozygous mice suggest lethality of homozygous blastocysts at around the time of implantation. By breeding the kinase-dead Chk1 mouse with a conditional allele, we are able to demonstrate that expression of only one kinase-dead allele, but no wild-type allele, of Chek1 is lethal for Myc-induced cancer cells. Finally, treatment of melanoma cells with tumor-infiltrating T cells or CAR-T cells is effective even if Chk1 is inhibited, suggesting that Chk1 inhibitors can be safely administered in patients where immunotherapy is an essential component of the arsenal against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somsundar V Muralidharan
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa M Nilsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mattias F Lindberg
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas A Nilsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Cancer immune control needs senescence induction by interferon-dependent cell cycle regulator pathways in tumours. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1335. [PMID: 32165639 PMCID: PMC7067802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14987-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based or natural cancer immune responses largely eliminate tumours. Yet, they require additional mechanisms to arrest those cancer cells that are not rejected. Cytokine-induced senescence (CIS) can stably arrest cancer cells, suggesting that interferon-dependent induction of senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is needed to control those cancer cells that escape from killing. Here we report in two different cancers sensitive to T cell-mediated rejection, that deletion of the senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators p16Ink4a/p19Arf (Cdkn2a) or p21Cip1 (Cdkn1a) in the tumour cells abrogates both the natural and the ICB-induced cancer immune control. Also in humans, melanoma metastases that progressed rapidly during ICB have losses of senescence-inducing genes and amplifications of senescence inhibitors. Metastatic cells also resist CIS. Such genetic and functional alterations are infrequent in metastatic melanomas regressing during ICB. Thus, activation of tumour-intrinsic, senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is required to stably arrest cancer cells that escape from eradication. The growth of cancer cells can be stably arrested by cytokine-induced senescence. Here, the authors show that cancers with defects in senescence-inducing cell cycle regulator pathways are resistant to immune checkpoint blockade.
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26
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Bisso A, Sabò A, Amati B. MYC in Germinal Center-derived lymphomas: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:178-197. [PMID: 30874346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of immunoglobulin loci during the germinal center reaction is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal translocations that activate oncogenes such as MYC, BCL2 or BCL6, thus contributing to the development of B-cell lymphomas. MYC and BCL2 activation are initiating events in Burkitt's (BL) and Follicular Lymphoma (FL), respectively, but can occur at later stages in other subtypes such as Diffuse Large-B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). MYC can also be activated during the progression of FL to the transformed stage. Thus, either DLBCL or FL can give rise to aggressive double-hit lymphomas (DHL) with concurrent activation of MYC and BCL2. Research over the last three decades has improved our understanding of the functions of these oncogenes and the basis for their cooperative action in lymphomagenesis. MYC, in particular, is a transcription factor that contributes to cell activation, growth and proliferation, while concomitantly sensitizing cells to apoptosis, the latter being blocked by BCL2. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of MYC in germinal center B-cells and lymphomas, discuss MYC-induced dependencies that can sensitize cancer cells to select pharmacological inhibitors, and illustrate their therapeutic potential in aggressive lymphomas-and in particular in DHL, in combination with BCL2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bisso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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27
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Pasqualucci L. Molecular pathogenesis of germinal center-derived B cell lymphomas. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:240-261. [PMID: 30874347 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of genetically, biologically, and clinically distinct neoplasms that, in most cases, originate from the clonal expansion of B cells in the germinal center (GC). In recent years, the advent of novel genomics technologies has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies as a multistep process that requires the progressive accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. A common theme that emerged from these studies is the ability of lymphoma cells to co-opt the same biological programs and signal transduction networks that operate during the normal GC reaction, and misuse them for their own survival advantage. This review summarizes recent progress in the understanding of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that drive the malignant transformation of GC B cells. These insights provide a conceptual framework for the identification of cellular pathways that may be explored for precision medicine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Pathology and Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York City, New York
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28
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Sora RP, Ikeda M, Longnecker R. Two Pathways of p27 Kip1 Degradation Are Required for Murine Lymphoma Driven by Myc and EBV Latent Membrane Protein 2A. mBio 2019; 10:e00548-19. [PMID: 30992353 PMCID: PMC6469971 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00548-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), expressed in EBV latency, contributes to Burkitt lymphoma (BL) development in a murine model by acting as a constitutively active B cell receptor (BCR) mimic. Mice expressing both LMP2A and MYC transgenes (LMP2A/λ-MYC) develop tumors significantly faster than mice only expressing MYC (λ-MYC). Previously, we demonstrated the cell cycle inhibitor p27Kip1 is present at significantly lower levels in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice due to increased posttranslational degradation. P27Kip1 degradation can occur in the cytoplasm following phosphorylation on serine 10 (S10) or in the nucleus via the SCFSkp2 complex, which depends on Cks1. We previously demonstrated an S10A knock-in of p27Kip1 (p27S10A/S10A) that prevented S10 phosphorylation failed to significantly delay tumor onset in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice. We also previously demonstrated that a Cks1 knockout partially delayed tumor onset in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice, but onset was still significantly faster than that in λ-MYC mice. Here, we have combined both genetic manipulations in what we call p27Super mice. LMP2A/λ-MYC/p27Super mice and λ-MYC/p27Super mice both displayed dramatic delays in tumor onset. Strikingly, tumor development in LMP2A/λ-MYC/p27Super mice was later than that in λ-MYC mice and not significantly different from that in λ-MYC/p27Super mice. The p27Super genotype also normalized G1-S-phase cell cycle progression, spleen size, and splenic architecture in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice. Our results reveal both major pathways of p27Kip1 degradation are required for the accelerated BL development driven by LMP2A in our BL model and that blocking both degradation pathways is sufficient to delay Myc-driven tumor development with or without LMP2A.IMPORTANCE BL is a cancer that primarily affects children. The side effects of chemotherapy highlight the need for better BL treatments. Many BL tumors contain EBV, and our goal is to determine what makes EBV-positive BL different from EBV-negative BL. This may lead to more specific treatments for both types. All cases of BL require overexpression of MYC Mice engineered to express EBV LMP2A along with MYC (LMP2A/λ-MYC mice) develop tumors much more quickly than mice only expressing MYC (λ-MYC mice). Blocking degradation of the cell cycle inhibitor protein p27Kip1 in LMP2A/λ-MYC mice causes tumors to develop later than in λ-MYC mice, showing that p27Kip1 degradation may play a larger role in EBV-positive BL than EBV-negative BL. Furthermore, our studies suggest the cell cycle is an attractive target as a treatment option for LMP2A-positive cancers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Sora
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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29
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Ahmetlić F, Riedel T, Hömberg N, Bauer V, Trautwein N, Geishauser A, Sparwasser T, Stevanović S, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Regulatory T Cells in an Endogenous Mouse Lymphoma Recognize Specific Antigen Peptides and Contribute to Immune Escape. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:600-608. [PMID: 30894379 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) sustain immune homeostasis and may contribute to immune escape in malignant disease. As a prerequisite for developing immunologic approaches in cancer therapy, it is necessary to understand the ontogeny and the antigenic specificities of tumor-infiltrating Tregs. We addressed this question by using a λ-MYC transgenic mouse model of endogenously arising B-cell lymphoma, which mirrors key features of human Burkitt lymphoma. We show that Foxp3+ Tregs suppress antitumor responses in endogenous lymphoma. Ablation of Foxp3+ Tregs significantly delayed tumor development. The ratio of Treg to effector T cells was elevated in growing tumors, which could be ascribed to differential proliferation. The Tregs detected were mainly natural Tregs that apparently recognized self-antigens. We identified MHC class II-restricted nonmutated self-epitopes, which were more prevalent in lymphoma than in normal B cells and could be recognized by Tregs. These epitopes were derived from proteins that are associated with cellular processes related to malignancy and may be overexpressed in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ahmetlić
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Tanja Riedel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Vera Bauer
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Nico Trautwein
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Geishauser
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institut für Infektionsimmunologie, Twincore, Zentrum für Experimentelle und Klinische Infektionsforschung, Hannover, and Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Interfakultäres Institut für Zellbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Universitäts-Hautklinik, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Eigenständige Forschungseinheit Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany. .,Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, München, Germany
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30
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Lee JH, Dindorf J, Eberhardt M, Lai X, Ostalecki C, Koliha N, Gross S, Blume K, Bruns H, Wild S, Schuler G, Vera J, Baur AS. Innate extracellular vesicles from melanoma patients suppress β-catenin in tumor cells by miRNA-34a. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201800205. [PMID: 30846484 PMCID: PMC6406044 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon tumor development, new extracellular vesicles appear in circulation. Our knowledge of their relative abundance, function, and overall impact on cancer development is still preliminary. Here, we demonstrate that plasma extracellular vesicles (pEVs) of non-tumor origin are persistently increased in untreated and post-excision melanoma patients, exhibiting strong suppressive effects on the proliferation of tumor cells. Plasma vesicle numbers, miRNAs, and protein levels were elevated two- to tenfold and detected many years after tumor resection. The vesicles revealed individual and clinical stage-specific miRNA profiles as well as active ADAM10. However, whereas pEV from patients preventing tumor relapse down-regulated β-catenin and blocked tumor cell proliferation in an miR-34a-dependent manner, pEV from metastatic patients lost this ability and stimulated β-catenin-mediated transcription. Cancer-induced pEV may constitute an innate immune mechanism suppressing tumor cell activity including that of residual cancer cells present after primary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Dindorf
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin Eberhardt
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xin Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Nina Koliha
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Stefani Gross
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katja Blume
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine V, Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wild
- Miltenyi Biotech GmbH, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Gerold Schuler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas S Baur
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Oncogene-specific T cells fail to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells in mice. Blood 2018; 132:924-934. [PMID: 30002144 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-834036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, little is known about the interaction between (pre-)malignant B cells and T cells. We generated transgenic mice that allow B cell-specific induction of the oncogene SV40 large T-antigen (TAg) to analyze the role of oncogene-specific T cells during sporadic B-cell lymphoma development. Constitutive TAg expression in CD19-Cre × LoxP-Tag mice resulted in TAg-tolerant CD8+ T cells and development of B-cell lymphomas. In contrast, CD19-CreERT2 × LoxP-Tag mice retained TAg-competent CD8+ T cells at time of oncogene induction and TAg expression in few B cells of adult mice resulted in exceptionally rare lymphoma formation late in life. Increased lymphoma incidence in the absence of TAg-specific T cells suggested T cell-mediated inhibition of lymphoma progression. However, TAg-initiated B cells were not eliminated by T cells and detected long term. Our results demonstrate a failure of the immune system to eradicate lymphoma-initiating B cells, retaining the risk of lymphoma development.
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32
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Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor TAK-659 Prevents Splenomegaly and Tumor Development in a Murine Model of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphoma. mSphere 2018; 3:3/4/e00378-18. [PMID: 30135222 PMCID: PMC6106053 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00378-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several B and epithelial cell cancers. EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) contributes to cellular transformation by mimicking B cell receptor signaling. LMP2A/MYC double transgenic mice develop splenomegaly and B cell lymphoma much faster than MYC transgenic mice do. In this study, we explored the potential therapeutic efficacy of a novel spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 for development of a treatment option for EBV-associated malignancies. In our transgenic model, TAK-659 treatment totally abrogated splenomegaly and tumor development in LMP2A/MYC mice in both pretumor and tumor cell transfer experiments. TAK-659 treatment killed tumor cells, but not host cells within the spleen and tumors. Furthermore, TAK-659 treatment abrogated metastasis of tumor cells into bone marrow. Our data also show that TAK-659 inhibits SYK phosphorylation and induces apoptosis in LMP2A/MYC tumor cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Therefore, TAK-659 may provide an effective therapeutic option for treatment of LMP2A-positive EBV-associated malignancies and should be explored further in clinical trials. IMPORTANCE The novel SYK and FLT3 inhibitor TAK-659 prevents the enlargement of spleen and tumor development in a mouse model of EBV-associated lymphoma by counteracting the activation of cellular kinase SYK through the viral LMP2A gene by inducing cell death in tumor cells but not in nontumor cells. These findings indicate that TAK-659 may be a very effective nontoxic therapeutic molecule especially for EBV-positive hematologic malignancies.
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33
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Xie H, Tang CHA, Song JH, Mancuso A, Del Valle JR, Cao J, Xiang Y, Dang CV, Lan R, Sanchez DJ, Keith B, Hu CCA, Simon MC. IRE1α RNase-dependent lipid homeostasis promotes survival in Myc-transformed cancers. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1300-1316. [PMID: 29381485 DOI: 10.1172/jci95864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc activation is a primary oncogenic event in many human cancers; however, these transcription factors are difficult to inhibit pharmacologically, suggesting that Myc-dependent downstream effectors may be more tractable therapeutic targets. Here, we show that Myc overexpression induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and engages the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) pathway through multiple molecular mechanisms in a variety of c-Myc- and N-Myc-dependent cancers. In particular, Myc-overexpressing cells require IRE1α/XBP1 signaling for sustained growth and survival in vitro and in vivo, dependent on elevated stearoyl-CoA-desaturase 1 (SCD1) activity. Pharmacological and genetic XBP1 inhibition induces Myc-dependent apoptosis, which is alleviated by exogenous unsaturated fatty acids. Of note, SCD1 inhibition phenocopies IRE1α RNase activity suppression in vivo. Furthermore, IRE1α inhibition enhances the cytotoxic effects of standard chemotherapy drugs used to treat c-Myc-overexpressing Burkitt's lymphoma, suggesting that inhibiting the IRE1α/XBP1 pathway is a useful general strategy for treatment of Myc-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and.,Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jun H Song
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Juan R Del Valle
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, and.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Xiang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and
| | - Chi V Dang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and
| | - Roy Lan
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and
| | - Danielle J Sanchez
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Keith
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and.,Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute and.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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34
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The IgH 3' regulatory region and c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7059-7067. [PMID: 27729620 PMCID: PMC5351691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation and mutations of c-myc have been reported in multiple mature B-cell malignancies such as Burkitt lymphoma, myeloma and plasma cell lymphoma. After translocation into the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus, c-myc is constitutively expressed under the control of active IgH cis-regulatory enhancers. Those located in the IgH 3 regulatory region (3RR) are master control elements of transcription. Over the past decade numerous convincing demonstrations of 3RRs contribution to mature c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis have been made using transgenic models with various types of IgH-c-myc translocations and transgenes. This review highlights how IgH 3RR physiological functions play a critical role in c-myc deregulation during lymphomagenesis.
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35
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EBV latent membrane protein 2A orchestrates p27 kip1 degradation via Cks1 to accelerate MYC-driven lymphoma in mice. Blood 2017; 130:2516-2526. [PMID: 29074502 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-07-796821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong infection in B lymphocytes of most human hosts and is associated with several B lymphomas. During latent infection, EBV encodes latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) to promote the survival of B cells by mimicking host B-cell receptor signaling. By studying the roles of LMP2A during lymphoma development in vivo, we found that LMP2A mediates rapid MYC-driven lymphoma onset by allowing B cells to bypass MYC-induced apoptosis mediated by the p53 pathway in our transgenic mouse model. However, the mechanisms used by LMP2A to facilitate transformation remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate a key role of LMP2A in promoting hyperproliferation of B cells by enhancing MYC expression and MYC-dependent degradation of the p27kip1 tumor suppressor. Loss of the adaptor protein cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 1 (Cks1), a cofactor of the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase complex and a downstream target of MYC, increases p27kip1 expression during a premalignant stage. In mice that express LMP2A, Cks1 deficiency reduces spleen weights, restores B-cell follicle formation, impedes cell cycle progression of pretumor B cells, and eventually prolongs MYC-driven tumor onset. This study demonstrates that LMP2A uses the role of MYC in the cell cycle, particularly in the p27kip1 degradation process, to accelerate lymphomagenesis in vivo. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism of EBV in diverting the functions of MYC in malignant transformation and provide a rationale for targeting EBV's roles in cell cycle modulation.
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36
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Varano G, Raffel S, Sormani M, Zanardi F, Lonardi S, Zasada C, Perucho L, Petrocelli V, Haake A, Lee AK, Bugatti M, Paul U, Van Anken E, Pasqualucci L, Rabadan R, Siebert R, Kempa S, Ponzoni M, Facchetti F, Rajewsky K, Casola S. The B-cell receptor controls fitness of MYC-driven lymphoma cells via GSK3β inhibition. Nature 2017; 546:302-306. [PMID: 28562582 DOI: 10.1038/nature22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Similar to resting mature B cells, where the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) controls cellular survival, surface BCR expression is conserved in most mature B-cell lymphomas. The identification of activating BCR mutations and the growth disadvantage upon BCR knockdown of cells of certain lymphoma entities has led to the view that BCR signalling is required for tumour cell survival. Consequently, the BCR signalling machinery has become an established target in the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Here we study the effects of BCR ablation on MYC-driven mouse B-cell lymphomas and compare them with observations in human Burkitt lymphoma. Whereas BCR ablation does not, per se, significantly affect lymphoma growth, BCR-negative (BCR-) tumour cells rapidly disappear in the presence of their BCR-expressing (BCR+) counterparts in vitro and in vivo. This requires neither cellular contact nor factors released by BCR+ tumour cells. Instead, BCR loss induces the rewiring of central carbon metabolism, increasing the sensitivity of receptor-less lymphoma cells to nutrient restriction. The BCR attenuates glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) activity to support MYC-controlled gene expression. BCR- tumour cells exhibit increased GSK3β activity and are rescued from their competitive growth disadvantage by GSK3β inhibition. BCR- lymphoma variants that restore competitive fitness normalize GSK3β activity after constitutive activation of the MAPK pathway, commonly through Ras mutations. Similarly, in Burkitt lymphoma, activating RAS mutations may propagate immunoglobulin-crippled tumour cells, which usually represent a minority of the tumour bulk. Thus, while BCR expression enhances lymphoma cell fitness, BCR-targeted therapies may profit from combinations with drugs targeting BCR- tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Varano
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Simon Raffel
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Sormani
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Zanardi
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Lonardi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Christin Zasada
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Perucho
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Haake
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Albert K Lee
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Mattia Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ulrike Paul
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eelco Van Anken
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasqualucci
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kempa
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maurilio Ponzoni
- Ateneo Vita Salute and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Pathology and Lymphoid Malignancies Units, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Facchetti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Pathology, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Max-Delbrück-Center of Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Casola
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
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37
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David A, Arnaud N, Fradet M, Lascaux H, Ouk-Martin C, Gachard N, Zimber-Strobl U, Feuillard J, Faumont N. c-Myc dysregulation is a co-transforming event for nuclear factor-κB activated B cells. Haematologica 2017; 102:883-894. [PMID: 28232371 PMCID: PMC5477607 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2016.156281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While c-Myc dysregulation is constantly associated with highly proliferating B-cell tumors, nuclear factor (NF)-κB addiction is found in indolent lymphomas as well as diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, either with an activated B-cell like phenotype or associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. We raised the question of the effect of c-Myc in B cells with NF-κB activated by three different inducers: Epstein-Barr virus-latency III program, TLR9 and CD40. Induction of c-Myc overexpression increased proliferation of Epstein-Barr virus-latency III immortalized B cells, an effect that was dependent on NF-κB. Results from transcriptomic signatures and functional studies showed that c-Myc overexpression increased Epstein-Barr virus-latency III-driven proliferation depending on NF-κB. In vitro, induction of c-Myc increased proliferation of B cells with TLR9-dependant activation of MyD88, with decreased apoptosis. In the transgenic λc-Myc mouse model with c-Myc overexpression in B cells, in vivo activation of MyD88 by TLR9 induced splenomegaly related to an increased synthesis phase (S-phase) entry of B cells. Transgenic mice with both continuous CD40 signaling in B cells and the λc-Myc transgene developed very aggressive lymphomas with characteristics of activated diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. The main characteristic gene expression profile signatures of these tumors were those of proliferation and energetic metabolism. These results suggest that c-Myc is an NF-κB co-transforming event in aggressive lymphomas with an activated phenotype, activated B-cell like diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. This would explain why NF-κB is associated with both indolent and aggressive lymphomas, and opens new perspectives on the possibility of combinatory therapies targeting both the c-Myc proliferating program and NF-κB activation pathways in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine David
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Nicolas Arnaud
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Magali Fradet
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Hélène Lascaux
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Catherine Ouk-Martin
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France.,Platform of Cytometry and Imagery (CIM), University of Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Gachard
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Ursula Zimber-Strobl
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Germany
| | - Jean Feuillard
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France.,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Faumont
- CNRS-UMR 7276, University of Limoges, France .,Hematology Laboratory of Dupuytren Hospital University Center (CHU) of Limoges, France
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38
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Pötzl J, Roser D, Bankel L, Hömberg N, Geishauser A, Brenner CD, Weigand M, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Reversal of tumor acidosis by systemic buffering reactivates NK cells to express IFN-γ and induces NK cell-dependent lymphoma control without other immunotherapies. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2125-2133. [PMID: 28195314 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Like other immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells show impaired effector functions in the microenvironment of tumors, but little is known on the underlying mechanisms. Since lactate acidosis, a hallmark of malignant tissue, was shown to contribute to suppression of effective antitumor immune responses, we investigated the impact of tissue pH and lactate concentration on NK-cell functions in an aggressive model of endogenously arising B-cell lymphoma. The progressive loss of IFN-γ production by NK cells observed during development of this disease could be ascribed to decreased pH values and lactate accumulation in the microenvironment of growing tumors. Interestingly, IFN-γ expression by lymphoma-derived NK cells could be restored by transfer of these cells into a normal micromilieu. Likewise, systemic alkalization by oral delivery of bicarbonate to lymphoma-developing mice was capable of enhancing IFN-γ expression in NK cells and increasing the NK-cell numbers in the lymphoid organs where tumors were growing. By contrast, NK-cell cytotoxicity was dampened in vivo by tumor-dependent mechanisms that seemed to be different from lactate acidosis and could not be restored in a normal milieu. Most importantly, alkalization and the concomitant IFN-γ upregulation in NK cells were sufficient to significantly delay tumor growth without any other immunotherapy. This effect was strictly dependent on NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Pötzl
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
| | - David Roser
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany.,AG Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Lorenz Bankel
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany.,AG Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Albert Geishauser
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany.,AG Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
| | | | - Michael Weigand
- Institut für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany.,AG Translationale Molekulare Immunologie, Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Germany
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39
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miR-28 regulates the germinal center reaction and blocks tumor growth in preclinical models of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2017; 129:2408-2419. [PMID: 28188132 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-08-731166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma comprises a variety of neoplasms, many of which arise from germinal center (GC)-experienced B cells. microRNA-28 (miR-28) is a GC-specific miRNA whose expression is lost in numerous mature B-cell neoplasms. Here we show that miR-28 regulates the GC reaction in primary B cells by impairing class switch recombination and memory B and plasma cell differentiation. Deep quantitative proteomics combined with transcriptome analysis identified miR-28 targets involved in cell-cycle and B-cell receptor signaling. Accordingly, we found that miR-28 expression diminished proliferation in primary and lymphoma cells in vitro. Importantly, miR-28 reexpression in human Burkitt (BL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) xenografts blocked tumor growth, both when delivered in viral vectors or as synthetic, clinically amenable, molecules. Further, the antitumoral effect of miR-28 is conserved in a primary murine in vivo model of BL. Thus, miR-28 replacement is uncovered as a novel therapeutic strategy for DLBCL and BL treatment.
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40
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England CG, Rui L, Cai W. Lymphoma: current status of clinical and preclinical imaging with radiolabeled antibodies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:517-532. [PMID: 27844106 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoma is a complex disease that arises from cells of the immune system with an intricate pathology. While lymphoma may be classified as Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin, each type of tumor is genetically and phenotypically different and highly invasive tissue biopsies are the only method to investigate these differences. Noninvasive imaging strategies, such as immunoPET, can provide a vital insight into disease staging, monitoring treatment response in patients, and dose planning in radioimmunotherapy. ImmunoPET imaging with radiolabeled antibody-based tracers may also assist physicians in optimizing treatment strategies and enhancing patient stratification. Currently, there are two common biomarkers for molecular imaging of lymphoma, CD20 and CD30, both of which have been considered for investigation in preclinical imaging studies. In this review, we examine the current status of both preclinical and clinical imaging of lymphoma using radiolabeled antibodies. Additionally, we briefly investigate the role of radiolabeled antibodies in lymphoma therapy. As radiolabeled antibodies play critical roles in both imaging and therapy of lymphoma, the development of novel antibodies and the discovery of new biomarkers may greatly affect lymphoma imaging and therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G England
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
| | - Lixin Rui
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Ave, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
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41
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Saintamand A, Garot A, Saad F, Moulinas R, Denizot Y. Pre-germinal center origin for mature mouse B cell lymphomas: a major discrepancy with human mature lymphomas. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3656-8. [PMID: 26654599 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Garot
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
| | - Faten Saad
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
| | - Rémi Moulinas
- b GENOLIM plateform; Université de Limoges ; Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
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42
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CBP/p300 acetyltransferases regulate the expression of NKG2D ligands on tumor cells. Oncogene 2016; 36:933-941. [PMID: 27477692 PMCID: PMC5318661 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor surveillance of natural killer (NK) cells is mediated by the cytotoxicity receptor natural-killer group 2 member D (NKG2D). Ligands for NKG2D are generally not expressed on healthy cells, but induced on the surface of malignant cells. To date, NKG2D ligand (NKG2D-L) induction was mainly described to depend on the activation of the DNA damage response, although the molecular mechanisms that regulate NKG2D-L expression remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the acetyltransferases CBP (CREB-binding protein) and p300 play a crucial role in the regulation of NKG2D-L on tumor cells. Loss of CBP/p300 decreased the basal cell surface expression of human ligands and reduced the upregulation of MICA/B and ULBP2 in response to histone deacetylase inhibitors or DNA damage. Furthermore, CBP/P300 deficiency abrogated the sensitivity of stressed cells to NK cell-mediated killing. CBP/p300 were also identified as major regulators of mouse NKG2D ligand RAE-1 in vitro and in vivo using the Eμ-Myc lymphoma model. Mechanistically, we observed an enhanced activation of the CBP/p300 binding transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) correlating to the NKG2D-L upregulation. Moreover, increased binding of CREB and CBP/p300 to NKG2D-L promoters and elevated histone acetylation were detectable. This study provides strong evidence for a major role of CBP and p300 in orchestrating NKG2D-L induction and consequently immunosurveillance of tumors in mice and humans. These findings might help to develop novel immunotherapeutic approaches against cancer.
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43
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Mihailovich M, Bonaldi T. MS-analysis of SILAC-labeled MYC-driven B lymphoma cells overexpressing miR-17-19b. Data Brief 2016; 7:349-53. [PMID: 26977435 PMCID: PMC4781929 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which dampen gene expression by repressing translation and/or inducing degradation of target-mRNAs. Although the role of miR-17-19b (a truncated version of miR-17-92 cluster) is well documented in MYC-driven B cell lymphomagenesis, little is known about the function of the cluster in the maintenance of full-blown lymphomas. We employed SILAC-based quantitative proteomics to identify miR-17-19b targets upon a mild overexpression of the cluster in B cell lymphomas, established from λ-MYC transgenic mice. The proteomics data described in detail in this study, whose follow up analysis with MaxQuant algorithm is part of the recent publication (Mihailovich et al., 2015) [1], are deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository, with the accession code PRIDE: PXD002810.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mihailovich
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
- Corresponding authors.
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44
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Vojkovics D, Kellermayer Z, Heidt D, Mihalj M, Kajtár B, Ernszt D, Kovács T, Németh P, Balogh P. Isolation and Characterization of a Murine Spontaneous High-Grade Follicular Lymphoma with Restricted In Vivo Spreading--a Model for Lymphatic Metastasis Via the Mesentery. Pathol Oncol Res 2015; 22:421-30. [PMID: 26584567 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-015-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous or induced malignant lymphomas in mice are valuable tools for studying human lymphoproliferative diseases, including the mechanism of migration between peripheral lymphoid organs and positioning within distinct tissue compartments. Here we report the isolation and characterization of a novel spontaneous lymphoma from BALB/c mice showing restricted tissue distribution and metastasis. The lymphoma cells display CD19, B220, MHC II, surface IgG2a/kappa chain with VH7183 rearrangement of the IgH gene, indicating their B-cell origin. Serial intraperitoneal injection of primary tumor into both BALB/c and RAG-1-deficient hosts led to the successful propagation of lymphoma. Despite the cytological characteristics of high-grade follicular B-cell lymphoma, the tumor cells (denoted as Bc-DLFL.1) showed significantly lesser spreading to extraabdominal locations upon intraperitoneal passage compared to splenic and mesenteric lymph node expansion. In mesenteric lymph nodes the high endothelial venules contained only few tumor cells, while the lymphatic vessels were almost completely filled with lymphoma cells. Similarly, the LYVE-1-positive lymphatic capillaries within the mesentery were packed with lymphoma cells. These findings suggest that Bc-DLFL.1 cells likely propagate primarily via the lymphatic circulation within the mesentery, therefore this tumor may offer an in vivo model to investigate the tumor cell migration via the lymphatic circulation from the peritoneal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Vojkovics
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Diána Heidt
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary.,Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Martina Mihalj
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Béla Kajtár
- Department of Pathology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Ernszt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kovács
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Németh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Szigeti út 12, Pécs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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45
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Mihailovich M, Bremang M, Spadotto V, Musiani D, Vitale E, Varano G, Zambelli F, Mancuso FM, Cairns DA, Pavesi G, Casola S, Bonaldi T. miR-17-92 fine-tunes MYC expression and function to ensure optimal B cell lymphoma growth. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8725. [PMID: 26555894 PMCID: PMC4667639 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergism between c-MYC and miR-17-19b, a truncated version of the miR-17-92 cluster, is well-documented during tumor initiation. However, little is known about miR-17-19b function in established cancers. Here we investigate the role of miR-17-19b in c-MYC-driven lymphomas by integrating SILAC-based quantitative proteomics, transcriptomics and 3′ untranslated region (UTR) analysis upon miR-17-19b overexpression. We identify over one hundred miR-17-19b targets, of which 40% are co-regulated by c-MYC. Downregulation of a new miR-17/20 target, checkpoint kinase 2 (Chek2), increases the recruitment of HuR to c-MYC transcripts, resulting in the inhibition of c-MYC translation and thus interfering with in vivo tumor growth. Hence, in established lymphomas, miR-17-19b fine-tunes c-MYC activity through a tight control of its function and expression, ultimately ensuring cancer cell homeostasis. Our data highlight the plasticity of miRNA function, reflecting changes in the mRNA landscape and 3′ UTR shortening at different stages of tumorigenesis. The synergism between c-MYC and miR-17-19b plays an important role in lymphoma initiation. In this study, the authors identify a panel of targets co-regulated by miR-17-19b and in MYC-driven lymphoma and unravel the molecular mechanism through which miR-17-19b inhibits MYC translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mihailovich
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Michael Bremang
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Valeria Spadotto
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Daniele Musiani
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Elena Vitale
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Gabriele Varano
- Units of Genetics of B cells and lymphomas, IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | | | - Francesco M Mancuso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - David A Cairns
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Giulio Pavesi
- Department of Biosciences, Milan University, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Casola
- Units of Genetics of B cells and lymphomas, IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Tiziana Bonaldi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, Milan 20139, Italy
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46
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Lou Z, Casali P, Xu Z. Regulation of B Cell Differentiation by Intracellular Membrane-Associated Proteins and microRNAs: Role in the Antibody Response. Front Immunol 2015; 6:537. [PMID: 26579118 PMCID: PMC4620719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are central to adaptive immunity and their functions in antibody responses are exquisitely regulated. As suggested by recent findings, B cell differentiation is mediated by intracellular membrane structures (including endosomes, lysosomes, and autophagosomes) and protein factors specifically associated with these membranes, including Rab7, Atg5, and Atg7. These factors participate in vesicle formation/trafficking, signal transduction and induction of gene expression to promote antigen presentation, class switch DNA recombination (CSR)/somatic hypermutation (SHM), and generation/maintenance of plasma cells and memory B cells. Their expression is induced in B cells activated to differentiate and further fine-tuned by immune-modulating microRNAs, which coordinates CSR/SHM, plasma cell differentiation, and memory B cell differentiation. These short non-coding RNAs would individually target multiple factors associated with the same intracellular membrane compartments and collaboratively target a single factor in addition to regulating AID and Blimp-1. These, together with regulation of microRNA biogenesis and activities by endosomes and autophagosomes, show that intracellular membranes and microRNAs, two broadly relevant cell constituents, play important roles in balancing gene expression to specify B cell differentiation processes for optimal antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
| | - Paolo Casali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , San Antonio, TX , USA
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47
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Sin SH, Kim Y, Eason A, Dittmer DP. KSHV Latency Locus Cooperates with Myc to Drive Lymphoma in Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005135. [PMID: 26327622 PMCID: PMC4556645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell malignancies. Mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis remain elusive, however, in part due to lack of reliable in vivo models. Recently, we showed that transgenic mice expressing the KSHV latent genes, including all viral microRNAs, developed splenic B cell hyperplasia with 100% penetrance, but only a fraction converted to B cell lymphomas, suggesting that cooperative oncogenic events were missing. Myc was chosen as a possible candidate, because Myc is deregulated in many B cell lymphomas. We crossed KSHV latency locus transgenic (latency) mice to Cα Myc transgenic (Myc) mice. By itself these Myc transgenic mice develop lymphomas only rarely. In the double transgenic mice (Myc/latency) we observed plasmacytosis, severe extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increased proliferation of splenocytes. Myc/latency mice developed frank lymphoma at a higher rate than single transgenic latency or Myc mice. These data indicate that the KSHV latency locus cooperates with the deregulated Myc pathways to further lymphoma progression. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma as well as the B-cell malignancies primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Only a few KSHV genes, including all micro RNAs, are expressed in latent infection of B cells. We already showed that KSHV latency locus transgenic mice consistently develop B cell hyperplasia. To find out possible host contributions to lymphomagenesis we evaluated the Myc oncogene. Compound KSHV latency locus and Myc mice developed plasmacytosis exemplified by increased frequency of plasma cells in the spleen, a high accelerated lymphoma development, and severe extramedullary hematopoiesis. These data show that the KSHV latency locus can cooperate with Myc activation in viral lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Saad F, Saintamand A, Cogné M, Denizot Y. The IgH 3' regulatory region influences lymphomagenesis in Igλ-Myc mice. Oncotarget 2015; 6:20302-11. [PMID: 25980500 PMCID: PMC4653006 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The IgH 3′regulatory region (3′RR), encompassing the four transcriptional enhancers hs3a-hs1,2-hs3b-hs4, has a key role on class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation, IgH transcription and B-cell fate. In plasma cells, transcribed IgH and IgL loci often colocalized in transcription factories and an IgL transcription defect might translate into lowered IgH transcription. We explored whether the 3′RR would affect lymphomagenesis in Igλ-Myc transgenic mice prone to lymphoproliferations. Breeding Igλ-Myc transgenics in a background deficient for the 3′RR influences lymphomagenesis toward less mature lymphomas (16% vs 54%, p = 0.01, Z test for two population proportions). In a 3′RR-deficient background mature tumors less often expressed the CD43 antigen (54% vs 0%, p = 0.02), a membrane glycoprotein expressed on activated mature B-cells. In contrast, in a 3′RR-deficient background tumors more often expressed the CD5 antigen (32% vs 12%, p = 0.05) that may serve to control autoimmunity and that is suspected to play a role in leukemic transformation. Lymphoma myc transcript levels, the Ki67 index of proliferation, the clonality, the usage of V(D)J segments, and their somatic hypermutation status were not affected in the 3′RR-deficient background. In conclusion, most probably through its action during the maturation process, the 3′RR can influence lymphomagenesis even when not linked with an oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Saad
- CNRS UMR 7276, CRIBL, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Michel Cogné
- CNRS UMR 7276, CRIBL, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- CNRS UMR 7276, CRIBL, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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49
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Belting L, Hömberg N, Przewoznik M, Brenner C, Riedel T, Flatley A, Polić B, Busch DH, Röcken M, Mocikat R. Critical role of the NKG2D receptor for NK cell-mediated control and immune escape of B-cell lymphoma. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2593-601. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Belting
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
| | - Nadine Hömberg
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
| | | | - Christoph Brenner
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
| | - Tanja Riedel
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
| | - Andrew Flatley
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie; Immunologie und Hygiene; Technische Universität München; München Germany
| | - Martin Röcken
- Universitäts-Hautklinik, Eberhard-Karls-Universität; Tübingen Germany
| | - Ralph Mocikat
- Institut für Molekulare Immunologie; Helmholtz-Zentrum München; München Germany
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50
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Simmons JK, Hildreth BE, Supsavhad W, Elshafae SM, Hassan BB, Dirksen WP, Toribio RE, Rosol TJ. Animal Models of Bone Metastasis. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:827-41. [PMID: 26021553 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815586223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most common sites of cancer metastasis in humans and is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Bone metastases are considered incurable and result in pain, pathologic fracture, and decreased quality of life. Animal models of skeletal metastases are essential to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways of cancer metastasis and growth in bone and to develop new therapies to inhibit and prevent bone metastases. The ideal animal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible, and representative of human disease. Currently, an ideal model does not exist; however, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of the available models will lead to proper study design and successful cancer research. This review provides an overview of the current in vivo animal models used in the study of skeletal metastases or local tumor invasion into bone and focuses on mammary and prostate cancer, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and miscellaneous tumors that metastasize to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Supsavhad
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - S M Elshafae
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - B B Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - R E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - T J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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