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Gao L, Bai Y, Zhou J, Liang C, Dong Y, Han T, Liu Y, Guo J, Wu J, Hu D. S100P facilitates LUAD progression via PKA/c-Jun-mediated tumor-associated macrophage recruitment and polarization. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111179. [PMID: 38640980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
S100P, a member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family, is closely associated with abnormal proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of various cancers. However, its role in the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tumor microenvironment (TME) remains unclear. In this study, we observed specific expression of S100P on tumor cells in LUAD patients through tissue immunofluorescence analysis. Furthermore, this expression was strongly correlated with the recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that high S100P expression is associated with poorer overall survival in LUAD patients. Subsequently, a subcutaneous mouse model demonstrated that S100P promotes recruitment and polarization of TAMs towards the M2 type. Finally, in vitro studies on LUAD cells revealed that S100P enhances the secretion of chemokines and polarizing factors by activating the PKA/c-Jun pathway, which is implicated in TAM recruitment and polarization towards the M2 phenotype. Moreover, inhibition of c-Jun expression impedes the ability of TAMs to infiltrate and polarize towards the M2 phenotype. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that S100P facilitates LUAD cells growth by recruiting M2 TAMs through PKA/c-Jun signaling, resulting in the production of various cytokines. Considering these findings, S100P holds promise as an important diagnostic marker and potential therapeutic target for LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Bai
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Yunjia Dong
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Tao Han
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jianqiang Guo
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institute, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Safety and Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
| | - Dong Hu
- School of Medicine, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China; Anhui Occupational Health and Safety Engineering Laboratory, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Deep Reduction and Occupational Health and Safety of Anhui Higher Education Institute, Huainan, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Dust Prevention and Control & Occupational Safety and Health of the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, China.
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2
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Funasaki S, Hatano A, Nakatsumi H, Koga D, Sugahara O, Yumimoto K, Baba M, Matsumoto M, Nakayama KI. A stepwise and digital pattern of RSK phosphorylation determines the outcome of thymic selection. iScience 2023; 26:107552. [PMID: 37646020 PMCID: PMC10460994 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes with randomly generated T cell receptors (TCRs) undergo positive (maturation) or negative (apoptosis) selection on the basis of the strength of TCR stimulation. Selection fate is determined by engagement of TCR ligands with a subtle difference in affinity, but the molecular details of TCR signaling leading to the different selection outcomes have remained unclear. We performed phosphoproteome analysis of DP thymocytes and found that p90 ribosomal protein kinase (RSK) phosphorylation at Thr562 was induced specifically by high-affinity peptide ligands. Such phosphorylation of RSK triggered its translocation to the nucleus, where it phosphorylated the nuclear receptor Nur77 and thereby promoted its mitochondrial translocation for apoptosis induction. Inhibition of RSK activity protected DP thymocytes from antigen-induced cell death. We propose that RSK phosphorylation constitutes a mechanism by which DP thymocytes generate a stepwise and binary signal in response to exposure to TCR ligands with a graded affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Funasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nakatsumi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Osamu Sugahara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kanae Yumimoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaya Baba
- Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Anticancer Strategies Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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3
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Tserunyan V, Finley SD. A systems and computational biology perspective on advancing CAR therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 94:34-49. [PMID: 37263529 PMCID: PMC10529846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy signaled a new revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. This method seeks to engineer immune cells expressing an artificially designed receptor, which would endue those cells with the ability to recognize and eliminate tumor cells. While some CAR therapies received FDA approval and others are subject to clinical trials, many aspects of their workings remain elusive. Techniques of systems and computational biology have been frequently employed to explain the operating principles of CAR therapy and suggest further design improvements. In this review, we sought to provide a comprehensive account of those efforts. Specifically, we discuss various computational models of CAR therapy ranging in scale from organismal to molecular. Then, we describe the molecular and functional properties of costimulatory domains frequently incorporated in CAR structure. Finally, we describe the signaling cascades by which those costimulatory domains elicit cellular response against the target. We hope that this comprehensive summary of computational and experimental studies will further motivate the use of systems approaches in advancing CAR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vardges Tserunyan
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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4
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Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L, Görgün CZ, Uysal KT, Maeda K, Karin M, Hotamisligil GS. Author Correction: A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06285-0. [PMID: 37328696 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Hirosumi
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA
| | - Gürol Tuncman
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA
| | - Lufen Chang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology,, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine,, 9500 Gilman Drive,, La Jolla,, California,, 92093,, USA
| | - Cem Z Görgün
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA
| | - K Teoman Uysal
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA
| | - Kazuhisa Maeda
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology,, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine,, 9500 Gilman Drive,, La Jolla,, California,, 92093,, USA
| | - Gökhan S Hotamisligil
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition,, Harvard School of Public Health,, 665 Huntington Avenue,, Massachusetts,, 02115,, Boston,, USA.
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5
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Jiao A, Sun C, Wang X, Lei L, Liu H, Li W, Yang X, Zheng H, Ding R, Zhu K, Su Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhang B. DExD/H-box helicase 9 intrinsically controls CD8 + T cell-mediated antiviral response through noncanonical mechanisms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk2691. [PMID: 35138904 PMCID: PMC8827654 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upon virus infection, CD8+ T cell accumulation is tightly controlled by simultaneous proliferation and apoptosis. However, it remains unclear how TCR signal coordinates these events to achieve expansion and effector cell differentiation. We found that T cell-specific deletion of nuclear helicase Dhx9 led to impaired CD8+ T cell survival, effector differentiation, and viral clearance. Mechanistically, Dhx9 acts as the key regulator to ensure LCK- and CD3ε-mediated ZAP70 phosphorylation and ERK activation to protect CD8+ T cells from apoptosis before proliferative burst. Dhx9 directly regulates Id2 transcription to control effector CD8+ T cell differentiation. The DSRM and OB_Fold domains are required for LCK binding and Id2 transcription, respectively. Dhx9 expression is predominantly increased in effector CD8+ T cells of COVID-19 patients. Therefore, we revealed a previously unknown regulatory mechanism that Dhx9 protects activated CD8+ T cells from apoptosis and ensures effector differentiation to promote antiviral immunity independent of nuclear sensor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding author. (B.Z.); (L.Z.)
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6
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JNK signaling as a target for anticancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:405-434. [PMID: 33710509 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00238-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The JNKs are members of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) which regulate many physiological processes including inflammatory responses, macrophages, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and death. It is increasingly clear that the continuous activation of JNKs has a role in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive oncogenic targets for cancer therapy using small molecule kinase inhibitors. Studies showed that the two major JNK proteins JNK1 and JNK2 have opposite functions in different types of cancers, which need more specification in the design of JNK inhibitors. Some of ATP- competitive and ATP non-competitive inhibitors have been developed and widely used in vitro, but this type of inhibitors lack selectivity and inhibits phosphorylation of all JNK substrates and may lead to cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarized and discussed the strategies of JNK binding inhibitors and the role of JNK signaling in the pathogenesis of different solid and hematological malignancies.
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7
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Madan V, Cao Z, Teoh WW, Dakle P, Han L, Shyamsunder P, Jeitany M, Zhou S, Li J, Nordin HBM, Shi J, Yu S, Yang H, Hossain MZ, Chng WJ, Koeffler HP. ZRSR1 cooperates with ZRSR2 in regulating splicing of U12-type introns in murine hematopoietic cells. Haematologica 2021; 107:680-689. [PMID: 33691379 PMCID: PMC8883539 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.260562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent loss-of-function mutations of spliceosome gene, ZRSR2, occur in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Mutation/loss of ZRSR2 in human myeloid cells primarily causes impaired splicing of the U12-type introns. In order to further investigate the role of this splice factor in RNA splicing and hematopoietic development, we generated mice lacking ZRSR2. Unexpectedly, Zrsr2-deficient mice developed normal hematopoiesis with no abnormalities in myeloid differentiation evident in either young or ≥1-year old knockout mice. Repopulation ability of Zrsr2-deficient hematopoietic stem cells was also unaffected in both competitive and non-competitive reconstitution assays. Myeloid progenitors lacking ZRSR2 exhibited mis-splicing of U12-type introns, however, this phenotype was moderate compared to the ZRSR2-deficient human cells. Our investigations revealed that a closely related homolog, Zrsr1, expressed in the murine hematopoietic cells, but not in human cells contributes to splicing of U12-type introns. Depletion of Zrsr1 in Zrsr2 KO myeloid cells exacerbated retention of the U12-type introns, thus highlighting a collective role of ZRSR1 and ZRSR2 in murine U12-spliceosome. We also demonstrate that aberrant retention of U12-type introns of MAPK9 and MAPK14 leads to their reduced protein expression. Overall, our findings highlight that both ZRSR1 and ZRSR2 are functional components of the murine U12-spliceosome, and depletion of both proteins is required to accurately model ZRSR2-mutant MDS in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Madan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Zeya Cao
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weoi Woon Teoh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pushkar Dakle
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Han
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pavithra Shyamsunder
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Maya Jeitany
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Siqin Zhou
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Li
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - JiZhong Shi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuizhou Yu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Md Zakir Hossain
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, NUHS, Singapore
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, USA; National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Yadav RK, Minz E, Mehan S. Understanding Abnormal c-JNK/p38MAPK Signaling in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Potential Drug Targets and Influences on Neurological Disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 20:417-429. [PMID: 33557726 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210126113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
c-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members work in a cell-specific manner to regulate neuronal signals. The abnormal activation of these cellular signals can cause glutamate excitotoxicity, disrupted protein homeostasis, defective axonal transport, and synaptic dysfunction. Various pre-clinical and clinical findings indicate that the up-regulation of c-JNK and p38MAPK signaling is associated with neurological disorders. Exceptionally, a significant amount of experimental data has recently shown that dysregulated c-JNK and p38MAPK are implicated in the damage to the central nervous system, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, currently available information has shown that c- JNK/p38MAPK signaling inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic alternative for improving histopathological, functional, and demyelination defects related to motor neuron disabilities. Understanding the abnormal activation of c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling and the prediction of motor neuron loss may help identify important therapeutic interventions that could prevent neurocomplications. Based on the involvement of c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling in the brain, we have assumed that the downregulation of the c-JNK/p38MAPK signaling pathway could trigger neuroprotection and neurotrophic effects towards clinicopathological presentations of ALS and other brain diseases. Thus, this research-based review also outlines the inhibition of c-JNK and p38MAPK signal downregulation in the pursuit of disease-modifying therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshwar Kumar Yadav
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Elizabeth Minz
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
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9
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Le A, Azouz A, Thomas S, Istaces N, Nguyen M, Goriely S. JNK1 Signaling Downstream of the EGFR Pathway Contributes to Aldara ®-Induced Skin Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604785. [PMID: 33613525 PMCID: PMC7892463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase 1 (JNK1) is involved in multiple biological processes but its implication in inflammatory skin diseases is still poorly defined. Herein, we studied the role of JNK1 in the context of Aldara®-induced skin inflammation. We observed that constitutive ablation of JNK1 reduced Aldara®-induced acanthosis and expression of inflammatory markers. Conditional deletion of JNK1 in myeloid cells led to reduced skin inflammation, a finding that was associated with impaired Aldara®-induced inflammasome activation in vitro. Next, we evaluated the specific role of JNK1 in epidermal cells. We observed reduced Aldara®-induced acanthosis despite similar levels of inflammatory markers. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis of keratinocytes revealed the potential involvement of JNK1 in the EGFR signaling pathway. Finally, we show that inhibition of the EGFR pathway reduced Aldara®-induced acanthosis. Taken together, these data indicate that JNK1 plays a dual role in the context of psoriasis by regulating the production of inflammatory cytokines by myeloid cells and the sensitivity of keratinocytes to EGFR ligands. These results suggest that JNK1 could represent a valuable therapeutic target in the context of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stanislas Goriely
- Institute for Medical Immunology and ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U-CRI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
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10
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Bagnoud M, Briner M, Remlinger J, Meli I, Schuetz S, Pistor M, Salmen A, Chan A, Hoepner R. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102154. [PMID: 32977663 PMCID: PMC7598244 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is upregulated during multiple sclerosis relapses and at the peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We aim to investigate the effects of pharmacological pan-JNK inhibition on the course of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) EAE disease using in vivo and in vitro experimental models. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6JRj wild type mice using MOG35-55. SP600125 (SP), a reversible adenosine triphosphate competitive pan-JNK inhibitor, was then given orally after disease onset. Positive correlation between SP plasma and brain concentration was observed. Nine, but not three, consecutive days of SP treatment led to a significant dose-dependent decrease of mean cumulative MOG35-55 EAE severity that was associated with increased mRNA expression of interferon gamma (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the spinal cord. On a histological level, reduced spinal cord immune cell-infiltration predominantly of CD3+ T cells as well as increased activity of Iba1+ cells were observed in treated animals. In addition, in vitro incubation of murine and human CD3+ T cells with SP resulted in reduced T cell apoptosis and proliferation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that pharmacological pan-JNK inhibition might be a treatment strategy for autoimmune central nervous system demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Bagnoud
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-31-6323076
| | - Myriam Briner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jana Remlinger
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Meli
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Schuetz
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian Pistor
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.B.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (S.S.); (M.P.); (A.S.); (A.C.); (R.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Li J, Ritelli M, Ma CS, Rao G, Habib T, Corvilain E, Bougarn S, Cypowyj S, Grodecká L, Lévy R, Béziat V, Shang L, Payne K, Avery DT, Migaud M, Boucherit S, Boughorbel S, Guennoun A, Chrabieh M, Rapaport F, Bigio B, Itan Y, Boisson B, Cormier-Daire V, Syx D, Malfait F, Zoppi N, Abel L, Freiberger T, Dietz HC, Marr N, Tangye SG, Colombi M, Casanova JL, Puel A. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and connective tissue disorder in humans with impaired JNK1-dependent responses to IL-17A/F and TGF-β. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/41/eaax7965. [PMID: 31784499 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aax7965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic etiologies of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) disrupt human IL-17A/F-dependent immunity at mucosal surfaces, whereas those of connective tissue disorders (CTDs) often impair the TGF-β-dependent homeostasis of connective tissues. The signaling pathways involved are incompletely understood. We report a three-generation family with an autosomal dominant (AD) combination of CMC and a previously undescribed form of CTD that clinically overlaps with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS). The patients are heterozygous for a private splice-site variant of MAPK8, the gene encoding c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), a component of the MAPK signaling pathway. This variant is loss-of-expression and loss-of-function in the patients' fibroblasts, which display AD JNK1 deficiency by haploinsufficiency. These cells have impaired, but not abolished, responses to IL-17A and IL-17F. Moreover, the development of the patients' TH17 cells was impaired ex vivo and in vitro, probably due to the involvement of JNK1 in the TGF-β-responsive pathway and further accounting for the patients' CMC. Consistently, the patients' fibroblasts displayed impaired JNK1- and c-Jun/ATF-2-dependent induction of key extracellular matrix (ECM) components and regulators, but not of EDS-causing gene products, in response to TGF-β. Furthermore, they displayed a transcriptional pattern in response to TGF-β different from that of fibroblasts from patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome caused by mutations of TGFBR2 or SMAD3, further accounting for the patients' complex and unusual CTD phenotype. This experiment of nature indicates that the integrity of the human JNK1-dependent MAPK signaling pathway is essential for IL-17A- and IL-17F-dependent mucocutaneous immunity to Candida and for the TGF-β-dependent homeostasis of connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marco Ritelli
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Geetha Rao
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Emilie Corvilain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Cypowyj
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucie Grodecká
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno 65691, Czech Republic
| | - Romain Lévy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lei Shang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maya Chrabieh
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Franck Rapaport
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Delfien Syx
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fransiska Malfait
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicoletta Zoppi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Freiberger
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, Brno 65691, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Harry C Dietz
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nico Marr
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Marina Colombi
- Division of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France.,Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anne Puel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. .,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France.,University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
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12
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The IL-33-induced p38-/JNK1/2-TNFα axis is antagonized by activation of β-adrenergic-receptors in dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8152. [PMID: 32424229 PMCID: PMC7235212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, an IL-1 cytokine superfamily member, induces the activation of the canonical NF-κB signaling, and of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs). In dendritic cells (DCs) IL-33 induces the production of IL-6, IL-13 and TNFα. Thereby, the production of IL-6 depends on RelA whereas the production of IL-13 depends on the p38-MK2/3 signaling module. Here, we show that in addition to p65 and the p38-MK2/3 signaling module, JNK1/2 are essential for the IL-33-induced TNFα production. The central roles of JNK1/2 and p38 in DCs are underpinned by the fact that these two MAPK pathways are controlled by activated β-adrenergic receptors resulting in a selective regulation of the IL-33-induced TNFα response in DCs.
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13
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ASK1 Mediates Nur77 Expression in T-Cell Receptor Mediated Thymocyte Apoptosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030585. [PMID: 32121597 PMCID: PMC7140521 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) that activates downstream JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) to relay death signals into cells in response to various environmental stress. However, whether ASK1 plays a role in T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes is unclear. Here, we show that ASK1 is activated upon TCR stimulation and plays an important role in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes by triggering downstream JNK and p38 signaling cascades. Mechanistically, ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling leads to the upregulation of neuron-derived clone 77 (Nur77), a critical pro-apoptotic protein involved in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the activation of ASK1 is negatively modulated by Akt upon TCR stimulation. Thus, our results identify a previously unappreciated signaling mechanism involving ASK1 in TCR-mediated apoptosis of thymocytes.
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14
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JNK1 Induces Notch1 Expression to Regulate Genes Governing Photoreceptor Production. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090970. [PMID: 31450635 PMCID: PMC6769813 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) regulate cell proliferation and differentiation via phosphorylating such transcription factors as c-Jun. The function of JNKs in retinogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we report that knocking out Jnk1, but not Jnk2, increased the number of photoreceptors, thus enhancing the electroretinogram (ERG) responses. Intriguingly, Notch1, a well-established negative regulator of photoreceptor genesis, was significantly attenuated in Jnk1 knockout (KO) mice compared to wild-type mice. Mechanistically, light specifically activated JNK1 to phosphorylate c-Jun, which in turn induced Notch1 transcription. The identified JNK1–c-Jun–Notch1 axis strongly inhibited photoreceptor-related transcriptional factor expression and ultimately impaired photoreceptor opsin expression. Our study uncovered an essential function of JNK1 in retinogenesis, revealing JNK1 as a potential candidate for targeting ophthalmic diseases.
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Noninvasive Identification of Immune-Related Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2531932. [PMID: 31531018 PMCID: PMC6721356 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2531932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary liver carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors with a poor prognosis. This study aims to uncover the potential mechanisms and identify core biomarkers of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The HCC gene expression profile GSE49515 was chosen to analyze the differentially expressed genes from purified RNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, including 10 HCC patients and 10 normal individuals. GO and KEGG pathway analysis and PPI network were used, and the enrichment of the core genes out of 15 hub genes was evaluated using GEPIA and GSEA, respectively. We employed flow cytometry to count mononuclear cells to verify our opinions. In this analysis, 344 DEGs were captured, including 188 upregulated genes and 156 downregulated genes; besides that, 15 hub genes were identified. GO analysis and KEGG analysis showed the DEGs were particularly involved in immune response, antigen processing and presentation, and infection and inflammation. The PPI network uncovered 2 modules were also mainly involved in immune response. In conclusion, our analysis disclosed the immune subversion was the major signature of HCC associated closely with JUN, VEGFA, TNFSF10, and TLR4, which could be novel noninvasive biomarkers in peripheral blood and targets for early diagnosis and therapy of HCC.
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16
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Spetz J, Presser AG, Sarosiek KA. T Cells and Regulated Cell Death: Kill or Be Killed. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 342:27-71. [PMID: 30635093 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell death plays two major complementary roles in T cell biology: mediating the removal of cells that are targeted by T cells and the removal of T cells themselves. T cells serve as major actors in the adaptive immune response and function by selectively killing cells which are infected or dysfunctional. This feature is highly involved during homeostatic maintenance, and is relied upon and modulated in the context of cancer immunotherapy. The vital recognition and elimination of both autoreactive T cells and cells which are unable to recognize threats is a highly selective and regulated process. Moreover, detection of potential threats will result in the activation and expansion of T cells, which on resolution of the immune response will need to be eliminated. The culling of these T cells can be executed via a multitude of cell death pathways which are used in context-specific manners. Failure of these processes may result in an accumulation of misdirected or dysfunctional T cells, leading to complications such as autoimmunity or cancer. This review will focus on the role of cell death regulation in the maintenance of T cell homeostasis, as well as T cell-mediated elimination of infected or dysfunctional cells, and will summarize and discuss the current knowledge of the cellular mechanisms which are implicated in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Spetz
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam G Presser
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristopher A Sarosiek
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Su L, Jiang Y, Xu Y, Li X, Gao W, Xu C, Zeng C, Song J, Weng W, Liang W. Xihuang pill promotes apoptosis of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment in 4T1 mouse breast cancer by upregulating MEKK1/SEK1/JNK1/AP-1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:1111-1119. [PMID: 29710529 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of the MEKK1/SEK1/JNK1/AP-1 pathway in the action of Xihuang pill (XHP) in reducing regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers in the tumor microenvironment in a 4T1 mouse breast cancer model, and to clarify the anti-tumor mechanism of XHP in breast cancer. METHODS We established a mouse 4T1 breast cancer model. Model mice were administered XHP for 2 weeks, and tumor tissues were then removed, weighed, sliced, and homogenized. Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment were isolated by magnetic cell sorting and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Treg cell apoptosis was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling. mRNA expression levels of MEKK1, SEK1, JNK1, and AP-1 in Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and their protein expression levels were detected by immunofluorescence staining and western blot. RESULTS Tumor weights were significantly lower in the XHP groups compared with the untreated control group. The overall number of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment decreased while the number of apoptotic Treg cells increased with increasing doses of XHP. mRNA and protein expression levels of MEKK1, SEK1, JNK1, and AP-1 in Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment increased with increasing doses of XHP. CONCLUSION XHP might promote Treg cell apoptosis in the tumor microenvironment and further inhibit the tumor growth of 4T1 mouse breast cancer. The mechanism of XHP may be related to upregulation of gene and protein expression of MEKK1, SEK1, JNK1, and AP-1 in Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Su
- Xin Hua Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- Xin Hua Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xinye Li
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Chunwei Xu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Changqian Zeng
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Jie Song
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Wencai Weng
- Xin Hua Affiliated Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116000, China
| | - Wenbo Liang
- Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China.
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18
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Expression profiles of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway from Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in response to viral and bacterial infections. Gene 2018; 642:381-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang K, Xu X, Li M, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Hao J, Sun X, Chen Y, Liu X, Chang Y, Jin R, Wu H, Ge Q. Newly Generated CD4 + T Cells Acquire Metabolic Quiescence after Thymic Egress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1064-1077. [PMID: 29288207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mature naive T cells circulate through the secondary lymphoid organs in an actively enforced quiescent state. Impaired cell survival and cell functions could be found when T cells have defects in quiescence. One of the key features of T cell quiescence is low basal metabolic activity. It remains unclear at which developmental stage T cells acquire this metabolic quiescence. We compared mitochondria among CD4 single-positive (SP) T cells in the thymus, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), and mature naive T cells in the periphery. The results demonstrate that RTEs and naive T cells had reduced mitochondrial content and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species when compared with SP thymocytes. This downregulation of mitochondria requires T cell egress from the thymus and occurs early after young T cells enter the circulation. Autophagic clearance of mitochondria, but not mitochondria biogenesis or fission/fusion, contributes to mitochondrial downregulation in RTEs. The enhanced apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/MAPKs and reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin activities in RTEs relative to SP thymocytes may be involved in this mitochondrial reduction. These results indicate that the gain of metabolic quiescence is one of the important maturation processes during SP-RTE transition. Together with functional maturation, it promotes the survival and full responsiveness to activating stimuli in young T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; and
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; .,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; .,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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20
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Bedognetti D, Roelands J, Decock J, Wang E, Hendrickx W. The MAPK hypothesis: immune-regulatory effects of MAPK-pathway genetic dysregulations and implications for breast cancer immunotherapy. Emerg Top Life Sci 2017; 1:429-445. [PMID: 33525803 PMCID: PMC7289005 DOI: 10.1042/etls20170142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of checkpoint inhibition, immunotherapy has revolutionized the clinical management of several cancers, but has demonstrated limited efficacy in mammary carcinoma. Transcriptomic profiling of cancer samples defined distinct immunophenotypic categories characterized by different prognostic and predictive connotations. In breast cancer, genomic alterations leading to the dysregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been linked to an immune-silent phenotype associated with poor outcome and treatment resistance. These aberrations include mutations of MAP3K1 and MAP2K4, amplification of KRAS, BRAF, and RAF1, and truncations of NF1. Anticancer therapies targeting MAPK signaling by BRAF and MEK inhibitors have demonstrated clear immunologic effects. These off-target properties could be exploited to convert the immune-silent tumor phenotype into an immune-active one. Preclinical evidence supports that MAPK-pathway inhibition can dramatically increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the immunomodulatory impact of MAPK-pathway blockade through BRAF and MEK inhibitions. While BRAF inhibition might be relevant in melanoma only, MEK inhibition is potentially applicable to a wide range of tumors. Context-dependent similarities and differences of MAPK modulation will be dissected, in light of the complexity of the MAPK pathways. Therapeutic strategies combining the favorable effects of MAPK-oriented interventions on the tumor microenvironment while maintaining T-cell function will be presented. Finally, we will discuss recent studies highlighting the rationale for the implementation of MAPK-interference approaches in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and immune agonists in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bedognetti
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
- College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Jessica Roelands
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Julie Decock
- Cancer Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ena Wang
- Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Wouter Hendrickx
- Tumor Biology, Immunology, and Therapy Section, Department of Immunology, Inflammation and Metabolism, Division of Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
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21
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Sato T, Shibata W, Hikiba Y, Kaneta Y, Suzuki N, Ihara S, Ishii Y, Sue S, Kameta E, Sugimori M, Yamada H, Kaneko H, Sasaki T, Ishii T, Tamura T, Kondo M, Maeda S. c-Jun N-terminal kinase in pancreatic tumor stroma augments tumor development in mice. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:2156-2165. [PMID: 28837246 PMCID: PMC5666025 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a life‐threatening disease and there is an urgent need to develop improved therapeutic approaches. The role of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in PDAC stroma is not well defined even though dense desmoplastic reactions are characteristic of PDAC histology. We aimed to explore the role of JNK in PDAC stroma in mice. We crossed Ptf1aCre/+;KrasG12D/+ mice with JNK1−/− mice to generate Ptf1aCre/+;KrasG12D/+;JNK1−/− (Kras;JNK1−/−) mice. Tumor weight was significantly lower in Kras;JNK1−/− mice than in Kras;JNK1+/− mice, whereas histopathological features were similar. We also transplanted a murine PDAC cell line (mPC) with intact JNK1 s.c. into WT and JNK1−/− mice. Tumor diameters were significantly smaller in JNK1−/− mice. Phosphorylated JNK (p‐JNK) was activated in α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA)‐positive cells in tumor stroma, and mPC‐conditioned medium activated p‐JNK in tumor‐associated fibroblasts (TAF) in vitro. Relative expression of Ccl20 was downregulated in stimulated TAF. Ccl20 is an important chemokine that promotes CD8+ T‐cell infiltration by recruitment of dendritic cells, and the number of CD8+ T cells was decreased in Kras;JNK1+/− mice compared with Kras;JNK1−/− mice. These results suggest that the cancer secretome decreases Ccl20 secretion from TAF by activation of JNK, and downregulation of Ccl20 secretion might be correlated with reduction of infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we concluded that inhibition of activated JNK in pancreatic tumor stroma could be a potential therapeutic target to increase Ccl20 secretion from TAF and induce accumulation of CD8+ T cells, which would be expected to enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,Division of Translational Research, Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yohko Hikiba
- Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kaneta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sozaburo Ihara
- Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eri Kameta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugimori
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshihide Tamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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Transforming growth factor-β1 regulates the nascent hematopoietic stem cell niche by promoting gluconeogenesis. Leukemia 2017. [PMID: 28642593 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) emergence is important to generate HSCs from pluripotent precursors. However, integrated signaling network that regulates the niche of nascent HSCs remains unclear. Herein, we uncovered a novel role of TGF-β1 in the metabolic niche of HSC emergence using the tgf-β1b-/- zebrafish. Our findings first showed that Tgf-β1 transcripts were enriched in the nascent HSCs. Loss of tgf-β1b caused a decrease of nascent HSCs within the aorta-gonad-mesonephros. Moreover, tgf-β1b+ cells were runx1+ HSCs and underwent an endothelial-to-hematopoietic-transition process. Although the autocrine of Tgf-β1 in HSCs rather than endothelial cells was highly demanded to regulate HSC generation, we found that tgf-β1b promoted HSC emergence through the endothelial c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun signaling. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-sequencing data showed that tgf-β1b/c-Jun targeted g6pc3 of FoxO signaling to promote gluconeogenesis and maintain a high glucose level in the niche. Furthermore, loss of tgf-β1b increased the endoplasmic-reticulum stress and oxidative stress by disturbing metabolic homeostasis. Adding a low dose of TGF-β1 protein could promote the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells towards HSCs in vitro. Altogether, our study provided insights into a new feature of TGF-β1 in the regulation of glucose metabolism and nascent HSC niche, which may contribute to therapies of hematological malignancies.
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Wang J, Call M, Mongan M, Kao WWY, Xia Y. Meibomian gland morphogenesis requires developmental eyelid closure and lid fusion. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:704-712. [PMID: 28284825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Meibomian glands (MGs) play an important role in the maintenance of ocular surface health, but the mechanisms of their development are still poorly understood. The MGs arise from the epithelium at the junction of eyelid fusion, raising the possibility that defective eyelid fusion disturbs the formation of MGs. METHODS We examined, histologically and functionally, the development of MGs in mice with either normal or defective eyelid fusion, displaying eye-closed at birth (ECB) or eye-open at birth (EOB) phenotypes, respectively. RESULTS The Meibomian anlage was detected in the epithelium at the eyelid fusion junction immediately after birth at postnatal day 0 (PD0), and it extended into the eyelid stroma at PD1 and started to branch and produce meibum at PD7 in the ECB mice. In contrast, few if any MG structures were detectable in the EOB mice in the early postnatal periods. The Meibomian gland ductile system was seen aligned along the eyelid margin in the adult ECB mice, but was absent or scarce in that of the EOB mice. While MG abnormalities were found in all EOB mice, the severity varied and corresponded to the position and the size of eye opening but not the genetic defects of the mice. CONCLUSION Proper Meibomian gland formation and development require eyelid closure and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Mindy Call
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Maureen Mongan
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Winston Whei-Yang Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA.
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24
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Zhang Z, Zhang S, Wang S. DNAzymes Dz13 target the c-jun possess antiviral activity against influenza A viruses. Microb Pathog 2016; 103:155-161. [PMID: 28039102 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of anti-influenza A virus drugs resistant strain highlights the need for more effective therapy. Our earlier study demonstrated that c-jun, a downstream molecule of JNK, might be important in viral infections and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we explored the function of DNAzymes Dz13 that target c-jun in influenza A virus infected mice. Dz13 displayed non-toxic side effects on A549 cells and BALB/c mice. Moreover, Dz13-treated mice had enhanced survival after influenza compared with untreated mice. Simultaneously, the pulmonary inflammatory responses and viral burden were decreased in Dz13 treated mice. Furthermore, proliferation levels of infection-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were impaired. These data demonstrated that Dz13 could reduce viral replication and inflammatory response in vivo, suggesting that Dz13 may potentially be used to treat influenza A viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopei Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shouping Zhang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; Post-doctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Sanhu Wang
- Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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25
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JNK Signaling: Regulation and Functions Based on Complex Protein-Protein Partnerships. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:793-835. [PMID: 27466283 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00043-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), as members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, mediate eukaryotic cell responses to a wide range of abiotic and biotic stress insults. JNKs also regulate important physiological processes, including neuronal functions, immunological actions, and embryonic development, via their impact on gene expression, cytoskeletal protein dynamics, and cell death/survival pathways. Although the JNK pathway has been under study for >20 years, its complexity is still perplexing, with multiple protein partners of JNKs underlying the diversity of actions. Here we review the current knowledge of JNK structure and isoforms as well as the partnerships of JNKs with a range of intracellular proteins. Many of these proteins are direct substrates of the JNKs. We analyzed almost 100 of these target proteins in detail within a framework of their classification based on their regulation by JNKs. Examples of these JNK substrates include a diverse assortment of nuclear transcription factors (Jun, ATF2, Myc, Elk1), cytoplasmic proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation (DCX, Tau, WDR62) or vesicular transport (JIP1, JIP3), cell membrane receptors (BMPR2), and mitochondrial proteins (Mcl1, Bim). In addition, because upstream signaling components impact JNK activity, we critically assessed the involvement of signaling scaffolds and the roles of feedback mechanisms in the JNK pathway. Despite a clarification of many regulatory events in JNK-dependent signaling during the past decade, many other structural and mechanistic insights are just beginning to be revealed. These advances open new opportunities to understand the role of JNK signaling in diverse physiological and pathophysiological states.
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26
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Expression of Twist2 is controlled by T-cell receptor signaling and determines the survival and death of thymocytes. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1804-1814. [PMID: 27391798 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive thymocytes are eliminated by negative selection, whereas competent thymocytes survive by positive selection. The strength of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signal determines the fate of thymocytes undergoing either positive or negative selection. The TCR signal strength is relatively higher in negative selection than in positive selection and induces pro-apoptotic molecules such as Nur77 and Nor-1, which are members of the orphan nuclear receptor family, that then cause TCR-mediated apoptosis. However, at the molecular level, it remains unclear how positive or negative selection is distinguished based on the TCR signal. We found that the expression of Twist2 is differentially regulated in positively and negatively selected thymocytes. In particular, TCR signal strength that elicits positive selection induces Twist2 expression via the Ca2+-Cacineurin-NFATc3 pathway, whereas strength of the TCR signal that results in negative selection abolishes NFATc3-dependent Twist2 induction via specific activation of the JNK pathway. Using Twist2-deficient and Twist2 transgenic mice, we also found that Twist2 determines thymocyte sensitivity to TCR-mediated apoptosis by regulating the expression of Nur77 and Nor-1. Twist2 partially retains histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) in the nucleus and recruits it to the Nur77 promoter region to repress Nur77 in positively selected thymocytes. Thus our results suggest a molecular mechanism of how thymocytes interpret the strength of the TCR signal and how TCR sensitivity is controlled during thymic selection.
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27
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Suddason T, Gallagher E. Genetic insights into Map3k-dependent proliferative expansion of T cells. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1956-60. [PMID: 27246297 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1189042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapks are important regulators of T cell proliferative expansion and cell cycle progression. Detailed genetic analysis of unconventional iNKT cells in both Map3k1(ΔKD) and Lck(Cre/+)Map3k1(f/f) mice demonstrated that Mekk1 (encoded by Map3k1) signaling activates Mapks to regulate Cdkn1b (encoding p27(Kip1)) expression and p27(Kip1)-dependent proliferative expansion in response to antigen. Mekk1 signaling and activation of E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch, by a phosphorylation-dependent conformational change, is also an important regulatory mechanism for the control of T helper cell cytokine production. Cdkn1b expression is regulated by Mekk1-dependent signaling in differentiated Th17 cells. Mekk1 is one of the 19 Ste11-like Map3ks, and Mekk1 signaling regulates iNKT cell proliferative expansion in response to glycolipid antigens and T cell homeostasis in the liver. Tak1 (encoded by Map3k7), a related Map3k to Mekk1, similarly regulates the proliferative expansion and homeostasis of T cells in the liver, and this illustrates the importance of multiple Map3ks for mammalian Mapk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesha Suddason
- a Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Ewen Gallagher
- a Department of Medicine , Imperial College London , London , UK
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28
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Sai K, Morioka S, Takaesu G, Muthusamy N, Ghashghaei HT, Hanafusa H, Matsumoto K, Ninomiya-Tsuji J. TAK1 determines susceptibility to endoplasmic reticulum stress and leptin resistance in the hypothalamus. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:1855-65. [PMID: 26985063 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.180505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress disrupts normal cellular homeostasis and leads to the development of many types of human diseases, including metabolic disorders. TAK1 (also known as MAP3K7) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family and is activated by a diverse set of inflammatory stimuli. Here, we demonstrate that TAK1 regulates ER stress and metabolic signaling through modulation of lipid biogenesis. We found that deletion of Tak1 increased ER volume and facilitated ER-stress tolerance in cultured cells, which was mediated by upregulation of sterol-regulatory-element-binding protein (SREBP)-dependent lipogenesis. In the in vivo setting, central nervous system (CNS)-specific Tak1 deletion upregulated SREBP-target lipogenic genes and blocked ER stress in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, CNS-specific Tak1 deletion prevented ER-stress-induced hypothalamic leptin resistance and hyperphagic obesity under a high-fat diet (HFD). Thus, TAK1 is a crucial regulator of ER stress in vivo, which could be a target for alleviation of ER stress and its associated disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Sai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
| | - Sho Morioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
| | - Giichi Takaesu
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
| | - Nagendran Muthusamy
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - H Troy Ghashghaei
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Hiroshi Hanafusa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
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Immunohistochemical expression of sperm-associated antigen 9 in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 37:38-45. [PMID: 25033008 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 9 (SPAG9) is a scaffold protein for c-Jun-NH2-kinases, which play an important role in cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor development. SPAG9 was claimed to be involved in the pathogenesis of carcinoma in different organs. The aim of this work was to investigate its role in the pathogenesis of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) through its immunohistochemical (IHC) localization in skin biopsies of these tumors. This retrospective and prospective study included 67 cutaneous specimens; 42 of NMSC [20 cases with basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 22 cases with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] and 25 normal sun-exposed skin biopsies from age and gender-matched healthy subjects as a control group. SPAG9 expression was evaluated using standard IHC techniques. SPAG9 was expressed in 90% of BCC cases and in 81.8% of SCC cases. Positive expression in inflammatory cells was detected in 100% and 63.6% of BCC and SCC cases, respectively. Positive stromal expression was detected in 20% of BCC cases and was absent in all SCC cases. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.55, P = 0.008) was noted between SPAG9 H score and SCC histological grade and a significant association between SPAG9 H score and tumor grade was also detected where higher values were present in grade I tumors (P = 0.001). SPAG9 was upregulated in NMSC when compared with normal skin. In conclusion, SPAG9 is expressed in NMSC cases. It should be evaluated in large-scale studies to determine if it plays an active pathogenic role or its expression is an epiphenomenon not related to NMSC pathogenesis. Large-scale studies are warranted to determine its potential utility in guiding treatment decisions and following disease progression in theses cases. Its expression in normal skin needs further investigation.
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Jin R, Gao Y, Zhang S, Teng F, Xu X, Aili A, Wang Y, Sun X, Pang X, Ge Q, Zhang Y. Trx1/TrxR1 system regulates post-selected DP thymocytes survival by modulating ASK1-JNK/p38 MAPK activities. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:744-52. [PMID: 25753394 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A key process in the development of T lymphocyte in the thymus is T-cell receptor (TCR) selection. It is controlled by complex signaling pathways that contain redox-sensitive molecules. However, the redox status early after TCR selection and how redox regulators promote the survival of post-selected DP thymocytes has not been directly addressed. The present study demonstrated that the transition from pre- to post-selected double-positive (DP) stages was accompanied with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a transient surge in the expression of a variety of redox regulators. Among them, the thioredoxin (Trx)1/thioredoxin reductase (TrxR)1 system was found to be critically involved in the regulation of cell survival of DP thymocytes, especially that of post-selected CD69(+) subset, as its inhibition caused a specific reduction of these cells both in vitro and in vivo, most likely owing to increased apoptosis. Suppression of the glutathione-dependent redox system, on the other hand, showed no obvious impact. Biochemically, treatment of DP thymcoytes with TrxR1 inhibitor alone or in conjunction with anti-CD3 resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of redox-sensitive ASK-1, JNK and p38 MAPK, and upregulated expression of Bim. Taken together, the data presented here suggest that the timely upregulation of Trx1/TrxR1 and the active control of intracellular redox status is critical for the survival of thymocytes during and short after positive selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Shusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Abudureyimujiang Aili
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
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Takada K, Takahama Y. Positive-Selection-Inducing Self-Peptides Displayed by Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:87-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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MAP Kinase Cascades in Antigen Receptor Signaling and Physiology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:211-231. [PMID: 26275875 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play roles in a cell type and context-dependent manner to convert extracellular stimuli to a variety of cellular responses, thereby directing cells to proliferation, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, and migration. Studies of genetically engineered mice or chemical inhibitors specific to each MAPK signaling pathway revealed that MAPKs have various, but non-redundant physiologically important roles among different families. MAPK cascades are obviously integrated in the B cell receptor signaling pathways as critical components to drive B cell-mediated immunity.
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33
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Toyota H, Sudo K, Kojima K, Yanase N, Nagao T, Takahashi RH, Iobe H, Kuwabara T, Kakiuchi T, Mizuguchi J. Thy28 protects against anti-CD3-mediated thymic cell death in vivo. Apoptosis 2014; 20:444-54. [PMID: 25547913 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cell death plays a pivotal role in the development and/or maintenance of several tissues including thymus. Deregulated thymic cell death is associated with autoimmune diseases including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype murine model for analysis of human multiple sclerosis. Because Thy28 expression is modulated during thymocyte development, we tested whether Thy28 affects induction of EAE as effectively as antigen-induced thymocyte deletion using Thy28 transgenic (TG) mice. Thy28 TG mice showed partial resistance to anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb)-induced thymic cell death in vivo, as assessed by annexin V-expression and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The resistance to anti-CD3 mAb-induced cell death in Thy28 TG mice appeared to correlate with a decreased c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation and reduced down-regulation of Bcl-xL. Moreover, thymic hyperplasia was detected in Thy28 TG mice, although thymocyte development was unaltered. Development of peripheral lymphoid tissues including spleen and lymph nodes was also unaltered. Thy28 TG spleen T cells showed an increased production of IFN-γ, but not IL-17, in response to both anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 mAbs. Finally, Thy28 TG mice displayed accelerated induction of EAE as assessed by disease incidence, clinical score, and pathology following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein compared with control WT mice. These findings suggest that modulation of Thy28 expression plays a crucial role in the determination of thymic cell fate, which may contribute to the development of EAE through proinflammatory cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Toyota
- Department of Immunology and Intractable Immunology Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan,
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Regulatory roles of c-jun in H5N1 influenza virus replication and host inflammation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2479-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang YQ, Ma X, Lu L, Zhao L, Zhang X, Xu Q, Wang Y. Defective antiviral CD8 T-cell response and viral clearance in the absence of c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Immunology 2014; 142:603-13. [PMID: 24673683 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway appears to act as a critical intermediate in the regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation. The majority of studies on the importance of JNK are focused on its role in T helper responses, with very few reports addressing the mechanisms of JNK in governing CD8 T-cell-mediated immunity. By using a well-defined mousepox model, we demonstrate that JNK is involved in CD8(+) T-cell-mediated antiviral responses. Deficiency of either JNK1 or JNK2 impaired viral clearance, subsequently resulting in an increased susceptibility to ectromelia virus in resistant mice. The impairment of CD8 responses in JNK-deficient mice was not directly due to an inhibition of effector T-cell expansion, as both JNK1 and JNK2 had limited effect on the activation-induced cell death of CD8(+) T cells, and only JNK2-deficient mice exhibited a significant change in CD8(+) T-cell proliferation after acute ectromelia virus infection. However, optimal activation of CD8(+) T cells and their effector functions require signals from both JNK1 and JNK2. Our results suggest that the JNK pathway acts as a critical intermediate in antiviral immunity through regulation of the activation and effector function of CD8(+) T cells rather than by altering their expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qin Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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MAVS-MKK7-JNK2 defines a novel apoptotic signaling pathway during viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004020. [PMID: 24651600 PMCID: PMC3961361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection induces innate immunity and apoptosis. Apoptosis is an effective means to sacrifice virus-infected host cells and therefore restrict the spread of pathogens. However, the underlying mechanisms of this process are still poorly understood. Here, we show that the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS/VISA/Cardif/IPS-1) is critical for SeV (Sendai virus)-induced apoptosis. MAVS specifically activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) but not other MAP kinases. Jnk2−/− cells, but not Jnk1−/− cells, are unable to initiate virus-induced apoptosis and SeV further fails to trigger apoptosis in MAPK kinase 7 (MKK7) knockout (Mkk7−/−) cells. Mechanistically, MAVS recruits MKK7 onto mitochondria via its 3D domain, which subsequently phosphorylates JNK2 and thus activates the apoptosis pathway. Consistently, Jnk2−/− mice, but not Jnk1−/− mice, display marked inflammatory injury in lung and liver after viral challenge. Collectively, we have identified a novel signaling pathway, involving MAVS-MKK7-JNK2, which mediates virus-induced apoptosis and highlights the indispensable role of mitochondrial outer membrane in host defenses. The mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS/VISA/Cardif/IPS-1) is critical for the innate immune response during viral infection, and its function has been well documented in mediating type I interferon production. In this study, we revealed the essential role of MAVS in virus-induced apoptosis, independent of Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) signaling. Upon viral infection, MAVS recruits MKK7 onto mitochondria, followed by MKK7 induced activation of JNK2, which subsequently initiates apoptosis. Importantly, we have clearly differentiated the roles of JNK2 versus JNK1, and MKK7 versus MKK4 in virus-induced apoptosis. Thus, we define a novel apoptotic signaling pathway, involving MAVS-MKK7-JNK2, which sheds a new perspective on the crosstalk between the antiviral and apoptotic signaling pathways in innate immunity.
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Deobagkar-Lele M, Victor ES, Nandi D. c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase is a critical node in the death of CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes during Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:137-49. [PMID: 24105651 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymic atrophy, due to the depletion of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes, is observed during infections with numerous pathogens. Several mechanisms, such as glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytokines, are known to be involved in this process; however, the roles of intracellular signaling molecules have not been investigated. In this study, the functional role of c-Jun NH2 -terminal kinase (JNK) during infection-induced thymic atrophy was addressed. The levels of phosphorylated JNK in immature CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes from C57BL/6 (Nramp-deficient) and 129/SvJ (Nramp-sufficient) mice were increased upon oral infection of mice with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium). Furthermore, inhibition of JNK signaling, but not ERK or p38 MAPK, prevented the in vitro death of infected thymocytes. Importantly, the in vivo inhibition of JNK signaling with SP600125 protected C57BL/6 CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes from depletion via multiple mechanisms as follows: lower intracellular ROS, inflammatory cytokines, Bax and caspase 3 activity, increase in Bcl-xL amounts, and prevention of the loss in mitochondrial membrane potential. Notably, thymic architecture was preserved in infected mice treated with SP600125. Overall, this study identifies a novel role for JNK as a crucial regulator of the death of CD4(+) CD8(+) thymocytes during S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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38
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Nguyen TM, Arthur A, Hayball JD, Gronthos S. EphB and Ephrin-B interactions mediate human mesenchymal stem cell suppression of activated T-cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2751-64. [PMID: 23711177 PMCID: PMC3787464 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) express the contact-dependent erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinase family and their cognate ephrin ligands, which are known to regulate thymocyte maturation and selection, T-cell transendothelial migration, activation, co-stimulation, and proliferation. However, the contribution of Eph/ephrin molecules in mediating human MSC suppression of activated T-cells remains to be determined. In the present study, we showed that EphB2 and ephrin-B2 are expressed by ex vivo expanded MSC, while the corresponding ligands, ephrin-B1 and EphB4, respectively, are highly expressed by T-cells. Initial studies demonstrated that EphB2-Fc and ephrin-B2-Fc molecules suppressed T-cell proliferation in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays compared with human IgG-treated controls. While the addition of a third-party MSC population demonstrated dramatic suppression of T-cell proliferation responses in the MLR, blocking the function of EphB2 or EphB4 receptors using inhibitor binding peptides significantly increased T-cell proliferation. Consistent with these observations, shRNA EphB2 or ephrin-B2 knockdown expression in MSC reduced their ability to inhibit T-cell proliferation. Importantly, the expression of immunosuppressive factors, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase, transforming growth factor-β1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expressed by MSC, was up-regulated after stimulation with EphB4 and ephrin-B1 in the presence of interferon (IFN)-γ, compared with untreated controls. Conversely, key factors involved in T-cell activation and proliferation, such as interleukin (IL)-2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-17, were down-regulated by T-cells treated with EphB2 or ephrin-B2 compared with untreated controls. Studies utilizing signaling inhibitors revealed that inhibition of T-cell proliferation is partly mediated through EphB2-induced ephrin-B1 reverse signaling or ephrin-B2-mediated EphB4 forward signaling by activating Src, PI3Kinase, Abl, and JNK kinase pathways, activated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Taken together, these observations suggest that EphB/ephrin-B interactions play an important role in mediating human MSC inhibition of activated T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Proliferation
- Coculture Techniques
- Ephrin-B2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ephrin-B2/genetics
- Ephrin-B2/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/cytology
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/drug effects
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Primary Cell Culture
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor, EphB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, EphB2/genetics
- Receptor, EphB2/metabolism
- Receptor, EphB4/genetics
- Receptor, EphB4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao M. Nguyen
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Agnes Arthur
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences and Sansom Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stan Gronthos
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Centre for Stem Cell Research and Robinson Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Huen NY, Pang ALY, Tucker JA, Lee TL, Vergati M, Jochems C, Intrivici C, Cereda V, Chan WY, Rennert OM, Madan RA, Gulley JL, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Up-regulation of proliferative and migratory genes in regulatory T cells from patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:373-82. [PMID: 23319273 PMCID: PMC3695702 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A higher frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with different types of solid tumors and hematological malignancies as compared to healthy donors. In prostate cancer patients, Tregs in PBMC have been shown to have increased suppressive function. Tumor-induced biological changes in Tregs may enable tumor cells to escape immunosurveillance. We performed genome-wide expression analyses comparing the expression levels of more than 38,500 genes in Tregs with similar suppressive activity, isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The differentially expressed genes in mCRPC Tregs are involved in cell cycle processes, cellular growth and proliferation, immune responses, hematological system development and function and the interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways. Studies revealed that the levels of expression of genes responsible for T-cell proliferation (C-FOS, C-JUN and DUSP1) and cellular migration (RGS1) were greater in Tregs from mCRPC patients as compared to values observed in healthy donors. Increased RGS1 expression in Tregs from mCRPC patients suggests a decrease in these Tregs' migratory ability. In addition, the higher frequency of CD4(+) CD25(high) CD127(-) Tregs in the peripheral blood of mCRPC patients may be the result of an increase in Treg proliferation capacity. Results also suggest that the alterations observed in gene expression profiles of Tregs in mCRPC patients may be part of the mechanism of tumor escape from host immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngar-Yee Huen
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Lap-Yin Pang
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo A. Tucker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tin-Lap Lee
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Matteo Vergati
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Caroline Jochems
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiara Intrivici
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vittore Cereda
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wai-Yee Chan
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Owen M. Rennert
- Laboratory of Clinical and Developmental Genomics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ravi A. Madan
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kwong Y. Tsang
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hirata Y, Sugie A, Matsuda A, Matsuda S, Koyasu S. TAK1-JNK axis mediates survival signal through Mcl1 stabilization in activated T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4621-6. [PMID: 23547112 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
TAK1, a member of MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKK-K) family, can activate JNK, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Although targeted gene disruption studies have demonstrated that TAK1 plays a critical role in T cell functions, precise functions of downstream mediators remain elusive. We used the chemical compound LL-Z1640-2, which preferentially suppressed MAPK activation but not NF-κB signal downstream of TAK1. LL-Z1640-2 blocked TCR-induced T cell proliferation and activation, confirming that a TAK1-mediated MAPK signal is essential for T cell activation. LL-Z1640-2 induced apoptosis of activated mouse splenic T cells in a caspase- and caspase-activated DNase-dependent manner. TAK1-JNK pathway, which is activated downstream of IL-2R, induced the phosphorylation of antiapoptotic protein Mcl1 in activated T cells, resulting in the stabilization of Mcl1 protein. Our data uncover that among signal transduction pathways downstream of TAK1, JNK mediates a survival program through Mcl1 stabilization downstream of IL-2R in activated T cells and that blockade of TAK1-JNK pathway can eliminate activated T cells by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Hirata
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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41
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c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-phospho-c-JUN (ser63/73) pathway is essential for FOXP3 nuclear translocation in psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Charreau B. Signaling of endothelial cytoprotection in transplantation. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Wang F, Zhao XQ, Liu JN, Wang ZH, Wang XL, Hou XY, Liu R, Gao F, Zhang MX, Zhang Y, Bu PL. Antagonist of microRNA-21 improves balloon injury-induced rat iliac artery remodeling by regulating proliferation and apoptosis of adventitial fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:2989-3001. [PMID: 22565856 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Molecular pathways involved in adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) and myofibroblasts (MFs) proliferation and apoptosis contribute to vascular remodeling. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) plays an important role in regulating cellular proliferation and apoptosis of many cell types; however, the effect of miR-21 on AFs and MFs is still unknown. In this study, we found that miR-21 was expressed in AFs and overexpressed in MFs. Inhibition of miR-21 decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of AFs and MFs, and overexpression of miR-21 with pre-miR-21 had the reverse effect. Programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), related to cell proliferation and apoptosis, was validated as a direct target of miR-21 by dual-luciferase reporter assay and gain and loss of function of miR-21 in AFs and MFs. PDCD4 knockdown with siRNA partly rescued the reduced proliferation with miR-21 inhibition and alleviated the increased apoptosis induced by miR-21 inhibition in AFs and MFs. Moreover, increasing PDCD4 expression by miR-21 inhibition significantly decreased JNK/c-Jun activity. In contrast, decreasing PDCD4 expression by pre-miR-21 treatment increased JNK/c-Jun activity, while the effect of miR-21 inhibition on JNK/c-Jun activity could be rescued by PDCD4 siRNA. Moreover, miR-21 inhibition could regulate proliferation and apoptosis of vascular AFs and MFs in vivo. Furthermore, miR-21 inhibition reversed vascular remodeling induced by balloon injury. In summary, our findings demonstrate that miR-21 may have a critical role in regulating proliferation and apoptosis of AFs and MFs, and PDCD4 is a functional target gene involved in the miR-21-mediated cellular effects in vascular remodeling by a miR-21/PDCD4/JNK/c-Jun pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Nuclear export of histone deacetylase 7 during thymic selection is required for immune self-tolerance. EMBO J 2012; 31:4453-65. [PMID: 23103766 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) is a T-cell receptor (TCR) signal-dependent regulator of differentiation that is highly expressed in CD4/CD8 double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Here, we examine the effect of blocking TCR-dependent nuclear export of HDAC7 during thymic selection, through expression of a signal-resistant mutant of HDAC7 (HDAC7-ΔP) in thymocytes. We find that HDAC7-ΔP transgenic thymocytes exhibit a profound block in negative thymic selection, but can still undergo positive selection, resulting in the escape of autoreactive T cells into the periphery. Gene expression profiling reveals a comprehensive suppression of the negative selection-associated gene expression programme in DP thymocytes, associated with a defect in the activation of MAP kinase pathways by TCR signals. The consequence of this block in vivo is a lethal autoimmune syndrome involving the exocrine pancreas and other abdominal organs. These experiments establish a novel molecular model of autoimmunity and cast new light on the relationship between thymic selection and immune self-tolerance.
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45
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Sabapathy K. Role of the JNK pathway in human diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:145-69. [PMID: 22340717 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The c-Jun-NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway plays a critical role in regulating cell fate, being implicated in a multitude of diseases ranging from cancer to neurological and immunological/inflammatory conditions. Not surprisingly, therefore, it has been sought after for therapeutic intervention, and its inhibition has been shown to ameliorate many pathological conditions in experimental systems, paving the way for initial clinical trials. However, the fundamental problem in fully harnessing the potential provided by the JNK pathway has been the lack of specificity, due to the multiple JNK forms that are involved in multiple cellular processes in various cell types. Moreover, lack of sufficient knowledge of all JNK-interacting proteins and substrates has also hindered progress. This review will therefore focus on the role of the JNKs in human diseases and appraise the efforts to inhibit JNK signaling to ameliorate disease conditions, assessing potential challenges and providing insights into possible future directions to efficiently target this pathway for therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaga Sabapathy
- Division of Cellular & Molecular Research, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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46
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Parra E. Inhibition of JNK-1 by small interfering RNA induces apoptotic signaling in PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:923-30. [PMID: 22766602 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that c-Jun-N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1) is involved in the transformation of primary fibroblasts and plays a role in tumor cell growth. A number of observations suggest that JNK-1 is a growth promoting factor in prostate cancer cells and blocking its function may induce apoptosis. To test this further, we used a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against JNK-1 mRNA that efficiently inhibits JNK-1 expression in the prostate cancer cell line, PC-3. The application of siRNA against JNK-1 decreased the expression of JNK-1 and affected the expression of p21, XIAP and Bcl-2, but had no effect on the expression of VEGF. In contrast, a control scramble siRNA did not affect the expression of the above indicated proteins. The downregulation of JNK-1 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation inhibition rates were determined by the MTT assay. The effect of JNK-1-siRNA on cell cycle distribution and cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation and caspase activity. Our data showed that siRNA against JNK-1 mRNA, could efficiently suppress the expression of JNK-1 in PC-3 cells. After 5 days of transfection, the cell death rate was 52%, the apoptotic rate 26% and the viability rate 22%. In conclusion, downregulation of JNK-1 expression by siRNA against JNK-1 mRNA induces apoptotic signaling in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. The use of siRNA against JNK-1 as a novel approach to cancer therapy deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Parra
- Biomedical Experimental Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tarapaca, Arica, Chile.
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47
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Zhang X, Liu JQ, Shi Y, Reid HH, Boyd RL, Khattabi M, El-Omrani HY, Zheng P, Liu Y, Bai XF. CD24 on thymic APCs regulates negative selection of myelin antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:924-35. [PMID: 22213356 PMCID: PMC3359065 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Negative selection plays a key role in the clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. However, negative selection is incomplete; as high numbers of autoreactive T cells can be detected in normal individuals, mechanisms that regulate negative selection must exist. In this regard, we previously reported that CD24, a GPI-anchored glycoprotein, is required for thymic generation of autoreactive T lymphocytes. The CD24-deficient 2D2 TCR transgenic mice (2D2(+) CD24(-/-) ), whose TCR recognizes myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), fail to generate functional 2D2 T cells. However, it was unclear if CD24 regulated negative selection, and if so, what cellular mechanisms were involved. Here, we show that elimination of MOG or Aire gene expression in 2D2(+) CD24(-/-) mice - through the creation of 2D2(+) CD24(-/-) MOG(-/-) or 2D2(+) CD24(/) ∼Aire(-/-) mice - completely restores thymic cellularity and function of 2D2 T cells. Restoration of CD24 expression on DCs, but not on thymocytes also partially restores 2D2 T-cell generation in 2D2(+) CD24(-/-) mice. Taken together, we propose that CD24 expression on thymic antigen-presenting cells (mTECs, DCs) down-regulates autoantigen-mediated clonal deletion of autoreactive thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin-Qing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hugh H. Reid
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard L. Boyd
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mazin Khattabi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hani Y. El-Omrani
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xue-Feng Bai
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Schmidt A, Oberle N, Krammer PH. Molecular mechanisms of treg-mediated T cell suppression. Front Immunol 2012; 3:51. [PMID: 22566933 PMCID: PMC3341960 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress other immune cells and, thus, are critical mediators of peripheral self-tolerance. On the one hand, Tregs avert autoimmune disease and allergies. On the other hand, Tregs can prevent immune reactions against tumors and pathogens. Despite the importance of Tregs, the molecular mechanisms of suppression remain incompletely understood and controversial. Proliferation and cytokine production of CD4(+)CD25(-) conventional T cells (Tcons) can be inhibited directly by Tregs. In addition, Tregs can indirectly suppress Tcon activation via inhibition of the stimulatory capacity of antigen presenting cells. Direct suppression of Tcons by Tregs can involve immunosuppressive soluble factors or cell contact. Different mechanisms of suppression have been described, so far with no consensus on one universal mechanism. Controversies might be explained by the fact that different mechanisms may operate depending on the site of the immune reaction, on the type and activation state of the suppressed target cell as well as on the Treg activation status. Further, inhibition of T cell effector function can occur independently of suppression of proliferation. In this review, we summarize the described molecular mechanisms of suppression with a particular focus on suppression of Tcons and rapid suppression of T cell receptor-induced calcium (Ca(2+)), NFAT, and NF-κB signaling in Tcons by Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Schmidt
- Division of Immunogenetics, Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany
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ADAP regulates cell cycle progression of T cells via control of cyclin E and Cdk2 expression through two distinct CARMA1-dependent signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1908-17. [PMID: 22411628 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06541-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) is a multifunctional scaffold that regulates T cell receptor-mediated activation of integrins via association with the SKAP55 adapter and the NF-κB pathway through interactions with both the CARMA1 adapter and serine/threonine kinase transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). ADAP-deficient T cells exhibit impaired proliferation following T cell receptor stimulation, but the contribution of these distinct functions of ADAP to this defect is not known. We demonstrate that loss of ADAP results in a G₁-S transition block in cell cycle progression following T cell activation due to impaired accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) and cyclin E. The CARMA1-binding site in ADAP is critical for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) phosphorylation and recruitment to the protein kinase C θ (PKCθ) signalosome and subsequent c-Jun kinase (JNK)-mediated Cdk2 induction. Cyclin E expression following T cell receptor stimulation of ADAP-deficient T cells is transient and associated with enhanced cyclin E ubiquitination. Both the CARMA1- and TAK1-binding sites in ADAP are critical for restraining cyclin E ubiquitination and turnover independently of ADAP-dependent JNK activation. T cell receptor-mediated proliferation was most dramatically impaired by the loss of ADAP interactions with CARMA1 or TAK1 rather than SKAP55. Thus, ADAP coordinates distinct CARMA1-dependent control of key cell cycle proteins in T cells.
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Kannan Y, Wilson MS. TEC and MAPK Kinase Signalling Pathways in T helper (T H) cell Development, T H2 Differentiation and Allergic Asthma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; Suppl 12:11. [PMID: 24116341 PMCID: PMC3792371 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in our understanding of the signalling events during T cell development and differentiation have been made in the past few decades. It is clear that ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers a series of proximal signalling cascades regulated by an array of protein kinases. These orchestrated and highly regulated series of events, with differential requirements of particular kinases, highlight the disparities between αβ+CD4+ T cells. Throughout this review we summarise both new and old studies, highlighting the role of Tec and MAPK in T cell development and differentiation with particular focus on T helper 2 (TH2) cells. Finally, as the allergy epidemic continues, we feature the role played by TH2 cells in the development of allergy and provide a brief update on promising kinase inhibitors that have been tested in vitro, in pre-clinical disease models in vivo and into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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