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Lin B, Shen Y, Zhang P, Shen Y, Gu Y, He X, Li J, Yang K, Shen W, Zhang Q, Xin Y, Liu Y. Prognostic role of tissue plasminogen activator in coronary artery disease with or without aortic valve sclerosis. ESC Heart Fail 2023. [PMID: 37308095 PMCID: PMC10375160 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to investigate the relationship between circulating tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) level and long-term outcomes in stable coronary artery disease patients with or without aortic valve sclerosis (AVSc). METHODS AND RESULTS Serum levels of t-PA were determined in 347 consecutive stable angina patients with (n = 183) or without (n = 164) AVSc. Outcomes were prospectively recorded as planned clinic evaluations every 6 months up to 7 years. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death and rehospitalization due to heart failure. The secondary endpoint included all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and rehospitalization due to heart failure. Serum t-PA was significantly higher in AVSc than in non-AVSc patients (2131.22 pg/mL vs. 1495.85 pg/mL, P < 0.001). For patients with AVSc, those with t-PA level above the median (>1840.68 pg/mL) were more likely to meet the primary and secondary endpoints (all P < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, serum t-PA level remained significantly predictive for each endpoint in the Cox proportional hazard models. The prognostic value of t-PA was good, with an AUC-ROC of 0.753 (P < 0.001). The combination of t-PA with traditional risk factors improved the risk reclassification of AVSc patients, with a net reclassification index of 0.857 and an integrated discrimination improvement of 0.217 (all P < 0.001). However, for patients without AVSc, both primary and secondary endpoints were similar, irrespective of t-PA levels. CONCLUSIONS Elevated circulating t-PA confers an increased risk for poor long-term clinical outcomes in stable coronary artery disease patients with AVSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunli Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jimin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfeng Xin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yehong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Shih AM, Varghese L, Bittar A, Park SH, Chung JM, Shin OH. Dysregulation of Norepinephrine Release in the Absence of Functional Synaptotagmin 7. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:1446-53. [PMID: 27043247 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Synaptotagmin 7 (Syt7) is expressed in cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals where norepinephrine (NE) is released in both Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis and Ca(2+)-independent norepinephrine transporter (NET)-mediated overflow. The role of Syt7 in the regulation of NE release from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals is tested by employing a Syt7 knock-in mouse line that expresses a non-functional mutant form of Syt7. In cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals prepared from these Syt7 knock-in mice, the Ca(2+)-dependent component of NE release was diminished. However, these terminals displayed upregulated function of NET (∼130% of controls) and a significant increase in Ca(2+)-independent NE overflow (∼140% of controls), which is greater than the Ca(2+)-dependent component of NE exocytosis occurring in wild-type controls. Consistent with a significant increase in NE overflow, the Syt7 knock-in mice showed significantly higher blood pressures compared to those of littermate wild-type and heterozygous mice. Our results indicate that the lack of functional Syt7 dysregulates NE release from cardiac sympathetic nerve terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin M Shih
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Lincy Varghese
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Alice Bittar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Sung-Hoon Park
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Jin Mo Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Ok-Ho Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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Kruithof EKO, Dunoyer-Geindre S. Human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:243-54. [PMID: 24718307 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA ) plays an important role in the removal of intravascular fibrin deposits and has several physiological roles and pathological activities in the brain. Its production by many other cell types suggests that t-PA has additional functions outside the vascular and central nervous system. Activity of t-PA is regulated at the level of its gene transcription, its mRNA stability and translation, its storage and regulated release, its interaction with cofactors that enhance its activity, its inhibition by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 or neuroserpin, and its removal by clearance receptors. Gene transcription of t-PA is modulated by a large number of hormones, growth factors, cytokines or drugs and t-PA gene responses may be tissue-specific. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on t-PA function and regulation of its pericellular activity, with an emphasis on regulation of its gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K O Kruithof
- Egbert K.O. Kruithof, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
| | - S Dunoyer-Geindre
- Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
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Maki AE, Morris KA, Catherman K, Chen X, Hatcher NG, Gold PE, Sweedler JV. Fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptide is upregulated in hippocampus of rats exposed to acute morphine injection and spontaneous alternation testing. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00037. [PMID: 24855564 PMCID: PMC4024393 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is a secreted glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver, although recent in situ hybridization data support its expression in the brain. It is involved in blood clotting and is released in the brain upon injury. Here, we report changes in the extracellular levels of fibrinogen α-chain-derived peptides in the brain after injections of saline and morphine. More specifically, in order to assess hippocampus-related working memory, an approach pairing in vivo microdialysis with mass spectrometry was used to characterize extracellular peptide release from the hippocampus of rats in response to saline or morphine injection coupled with a spontaneous alternation task. Two fibrinopeptide A-related peptides derived from the fibrinogen α-chain – fibrinopeptide A (ADTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) and a fibrinopeptide A-derived peptide (DTGTTSEFIEAGGDIR) – were shown to be consistently elevated in the hippocampal microdialysate. Fibrinopeptide A was significantly upregulated in rats exposed to morphine and spontaneous alternation testing compared with rats exposed to saline and spontaneous alternation testing (P < 0.001), morphine alone (P < 0.01), or saline alone (P < 0.01), respectively. The increase in fibrinopeptide A in rats subjected to morphine and a memory task suggests that a complex interaction between fibrinogen and morphine takes place in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha E Maki
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Kenneth A Morris
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Kasia Catherman
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Xian Chen
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Nathan G Hatcher
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Paul E Gold
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Beckman Institute (A.E.M., K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), Neuroscience Program (A.E.M., K.A.M., J.V.S.), and Department of Chemistry (K.C., X.C., N.G.H., J.V.S.), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York (P.E.G.)
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5
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Elomaa AP, Koivumaa-Honkanen H, Niskanen L, Honkalampi K, Valkonen-Korhonen M, Herzig KH, Viinamäki H, Lehto SM. Self-reported sleep disturbance is associated with elevated levels of PAI-1 in individuals with a recorded history of depressive symptoms. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:46-51. [PMID: 23911442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of depressed individuals report insomnia. Self-reported symptoms of insomnia, in particular, more strongly predict adverse health effects than the actual measured sleep time. The physiological alterations in individuals with insomnia are complex, as both autonomic and endocrine dysfunctions are present. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 is a stress-related acute-phase reactant that has also been suggested to regulate the circadian rhythm and sleep patterns. It has been suggested to contribute to both depressive symptoms and sleep disorders, although data on the relationships between these parameters are scarce. OBJECTIVE This study examined the role of self-reported sleep disturbance and its association with PAI-1 among individuals with a history of depressive symptoms. METHODS Differences in the serum levels of PAI-1 between two groups (group 1: moderate to very severe sleep disturbance, n=37; group 2: mild or no sleep disturbance, n = 90) were examined in a population-based sample of individuals with a recorded history of depressive symptoms. RESULTS Multivariate analysis controlling for potential confounding factors (age, sex, body mass index, depression severity) showed that each 1-unit increase in PAI-1 (μg/mL) increased the likelihood for belonging to the group with moderate to very severe sleep disturbance by 23% (OR = 1.23, C.I. 95% = 1.04-1.45, p = 0.016). This statistical significance remained after additional adjustments for regular smoking and the use of sleep or lipid-lowering medication. CONCLUSION Our observations may further clarify the physiological alterations related to sleep disturbance in depressive individuals. In the present study, self-reported sleep disturbance in individuals with a recorded history of depressive symptoms was associated with an elevation of PAI-1. This finding may illustrate the association of subjective sleep disturbance with sympathetic activation. Our study highlights the importance of effects of perceived sleep disturbance on individual homeostasis, and may provide potential directions for research on treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti-Pekka Elomaa
- Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio University Hospital & University of Easterrn Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland.
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6
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Blouchos K, Boulas KA, Tselios DG, Hatzigeorgiadis A, Kirtsis P. Iatrogenic vas deferens injury due to inguinal hernia repair. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13126-012-0052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Birmingham JM, Patil S, Li XM, Busse PJ. The effect of oral tolerance on the allergic airway response in younger and aged mice. J Asthma 2013; 50:122-32. [PMID: 23298269 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.753455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of increased age on the induction of oral tolerance by low-dose antigen feeding and its effect on the response to antigen airway challenge in aged mice have not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE To determine whether oral tolerance can be induced in aged mice and its impact on the development of allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Younger (6 weeks old) and aged (18 months old) mice were fed ovalbumin (OVA) prior to sensitization to induce antigen tolerance. Serum antigen-specific immunoglobulins (Igs), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), lung histology, enumeration of CD4 + Foxp3+ Treg cells, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) were determined after the final antigen challenge. RESULTS Feeding antigen to aged mice prior to sensitization induced oral tolerance as determined by a decrease in antigen-specific IgE and IgG(1); however, the effect was greater in younger mice. Induction of oral tolerance was associated with a greater increase in airway Treg cells in the younger mice. Despite these differences, oral tolerance significantly suppressed features of asthma in aged mice, including BALF total cell and eosinophil numbers, cytokine production, and AHR. CONCLUSIONS Aged mice developed oral tolerance to antigen, which suppressed several features of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette M Birmingham
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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He G, Hu J, Li T, Ma X, Meng J, Jia M, Lu J, Ohtsu H, Chen Z, Luo X. Arrhythmogenic effect of sympathetic histamine in mouse hearts subjected to acute ischemia. Mol Med 2012; 18:1-9. [PMID: 21989948 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of histamine as a newly recognized sympathetic neurotransmitter has been presented previously, and its postsynaptic effects greatly depended on the activities of sympathetic nerves. Cardiac sympathetic nerves become overactivated under acute myocardial ischemic conditions and release neurotransmitters in large amounts, inducing ventricular arrhythmia. Therefore, it is proposed that cardiac sympathetic histamine, in addition to norepinephrine, may have a significant arrhythmogenic effect. To test this hypothesis, we observed the release of cardiac sympathetic histamine and associated ventricular arrhythmogenesis that was induced by acute ischemia in isolated mouse hearts. Mast cell-deficient mice (MCDM) and histidine decarboxylase knockout (HDC(-/-)) mice were used to exclude the potential involvement of mast cells. Electrical field stimulation and acute ischemia-reperfusion evoked chemical sympathectomy-sensitive histamine release from the hearts of both MCDM and wild-type (WT) mice but not from HDC(-/-) mice. The release of histamine from the hearts of MCDM and WT mice was associated with the development of acute ischemia-induced ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. The incidence and duration of induced ventricular arrhythmias were found to decrease in the presence of the selective histamine H(2) receptor antagonist famotidine. Additionally, the released histamine facilitated the arrhythmogenic effect of simultaneously released norepinephrine. We conclude that, under acute ischemic conditions, cardiac sympathetic histamine released by overactive sympathetic nerve terminals plays a certain arrhythmogenic role via H(2) receptors. These findings provided novel insight into the pathophysiological roles of sympathetic histamine, which may be a new therapeutic target for acute ischemia-induced arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonghao He
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Sakakibara H, Romanowski CP, Jakubcakova V, Flachskamm C, Shimoi K, Kimura M. Feeble awake effects of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in mice. Behav Brain Res 2011; 220:354-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Nagai N, Matsuo O. Roles of fibrinolytic system components in the nervous system. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2010; 17:141-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Samson AL, Nevin ST, Croucher D, Niego B, Daniel PB, Weiss TW, Moreno E, Monard D, Lawrence DA, Medcalf RL. Tissue-type plasminogen activator requires a co-receptor to enhance NMDA receptor function. J Neurochem 2008; 107:1091-101. [PMID: 18796005 PMCID: PMC3198853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is recognized as a modulator of glutamatergic neurotransmission. This attribute is exemplified by its ability to potentiate calcium signaling following activation of the glutamate-binding NMDA receptor (NMDAR). It has been hypothesized that tPA can directly cleave the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR and thereby potentiate NMDA-induced calcium influx. In contrast, here we show that this increase in NMDAR signaling requires tPA to be proteolytically active, but does not involve cleavage of the NR1 subunit or plasminogen. Rather, we demonstrate that enhancement of NMDAR function by tPA is mediated by a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family. Hence, this study proposes a novel functional relationship between tPA, the NMDAR, a LDLR and an unknown substrate which we suspect to be a serpin. Interestingly, whilst tPA alone failed to cleave NR1, cell-surface NMDARs did serve as an efficient and discrete proteolytic target for plasmin. Hence, plasmin and tPA can affect the NMDAR via distinct avenues. Altogether, we find that plasmin directly proteolyses the NMDAR whilst tPA functions as an indirect modulator of NMDA-induced events via LDLR engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre L. Samson
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon T. Nevin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Croucher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Be’eri Niego
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philip B. Daniel
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas W. Weiss
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eliza Moreno
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Denis Monard
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Robert L. Medcalf
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, AMREP, Melbourne, Australia
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Otowa KI, Takamura M, Murai H, Maruyama M, Nakano M, Ikeda T, Kobayashi D, Ootsuji H, Okajima M, Furushou H, Yuasa T, Takata S, Kaneko S. Altered interaction between plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity and sympathetic nerve activity with aging. Circ J 2008; 72:458-62. [PMID: 18296846 DOI: 10.1253/circj.72.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) is associated with fibrinolysis, but the interaction between SNA and the fibrinolytic system with aging has not been elucidated in humans. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of age-related SNA on the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) using muscle SNA (MSNA). METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 16 young subjects (mean age 26.1 years) and 10 aged subjects (mean age 56.9 years). Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was performed at -40 mmHg for 30 min. LBNP significantly increased both tPA and PAI-1 activity (from 5.2+/-0.5 to 7.3+/-1.2 IU/ml and from 2.85+/-0.68 to 4.06+/-0.73 U/ml, p<0.01, respectively) in the aged group. In the young group, tPA activity tended to increase, whereas PAI-1 activity was unchanged. There was a correlation between MSNA and PAI-1 activity in the aged group (r=0.47, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS SNA in an aging subject leads to an increase in the activity of PAI-1, which indicates that an altered interaction between SNA and PAI-1 activity contributes to increased cardiovascular events in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan-Ichi Otowa
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Key role of tissue plasminogen activator in neurovascular coupling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1073-8. [PMID: 18195371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708823105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in blood flow evoked by synaptic activity is essential for normal brain function and underlies functional brain imaging signals. Nitric oxide, a vasodilator released by NMDA receptor activation, is critical for the flow increase, but the factors linking NMDA receptor activity to nitric oxide-dependent hyperemia are poorly understood. Here, we show that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a serine protease implicated in NMDA receptor signaling, is required for the flow increase evoked by somatosensory stimulation. tPA acts by facilitating neuronal nitric oxide release, but this effect does not involve enhancement of NMDA currents or the associated intracellular Ca(2+) rise. Rather, the evidence suggests that tPA controls NMDA-dependent nitric oxide synthesis by influencing the phosphorylation state of neuronal nitric oxide synthase. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of tPA in vital homeostatic mechanisms coupling NMDA receptor signaling with nitric oxide synthesis and local cerebral perfusion.
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Nagai T, Nabeshima T, Yamada K. Basic and Translational Research on Proteinase-Activated Receptors: Regulation of Nicotine Reward by the Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) – Plasmin System via Proteinase-Activated Receptor 1. J Pharmacol Sci 2008; 108:408-14. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.08r04fm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Fukakusa A, Nagai T, Mizoguchi H, Otsuka N, Kimura H, Kamei H, Kim HC, Nabeshima T, Takuma K, Yamada K. Role of tissue plasminogen activator in the sensitization of methamphetamine-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 2007; 105:436-44. [PMID: 18036193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that repeated, but not acute, methamphetamine (METH) treatment increases tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) activity in the brain, which is associated with the development of behavioral sensitization to METH. In this study, we investigated whether the tPA-plasmin system is involved in the development of sensitization in METH-induced dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). There was no difference in acute METH-induced increase in extracellular dopamine levels in the NAc between wild-type and tPA-deficient (tPA-/-) mice. Repeated METH treatment resulted in a significant enhancement of METH- induced dopamine release in wild-type mice, but not tPA-/- mice. Microinjection of exogenous tPA or plasmin into the NAc of wild-type mice significantly potentiated acute METH- induced dopamine release. Degradation of laminin was evident in brain tissues incubated with tPA plus plasminogen or plasmin in vitro although tPA or plasminogen alone had no effect. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that microinjection of plasmin into the NAc reduced laminin immunoreactivity without neuronal damage. Our findings suggest that the tPA-plasmin system participates in the development of behavioral sensitization induced by repeated METH treatment, by regulating the processes underlying the sensitization of METH-induced dopamine release in the NAc, in which degradation of laminin by plasmin may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Fukakusa
- Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Samal B, Gerdin MJ, Huddleston D, Hsu CM, Elkahloun AG, Stroth N, Hamelink C, Eiden LE. Meta-analysis of microarray-derived data from PACAP-deficient adrenal gland in vivo and PACAP-treated chromaffin cells identifies distinct classes of PACAP-regulated genes. Peptides 2007; 28:1871-82. [PMID: 17651866 PMCID: PMC2640456 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Initial PACAP-regulated transcriptomes of PACAP-treated cultured chromaffin cells, and the adrenal gland of wild-type versus PACAP-deficient mice, have been assembled using microarray analysis. These were compared to previously acquired PACAP-regulated transcriptome sets from PC12 cells and mouse central nervous system, using the same microarray platform. The Ingenuity Pathways Knowledge Base was then employed to group regulated transcripts into common first and second messenger regulatory clusters. The purpose of our meta-analysis was to identify sets of genes regulated distinctly or in common by the neurotransmitter/neurotrophin PACAP in specific physiological contexts. Results suggest that PACAP participates in both the basal differentiated expression, and the induction upon physiological stimulation, of distinct sets of transcripts in neuronal and endocrine cells. PACAP in both developmental and acute regulatory paradigms acts on target genes also regulated by either TNFalpha or TGFbeta, two first messengers acting on transcription mainly through NFkappaB and Smads, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babru Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- NIMH-IRP Bioinformatics Core, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew J. Gerdin
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Huddleston
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chang-Mei Hsu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Abdel G. Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nikolas Stroth
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carol Hamelink
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Regulation, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: 301.496.4110; fax: 301.402.1748;
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Schaefer U, Machida T, Broekman MJ, Marcus AJ, Levi R. Targeted deletion of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1/CD39 leads to desensitization of pre- and postsynaptic purinergic P2 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:1269-77. [PMID: 17565006 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that ATP coreleased with norepinephrine from cardiac sympathetic nerves activates presynaptic P2X purinoceptors (P2XR), thereby enhancing norepinephrine exocytosis. Blockade of ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (E-NTPDase1/CD39) potentiates norepinephrine exocytosis, whereas recombinant soluble CD39 (solCD39) in-hibits it. This suggested that CD39 gene (Entpd1) deletion would enhance purinergic and adrenergic signaling by preserving ATP and its norepinephrine-releasing activity. However, we found that the neurogenic contractile response of vasa deferentia from Entpd1-null (CD39(-/-)) mice was attenuated and accompanied by reduced activity of pre- and postsynaptic P2XR, whereas contractile responses to K(+) or norepinephrine remained intact. In addition, the magnitude of ATP and norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac synaptosomes was decreased in CD39(-/-) mice. Inhibition of E-NTPDase1/CD39, or solCD39 administration, did not affect the attenuated contractile response of vasa deferentia from CD39(-/-) mice. Notably, Entpd1 deletion and pharmacological P2XR desensitization in control mice similarly attenuated vasa deferentia responses. Thus, excessive and prolonged ATP exposure resulting from CD39 deletion desensitizes pre- and postjunctional P2XR at the sympathetic neuromuscular junction. This diminishes purinergic activity directly and adrenergic activity indirectly. It remains to be determined whether this desensitization results from receptor internalization, changes in receptor conformation or phosphorylation. Shutdown of ATP signaling in CD39(-/-) mice may represent a defense mechanism for the prevention of purinergic overstimulation. Our findings emphasize the cardioprotective role of neuronal CD39: by reducing presynaptic facilitatory effects of neurotransmitter ATP, CD39 attenuates norepinephrine release and its dysfunctional consequences. Moreover, by virtue of its antithrombotic action CD39 can potentially prevent the transition from myocardial ischemia to infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY, USA
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Schaefer U, Vorlova S, Machida T, Melchor JP, Strickland S, Levi R. Modulation of sympathetic activity by tissue plasminogen activator is independent of plasminogen and urokinase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 322:265-73. [PMID: 17429057 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.121335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons synthesize, transport, and release tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PAs) and urinary-type plasminogen activators (u-PAs). We reported that t-PA enhances sympathetic neurotransmission and exacerbates reperfusion arrhythmias. We have now assessed the role of u-PA and plasminogen. Neurogenic contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were determined in vasa deferentia (VD) from mice lacking t-PA (t-PA(-/-)), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1(-/-)), plasminogen (plgn(-/-)), u-PA (u-PA(-/-)), and wild-type (WT) controls. Similar levels of t-PA were present in VD and cardiac synaptosomes of WT, PAI-1(-/-), plgn(-/-), and u-PA(-/-) mice, whereas t-PA was undetectable in t-PA(-/-) tissues. EFS responses were potentiated and attenuated in VD from PAI-1(-/-) and t-PA(-/-) mice, respectively, but indistinguishable from WT responses in VD from plgn(-/-) and u-PA(-/-) mice. Moreover, t-PA inhibition with t-PA(stop) decreased EFS response in WT mice, whereas u-PA(stop) did not. VD responses to ATP, norepinephrine, and K(+) in t-PA(-/-), PAI-1(-/-), plgn(-/-), and u-PA(-/-) mice were similar to those in WT, whereas t-PA(stop) did not modify VD responses to norepinephrine in WT, t-PA(-/-), and PAI-1(-/-) mice, indicating a prejunctional site of action for t-PA-induced potentiation of sympathetic neurotransmission. Indeed, K(+)-induced norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac synaptosomes was potentiated in PAI-1(-/-), attenuated in t-PA(-/-) and not different from WT in u-PA(-/-) and plgn(-/-) mice. Likewise, ATP exocytosis was decreased in t-PA(-/-) and attenuated by t-PA(stop) in WT mice. Thus, t-PA-induced enhancement of sympathetic neurotransmission is a prejunctional event associated with increased transmitter exocytosis and independent of u-PA and plasminogen availability. This novel t-PA action may be a potential therapeutic target in hyperadrenergic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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