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Boopathy AV, Nekkalapudi A, Sung J, Schulha S, Jin D, Sharma B, Ng S, Lu S, Wimmer R, Suthram S, Ahmadi-Erber S, Lauterbach H, Orlinger KK, Hung M, Carr B, Callebaut C, Geleziunas R, Kuhne M, Schmidt S, Falkard B. Flt3 agonist enhances immunogenicity of arenavirus vector-based simian immunodeficiency virus vaccine in macaques. J Virol 2024; 98:e0029424. [PMID: 38829139 PMCID: PMC11265421 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00294-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Arenaviral vaccine vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunogens are capable of inducing efficacious humoral and cellular immune responses in nonhuman primates. Several studies have evaluated the use of immune modulators to further enhance vaccine-induced T-cell responses. The hematopoietic growth factor Flt3L drives the expansion of various bone marrow progenitor populations, and administration of Flt3L was shown to promote expansion of dendritic cell populations in spleen and blood, which are targets of arenaviral vectors. Therefore, we evaluated the potential of Flt3 signaling to enhance the immunogenicity of arenaviral vaccines encoding SIV immunogens (SIVSME543 Gag, Env, and Pol) in rhesus macaques, with a rhesus-specific engineered Flt3L-Fc fusion protein. In healthy animals, administration of Flt3L-Fc led to a 10- to 100-fold increase in type 1 dendritic cells 7 days after dosing, with no antidrug antibody (ADA) generation after repeated dosing. We observed that administration of Flt3L-Fc fusion protein 7 days before arenaviral vaccine increased the frequency and activation of innate immune cells and enhanced T-cell activation with no treatment-related adverse events. Flt3L-Fc administration induced early innate immune activation, leading to a significant enhancement in magnitude, breadth, and polyfunctionality of vaccine-induced T-cell responses. The Flt3L-Fc enhancement in vaccine immunogenicity was comparable to a combination with αCTLA-4 and supports the use of safe and effective variants of Flt3L to augment therapeutic vaccine-induced T-cell responses.IMPORTANCEInduction of a robust human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response through therapeutic vaccination is considered essential for HIV cure. Arenaviral vaccine vectors encoding simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) immunogens have demonstrated strong immunogenicity and efficacy in nonhuman primates. Here, we demonstrate that the immunogenicity of arenaviral vectors encoding SIV immunogens can be enhanced by administration of Flt3L-Fc fusion protein 7 days before vaccination. Flt3L-Fc-mediated increase in dendritic cells led to robust improvements in vaccine-induced T- and B-cell responses compared with vaccine alone, and Flt3L-Fc dosing was not associated with any treatment-related adverse events. Importantly, immune modulation by either Flt3L-Fc or αCTLA-4 led to comparable enhancement in vaccine response. These results indicate that the addition of Flt3L-Fc fusion protein before vaccine administration can significantly enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Thus, safe and effective Flt3L variants could be utilized as part of a combination therapy for HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janette Sung
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | | | - Debi Jin
- Protein Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Bhawna Sharma
- Discovery Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Sarah Ng
- Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Sabrina Lu
- Protein Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | | | - Silpa Suthram
- Bioinformatics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | | | - Henning Lauterbach
- Global Research and Development, Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - Klaus K. Orlinger
- Global Research and Development, Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - Magdeleine Hung
- Protein Therapeutics, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Brian Carr
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | | | - Romas Geleziunas
- Clinical Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Michelle Kuhne
- Oncology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
| | - Sarah Schmidt
- Virology, Hookipa Pharma Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - Brie Falkard
- Clinical Virology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster, California, USA
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2
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Ezzemani W, Ouladlahsen A, Altawalah H, Saile R, Sarih M, Kettani A, Ezzikouri S. Identification of novel T-cell epitopes on monkeypox virus and development of multi-epitopes vaccine using immunoinformatics approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:5349-5364. [PMID: 37354141 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2226733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPV) is closely related to the smallpox virus, and previous data from Africa suggest that the smallpox vaccine (VARV) is at least 85% effective in preventing MPV. No multi-epitope vaccine has yet been developed to prevent MPV infection. In this work, we used in silico structural biology and advanced immunoinformatic strategies to design a multi-epitope subunit vaccine against MPV infection. The designed vaccine sequence is adjuvanted with CpG-ODN and includes HTL/CTL epitopes for similar proteins between vaccinia virus (VACV) that induced T-cell production in vaccinated volunteers and the first draft sequence of the MPV genome associated with the suspected outbreak in several countries, May 2022. In addition, the specific binding of the modified vaccine and the immune Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was estimated by molecular interaction studies. Strong interaction in the binding groove as well as good docking scores confirmed the stringency of the modified vaccine. The stability of the interaction was confirmed by a classical molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis. Then, the immune simulation also indicated the ability of this vaccine to induce an effective immune response against MPV. Codon optimization and in silico cloning of the vaccine into the pET-28a (+) vector also showed its expression potential in the E. coli K12 system. The promising data obtained from the various in silico studies indicate that this vaccine is effective against MPV. However, additional in vitro and in vivo studies are still needed to confirm its efficacy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahiba Ezzemani
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Ahd Ouladlahsen
- Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
- Service des maladies infectieuses, CHU Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Haya Altawalah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- Virology Unit, Yacoub Behbehani Center, Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Rachid Saile
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M'hammed Sarih
- Service de Parasitologie et des Maladies Vectorielles, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé (URAC34), Départment de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences Ben Msik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sayeh Ezzikouri
- Virology Unit, Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
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3
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Su C, Kim SK, Wang CX, Kirsch DG, Monjazeb AM. Radiotherapy Combined with Intralesional Immunostimulatory Agents for Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Semin Radiat Oncol 2024; 34:243-257. [PMID: 38508788 PMCID: PMC11216412 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has shifted the treatment paradigm for many types of cancer. Unfortunately, the most commonly used immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), have yielded limited benefit for most types of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of sarcoma therapy and can induce immune modulatory effects. Combining immunotherapy and RT in STS may be a promising strategy to improve sarcoma response to RT and increase the efficacy of immunotherapy. Most combination strategies have employed immunotherapies, such as ICI, that derepress immune suppressive networks. These have yielded only modest results, possibly due to the limited immune stimulatory effects of RT. Combining RT with immune stimulatory agents has yielded promising preclinical and clinical results but can be limited by the toxic nature of systemic administration of immune stimulants. Using intralesional immune stimulants may generate stronger RT immune modulation and less systemic toxicity, which may be a feasible strategy in accessible tumors such as STS. In this review, we summarize the immune modulatory effects of RT, the mechanism of action of various immune stimulants, including toll-like receptor agonists, and data for combinatorial strategies utilizing these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Soo Kyoung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - Charles X Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC; Department of Radiation Oncology, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, UC Davis Health, Davis, CA.
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4
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Westerhof LM, Noonan J, Hargrave KE, Chimbayo ET, Cheng Z, Purnell T, Jackson MR, Borcherding N, MacLeod MKL. Multifunctional cytokine production marks influenza A virus-specific CD4 T cells with high expression of survival molecules. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350559. [PMID: 37490492 PMCID: PMC10947402 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine production by memory T cells is a key mechanism of T cell mediated protection. However, we have limited understanding of the persistence of cytokine producing T cells during memory cell maintenance and secondary responses. We interrogated antigen-specific CD4 T cells using a mouse influenza A virus infection model. Although CD4 T cells detected using MHCII tetramers declined in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs, we found similar numbers of cytokine+ CD4 T cells at days 9 and 30 in the lymphoid organs. CD4 T cells with the capacity to produce cytokines expressed higher levels of pro-survival molecules, CD127 and Bcl2, than non-cytokine+ cells. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a heterogeneous population of memory CD4 T cells with three clusters of cytokine+ cells. These clusters match flow cytometry data and reveal an enhanced survival signature in cells capable of producing multiple cytokines. Following re-infection, multifunctional T cells expressed low levels of the proliferation marker, Ki67, whereas cells that only produce the anti-viral cytokine, interferon-γ, were more likely to be Ki67+ . Despite this, multifunctional memory T cells formed a substantial fraction of the secondary memory pool. Together these data indicate that survival rather than proliferation may dictate which populations persist within the memory pool.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Noonan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute & Baker Department of Cardiometabolic HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | | | - Elizabeth T. Chimbayo
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Malawi Liverpool Wellcome CentreBlantyreMalawi
| | - Zhiling Cheng
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Thomas Purnell
- School of Infection and ImmunityUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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Combined PET and whole-tissue imaging of lymphatic-targeting vaccines in non-human primates. Biomaterials 2021; 275:120868. [PMID: 34091299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antigen accumulation in lymph nodes (LNs) is critical for vaccine efficacy, but understanding of vaccine biodistribution in humans or large animals remains limited. Using the rhesus macaque model, we employed a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and fluorescence imaging to characterize the whole-animal to tissue-level biodistribution of a subunit vaccine comprised of an HIV envelope trimer protein nanoparticle (trimer-NP) and lipid-conjugated CpG adjuvant (amph-CpG). Following immunization in the thigh, PET imaging revealed vaccine uptake primarily in inguinal and iliac LNs, reaching distances up to 17 cm away from the injection site. Within LNs, trimer-NPs exhibited striking accumulation on the periphery of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) networks in B cell follicles. Comparative imaging of soluble Env trimers (not presented on nanoparticles) in naïve or previously-immunized animals revealed diffuse deposition of trimer antigens in LNs following primary immunization, but concentration on FDCs in pre-immunized animals with high levels of trimer-specific IgG. These data demonstrate the capacity of nanoparticle or "albumin hitchhiking" technologies to concentrate vaccines in genitourinary tract-draining LNs, which may be valuable for promoting mucosal immunity.
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6
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Vernet R, Charrier E, Cosset E, Fièvre S, Tomasello U, Grogg J, Mach N. Local Sustained GM-CSF Delivery by Genetically Engineered Encapsulated Cells Enhanced Both Cellular and Humoral SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Specific Immune Response in an Experimental Murine Spike DNA Vaccination Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:484. [PMID: 34068677 PMCID: PMC8151995 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic with recurrences. Therefore, finding a vaccine for this virus became a priority for the scientific community. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been described as the keystone for viral entry into cells and effective immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 is elicited by this protein. Consequently, many commercialized vaccines focus on the spike protein and require the use of an optimal adjuvant during vaccination. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has demonstrated a powerful enhancement of acquired immunity against many pathogens when delivered in a sustained and local manner. In this context, we developed an encapsulated cell-based technology consisting of a biocompatible, semipermeable capsule for secretion of GM-CSF. In this study, we investigated whether murine GM-CSF (muGM-CSF) represents a suitable adjuvant for SARS-CoV-2 immunization, and which delivery strategy for muGM-CSF could be most beneficial. To test this, different groups of mice were immunized with intra-dermal (i.d.) electroporated spike DNA in the absence or presence of recombinant or secreted muGM-CSF. Results demonstrated that adjuvanting a spike DNA vaccine with secreted muGM-CSF resulted in enhancement of specific cellular and humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV-2. Our data also highlighted the importance of delivery strategies to the induction of cellular and humoral-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Vernet
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.C.); (N.M.)
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Emily Charrier
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.C.); (N.M.)
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- MaxiVAX SA, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Erika Cosset
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Sabine Fièvre
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (S.F.); (U.T.)
| | - Ugo Tomasello
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (S.F.); (U.T.)
| | | | - Nicolas Mach
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (E.C.); (N.M.)
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
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7
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Abstract
Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only adjuvant licensed for human use for the next 70 years. Since the 1990s, a further five adjuvants have been included in licensed vaccines, but the molecular mechanisms by which these adjuvants work remain only partially understood. However, a revolution in our understanding of the activation of the innate immune system through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is improving the mechanistic understanding of adjuvants, and recent conceptual advances highlight the notion that tissue damage, different forms of cell death, and metabolic and nutrient sensors can all modulate the innate immune system to activate adaptive immunity. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of systems biology to probe the molecular networks driving immune response to vaccines ('systems vaccinology') are revealing mechanistic insights and providing a new paradigm for the vaccine discovery and development process. Here, we review the 'known knowns' and 'known unknowns' of adjuvants, discuss these emerging concepts and highlight how our expanding knowledge about innate immunity and systems vaccinology are revitalizing the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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8
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Kasturi SP, Rasheed MAU, Havenar-Daughton C, Pham M, Legere T, Sher ZJ, Kovalenkov Y, Gumber S, Huang JY, Gottardo R, Fulp W, Sato A, Sawant S, Stanfield-Oakley S, Yates N, LaBranche C, Alam SM, Tomaras G, Ferrari G, Montefiori D, Wrammert J, Villinger F, Tomai M, Vasilakos J, Fox CB, Reed SG, Haynes BF, Crotty S, Ahmed R, Pulendran B. 3M-052, a synthetic TLR-7/8 agonist, induces durable HIV-1 envelope-specific plasma cells and humoral immunity in nonhuman primates. Sci Immunol 2021; 5:5/48/eabb1025. [PMID: 32561559 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abb1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in vaccinology is learning how to induce durable antibody responses. Live viral vaccines induce antibody responses that last a lifetime, but those induced with subunit vaccines wane rapidly. Studies in mice and humans have established that long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in the bone marrow (BM) are critical mediators of durable antibody responses. Here, we present data that adjuvanting an HIV-1 clade C 1086.C-derived gp140 immunogen (Env) with a novel synthetic Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7/8 agonist named 3M-052 formulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic)acid or PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) or with alum, either alone or in combination with a TLR-4 agonist GLA, induces notably high and persistent (up to ~1 year) frequencies of Env-specific LLPCs in the BM and serum antibody responses in rhesus macaques. Up to 36 and 18% of Env-specific cells among total IgG-secreting BM-resident plasma cells were detected at peak and termination, respectively. In contrast, adjuvanting Env with alum or GLA in NP induced significantly lower (~<100-fold) LLPC and antibody responses. Immune responses induced by 3M-052 were also significantly higher than those induced by a combination of TLR-7/8 (R848) and TLR-4 (MPL) agonists. Adjuvanting Env with 3M-052 also induced robust activation of blood monocytes, strong plasmablast responses in blood, germinal center B cells, T follicular helper (TFH) cells, and persistent Env-specific plasma cells in draining lymph nodes. Overall, these results demonstrate efficacy of 3M-052 in promoting high magnitude and durability of antibody responses via robust stimulation of innate immunity and BM-resident LLPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammed Ata Ur Rasheed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology and Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Mathew Pham
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Traci Legere
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zarpheen Jinnah Sher
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yevgeny Kovalenkov
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Y Huang
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Fulp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alicia Sato
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Sherry Stanfield-Oakley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Yates
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Immunology, Duke University, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA.,New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, USA
| | - Mark Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,HDT Bio, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute of Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Division of Microbiology and Immunology and Rollins Research Center, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. CURRENT IMMUNOLOGY REVIEWS 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 PMCID: PMC6709706 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A. Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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10
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Flt3 ligand treatment reduces enterovirus A71 lethality in mice with enhanced B cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12184. [PMID: 30111869 PMCID: PMC6093920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection can induce encephalitis, which causes death or long-term neurological sequelae, especially in young children. Using a murine infection model, we searched for anti-EV-A71 agents, because effective therapies are not available to control fatal infection. In EV-A71-infected mice, treatment with the hematopoietic growth factor, Fms-like tyrosine-kinase 3 ligand (Flt3 ligand) before infection reduced the lethality and tissue viral loads. Flt3 ligand failed to enhance the production of type I interferons. Instead, Flt3 ligand boosted the numbers of dendritic cells and, particularly lymphocytes in infected organs with an expansion of spleen B cells, and resulted in an increased titer of virus-specific antibody with neutralizing activity in the serum. The protective effect of Flt3 ligand was abolished in B cell-deficient mice. Our findings revealed that Flt3 ligand administration promotes resistance to EV-A71 infection with enhanced B cell response in a mechanism rarely reported before.
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11
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Control of Heterologous Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV smE660 Infection by DNA and Protein Coimmunization Regimens Combined with Different Toll-Like-Receptor-4-Based Adjuvants in Macaques. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00281-18. [PMID: 29793957 PMCID: PMC6052320 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine continues to be of paramount importance for the control of the pandemic, and it has been proven to be an elusive target. Vaccine efficacy trials and macaque challenge studies indicate that protection may be the result of combinations of many parameters. We show that a combination of DNA and protein vaccinations applied at the same time provides rapid and robust cellular and humoral immune responses and evidence for a reduced risk of infection. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies and Env V2-specific antibodies at mucosal sites contribute to the delay of SIVsmE660 acquisition, and genetic makeup (TRIM-5α) affects the effectiveness of the vaccine. These data are important for the design of better vaccines and may also affect other vaccine platforms. We developed a method of simultaneous vaccination with DNA and protein resulting in robust and durable cellular and humoral immune responses with efficient dissemination to mucosal sites and protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. To further optimize the DNA-protein coimmunization regimen, we tested a SIVmac251-based vaccine formulated with either of two Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) ligand-based liposomal adjuvant formulations (TLR4 plus TLR7 [TLR4+7] or TLR4 plus QS21 [TLR4+QS21]) in macaques. Although both vaccines induced humoral responses of similar magnitudes, they differed in their functional quality, including broader neutralizing activity and effector functions in the TLR4+7 group. Upon repeated heterologous SIVsmE660 challenge, a trend of delayed viral acquisition was found in vaccinees compared to controls, which reached statistical significance in animals with the TRIM-5α-resistant (TRIM-5α R) allele. Vaccinees were preferentially infected by an SIVsmE660 transmitted/founder virus carrying neutralization-resistant A/K mutations at residues 45 and 47 in Env, demonstrating a strong vaccine-induced sieve effect. In addition, the delay in virus acquisition directly correlated with SIVsmE660-specific neutralizing antibodies. The presence of mucosal V1V2 IgG binding antibodies correlated with a significantly decreased risk of virus acquisition in both TRIM-5α R and TRIM-5α-moderate/sensitive (TRIM-5α M/S) animals, although this vaccine effect was more prominent in animals with the TRIM-5α R allele. These data support the combined contribution of immune responses and genetic background to vaccine efficacy. Humoral responses targeting V2 and SIV-specific T cell responses correlated with viremia control. In conclusion, the combination of DNA and gp120 Env protein vaccine regimens using two different adjuvants induced durable and potent cellular and humoral responses contributing to a lower risk of infection by heterologous SIV challenge. IMPORTANCE An effective AIDS vaccine continues to be of paramount importance for the control of the pandemic, and it has been proven to be an elusive target. Vaccine efficacy trials and macaque challenge studies indicate that protection may be the result of combinations of many parameters. We show that a combination of DNA and protein vaccinations applied at the same time provides rapid and robust cellular and humoral immune responses and evidence for a reduced risk of infection. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies and Env V2-specific antibodies at mucosal sites contribute to the delay of SIVsmE660 acquisition, and genetic makeup (TRIM-5α) affects the effectiveness of the vaccine. These data are important for the design of better vaccines and may also affect other vaccine platforms.
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Adjuvanting a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine with Toll-Like Receptor Ligands Encapsulated in Nanoparticles Induces Persistent Antibody Responses and Enhanced Protection in TRIM5α Restrictive Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01844-16. [PMID: 27928002 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01844-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has shown that antigens adjuvanted with ligands specific for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR7/8 encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs) induce robust and durable immune responses in mice and macaques. We investigated the efficacy of these NP adjuvants in inducing protective immunity against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Rhesus macaques (RMs) were immunized with NPs containing TLR4 and TLR7/8 agonists mixed with soluble recombinant SIVmac239-derived envelope (Env) gp140 and Gag p55 (protein) or with virus-like particles (VLPs) containing SIVmac239 Env and Gag. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced robust innate responses, antigen-specific antibody responses of a greater magnitude and persistence, and enhanced plasmablast responses compared to those achieved with alum-adjuvanted vaccines. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced antigen-specific, long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), which persisted in the bone marrow for several months after vaccination. NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced immune responses that were associated with enhanced protection against repeated low-dose, intravaginal challenges with heterologous SIVsmE660 in animals that carried TRIM5α restrictive alleles. The protection induced by immunization with protein-NP correlated with the prechallenge titers of Env-specific IgG antibodies in serum and vaginal secretions. However, no such correlate was apparent for immunization with VLP-NP or alum as the adjuvant. Transcriptional profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated within the first few hours to days after primary vaccination revealed that NP-adjuvanted vaccines induced a molecular signature similar to that induced by the live attenuated yellow fever viral vaccine. This systems approach identified early blood transcriptional signatures that correlate with Env-specific antibody responses in vaginal secretions and protection against infection. These results demonstrate the adjuvanticity of the NP adjuvant in inducing persistent and protective antibody responses against SIV in RMs with implications for the design of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). IMPORTANCE The results of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial, which demonstrated a rapid waning of protective immunity with time, have underscored the need to develop strategies to enhance the durability of protective immune responses. Our recent work in mice has highlighted the capacity of nanoparticle-encapsulated TLR ligands (NP) to induce potent and durable antibody responses that last a lifetime in mice. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of these NP adjuvants to promote robust and durable protective immune responses against SIV in nonhuman primates. Our results demonstrate that immunization of rhesus macaques with NP adjuvants mixed with soluble SIV Env or a virus-like particle form of Env (VLP) induces potent and durable Env-specific antibody responses in the serum and in vaginal secretions. These responses were superior to those induced by alum adjuvant, and they resulted in enhanced protection against a low-dose intravaginal challenge with a heterologous strain of SIV in animals with TRIM5a restrictive alleles. These results highlight the potential for such NP TLR L adjuvants in promoting robust and durable antibody responses against HIV in the next generation of HIV immunogens currently being developed.
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Clinical Use of DNA Vaccines. HANDBOOK OF ELECTROPORATION 2017. [PMCID: PMC7153459 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32886-7_106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their unique advantages in simplicity, safety, scalability, and possibility of repeated administrations, DNA vaccines represent an appealing and competitive immunization approach for a wide array of conditions, including but not limited to infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Despite the exciting efficacy observed in preclinical studies, DNA vaccines have faced challenges in inducing strong immune responses in humans. This unexpected poor immunogenicity has severely hampered the translation of DNA vaccines from investigational medications to licensed products. To overcome this obstacle, tremendous efforts have been made to improve antigen expression and enhance immunogenicity. Among these endeavors, in vivo DNA electroporation (EP) has proved to be a breakthrough technology capable of mediating efficient DNA uptake and resulting in enhanced antigen expression and vaccine immunogenicity. EP-mediated DNA delivery has become one of the major platforms used in clinical trials to evaluate DNA vaccines in humans. In this chapter, in addition to EP delivery, other progress made in DNA vaccine development including plasmid optimization, antigen design, and immunologic adjuvants is also reviewed. Finally, the use of DNA vaccines in the context of clinical trials for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy is summarized. Specifically, the strategies that allow DNA vaccines to overcome antigenic diversity for viral infection and break immune tolerance for cancer therapy are explored. Based on the advantages of DNA vaccines and the immense progress, led by the electroporation-mediated vaccine delivery, DNA vaccines appear to have the potential to fundamentally transform the vaccine field, providing important benefits for preventing and curing diseases.
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Abstract
DNA plasmids can be used to induce a protective (or therapeutic) immune response by delivering genes encoding vaccine antigens. That naked DNA (without the refinement of coat proteins or host evasion systems) can cross from outside the cell into the nucleus and be expressed is particularly remarkable given the sophistication of the immune system in preventing infection by pathogens. As a result of the ease, low cost, and speed of custom gene synthesis, DNA vaccines dangle a tantalizing prospect of the next wave of vaccine technology, promising individual designer vaccines for cancer or mass vaccines with a rapid response time to emerging pandemics. There is considerable enthusiasm for the use of DNA vaccination as an approach, but this enthusiasm should be tempered by the successive failures in clinical trials to induce a potent immune response. The technology is evolving with the development of improved delivery systems that increase expression levels, particularly electroporation and the incorporation of genetically encoded adjuvants. This review will introduce some key concepts in the use of DNA plasmids as vaccines, including how the DNA enters the cell and is expressed, how it induces an immune response, and a summary of clinical trials with DNA vaccines. The review also explores the advances being made in vector design, delivery, formulation, and adjuvants to try to realize the promise of this technology for new vaccines. If the immunogenicity and expression barriers can be cracked, then DNA vaccines may offer a step change in mass vaccination.
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Rosa DS, Ribeiro SP, Fonseca SG, Almeida RR, Santana VC, Apostólico JDS, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E. Multiple Approaches for Increasing the Immunogenicity of an Epitope-Based Anti-HIV Vaccine. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:1077-88. [PMID: 26149745 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a highly effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will likely be based on rational vaccine design, since traditional vaccine approaches have failed so far. In recent years, an understanding of what type of immune response is protective against infection and/or disease facilitated vaccine design. T cell-based vaccines against HIV have the goal of limiting both transmission and disease progression by inducing broad and functionally relevant T cell responses. In this context, CD4(+) T cells play a direct cytotoxic role and are also important for the generation and maintenance of functional CD8(+) T and B cell responses. The use of MHC-binding algorithms has allowed the identification of novel CD4(+) T cell epitopes that could be used in vaccine design, the so-called epitope-driven vaccine design. Epitope-based vaccines have the ability to focus the immune response on highly antigenic, conserved epitopes that are fully recognized by the target population. We have recently mapped a set of conserved multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV-1 CD4 epitopes and observed interferon (IFN)-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells when we tested these peptides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected individuals. We then designed multiepitopic DNA vaccines that induced broad and polyfunctional T cell responses in immunized mice. In this review we will focus on alternative strategies to increase the immunogenicity of an epitope-based vaccine against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Santoro Rosa
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susan Pereira Ribeiro
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Ribeiro Almeida
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Canato Santana
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Souza Apostólico
- Departament of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Institute for Investigation in Immunology-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy-LIM60, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:368736. [PMID: 26101781 PMCID: PMC4458560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Leitner WW. Adjuvants in the Driver's Seat: How Magnitude, Type, Fine Specificity and Longevity of Immune Responses Are Driven by Distinct Classes of Immune Potentiators. Vaccines (Basel) 2014; 2:252-96. [PMID: 26344620 PMCID: PMC4494256 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines2020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which vaccine adjuvants enhance immune responses has historically been considered to be the creation of an antigen depot. From here, the antigen is slowly released and provided to immune cells over an extended period of time. This "depot" was formed by associating the antigen with substances able to persist at the injection site, such as aluminum salts or emulsions. The identification of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) has greatly advanced our understanding of how adjuvants work beyond the simple concept of extended antigen release and has accelerated the development of novel adjuvants. This review focuses on the mode of action of different adjuvant classes in regards to the stimulation of specific immune cell subsets, the biasing of immune responses towards cellular or humoral immune response, the ability to mediate epitope spreading and the induction of persistent immunological memory. A better understanding of how particular adjuvants mediate their biological effects will eventually allow them to be selected for specific vaccines in a targeted and rational manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Research Program, Malaria Vaccine Branch, 503 Robert Grant Ave, 3W65, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division on Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 6610 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Reeves RK, Bosinger SE. Innate Immunity in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. NATURAL HOSTS OF SIV 2014. [PMCID: PMC7149674 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-404734-1.00008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of innate immunity as a mature field. The study of innate immunity has had a significant impact on the concepts of HIV immunity, pathogenesis, and vaccines. In this chapter, basic concepts of innate immunity at the anatomical, cellular, and molecular levels will be introduced from the perspective of their interplay with HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). An emphasis will be placed on studies using SIV/non-human primate (NHP) models that shape current models of HIV pathogenesis. Finally, studies modulating the innate system in vivo in NHPs will be discussed.
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Ribeiro SP, de Souza Apostólico J, Almeida RR, Kalil J, Cunha-Neto E, Rosa DS. Bupivacaine enhances the magnitude and longevity of HIV-specific immune response after immunization with a CD4 epitope-based DNA vaccine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Quan FS, Ko EJ, Kwon YM, Joo KH, Compans RW, Kang SM. Mucosal adjuvants for influenza virus-like particle vaccine. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:385-95. [PMID: 24236855 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To find an effective mucosal adjuvant for influenza virus-like particles (VLPs), we compared the effects of known adjuvants Alum, CpG DNA, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), poly IC, gardiquimod, and cholera toxin (CT). Mice that were intranasally immunized with Alum, CpG, MPL, and CT adjuvanted VLPs showed higher levels of antibodies in both sera and mucosa. Hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralizing activities were enhanced in groups adjuvanted with Alum, MPL, or CT. Influenza virus specific long-lived cells secreting IgG and IgA antibodies were found at high levels both in bone marrow and spleen in the Alum, CpG and CT adjuvanted groups. A similar level of protection was observed among different adjuvanted groups, except the CT adjuvant that showed a higher efficacy in lowering lung viral loads after challenge. Alum and CT adjuvants differentially increased influenza VLP-mediated activation of dendritic cells and splenocytes in vitro, supporting the in vivo pattern of antibody isotypes and cytokine production. These results suggest that Alum, MPL, or CpG adjuvants, which have been tested clinically, can be developed as an effective mucosal adjuvant for influenza VLP vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Shi Quan
- 1 Department of Medical Zoology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Tenbusch M, Ignatius R, Nchinda G, Trumpfheller C, Salazar AM, Töpfer K, Sauermann U, Wagner R, Hannaman D, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Stahl-Hennig C, Überla K. Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding simian immunodeficiency virus antigen targeted to dendritic cells in rhesus macaques. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39038. [PMID: 22720025 PMCID: PMC3373620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting antigens encoded by DNA vaccines to dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of adjuvants enhances their immunogenicity and efficacy in mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To explore the immunogenicity of this approach in non-human primates, we generated a single chain antibody to the antigen uptake receptor DEC-205 expressed on rhesus macaque DCs. DNA vaccines encoding this single chain antibody fused to the SIV capsid protein were delivered to six monkeys each by either intramuscular electroporation or conventional intramuscular injection co-injected or not with poly ICLC, a stabilized poly I: C analogue, as adjuvant. Antibodies to capsid were induced by the DC-targeting and non-targeting control DNA delivered by electroporation while conventional DNA immunization at a 10-fold higher dose of DNA failed to induce detectable humoral immune responses. Substantial cellular immune responses were also observed after DNA electroporation of both DNAs, but stronger responses were induced by the non-targeting vaccine. Conventional immunization with the DC-targeting DNA at a 10-fold higher dose did not give rise to substantial cellular immune responses, neither when co-injected with poly ICLC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The study confirms the potent immunogenicity of DNA vaccines delivered by electroporation. Targeting the DNA via a single chain antibody to DEC-205 expressed by DCs, however, does not improve the immunogenicity of the antigens in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Ignatius
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité – University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine Trumpfheller
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Katharina Töpfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | | | - Paul Racz
- Bernhard Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Baz Morelli A, Becher D, Koernig S, Silva A, Drane D, Maraskovsky E. ISCOMATRIX: a novel adjuvant for use in prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against infectious diseases. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:935-943. [PMID: 22442293 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.040857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ISCOMATRIX adjuvant has antigen delivery and presentation properties as well as immunomodulatory capabilities, which combine to provide enhanced and accelerated immune responses. The responses are broad, including a range of subclasses of antibodies as well as CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells. A range of ISCOMATRIX vaccines (ISCOMATRIX adjuvant combined with antigen) have now been tested in clinical trials and have been shown to be generally safe and well tolerated as well as immunogenic, generating both antibody (Ab) and T-cell responses. The mechanisms by which ISCOMATRIX adjuvant facilitates its immune effects are the scope of significant study and indicate that ISCOMATRIX adjuvant (i) rapidly traffics antigen into the cytosol of multiple dendritic cell subsets, (ii) induces the induction of an array of cytokines and chemokines and (iii) links the innate and adaptive immune responses in vivo in a Toll-like-receptor-independent but MyD88-dependent manner. These data highlight the clinical utility of ISCOMATRIX adjuvant in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorit Becher
- CSL Research, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sandra Koernig
- CSL Research, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anabel Silva
- CSL Research, Bio21 Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Australia
| | - Debbie Drane
- CSL Limited, 45 Poplar Road, Parkville, Australia
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Cox JH, Ferrari MG, Earl P, Lane JR, Jagodzinski LL, Polonis VR, Kuta EG, Boyer JD, Ratto-Kim S, Eller LA, Pham DT, Hart L, Montefiori D, Ferrari G, Parrish S, Weiner DB, Moss B, Kim JH, Birx D, VanCott TC. Inclusion of a CRF01_AE HIV envelope protein boost with a DNA/MVA prime-boost vaccine: Impact on humoral and cellular immunogenicity and viral load reduction after SHIV-E challenge. Vaccine 2012; 30:1830-40. [PMID: 22234262 PMCID: PMC3324265 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of various prime-boost vaccine regimens in rhesus macaques using combinations of recombinant DNA (rDNA), recombinant MVA (rMVA), and subunit gp140 protein. The rDNA and rMVA vectors were constructed to express Env from HIV-1 subtype CRF01_AE and Gag-Pol from CRF01_AE or SIVmac 239. One of the rMVAs, MVA/CMDR, has been recently tested in humans. Immunizations were administered at months 0 and 1 (prime) and months 3 and 6 (boost). After priming, HIV env-specific serum IgG was detected in monkeys receiving gp140 alone or rMVA but not in those receiving rDNA. Titers were enhanced in these groups after boosting either with gp140 alone or with rMVA plus gp140. The groups that received the rDNA prime developed env-specific IgG after boosting with rMVA with or without gp140. HIV Env-specific serum IgG binding antibodies were elicited more frequently and of higher titer, and breadth of neutralizing antibodies was increased with the inclusion of the subunit Env boost. T cell responses were measured by tetramer binding to Gag p11c in Mamu-A*01 macaques, and by IFN-γ ELISPOT assay to SIV-Gag. T cell responses were induced after vaccination with the highest responses seen in macaques immunized with rDNA and rMVA. Macaques were challenged intravenously with a novel SHIV-E virus (SIVmac239 Gag-Pol with an HIV-1 subtype E-Env CAR402). Post challenge with SHIV-E, antibody titers were boosted in all groups and peaked at 4 weeks. Robust T cell responses were seen in all groups post challenge and in macaques immunized with rDNA and rMVA a clear boosting of responses was seen. A greater than two-log drop in RNA copies/ml at peak viremia and earlier set point was achieved in macaques primed with rDNA, and boosted with rMVA/SHIV-AE plus gp140. Post challenge viremia in macaques immunized with other regimens was not significantly different to that of controls. These results demonstrate that a gp140 subunit and inclusion of SIV Gag-Pol may be critical for control of SHIV post challenge.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, pol/immunology
- HIV Antibodies/blood
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Load
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
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Lousberg EL, Diener KR, Brown MP, Hayball JD. Innate immune recognition of poxviral vaccine vectors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1435-49. [PMID: 21988308 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study of poxviruses pioneered the field of vaccinology after Jenner's remarkable discovery that 'vaccination' with the phylogenetically related cowpox virus conferred immunity to the devastating disease of smallpox. The study of poxviruses continues to enrich the field of virology because the global eradication of smallpox provides a unique example of the potency of effective immunization. Other poxviruses have since been developed as vaccine vectors for clinical and veterinary applications and include modified vaccinia virus strains such as modified vaccinia Ankara and NYVAC as well as the avipox viruses, fowlpox virus and canarypox virus. Despite the empirical development of poxvirus-based vectored vaccines, it is only now becoming apparent that we need to better understand how the innate arm of the immune system drives adaptive immunity to poxviruses, and how this information is relevant to vaccine design strategies, which are the topics addressed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Lousberg
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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25
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Distinct TLR adjuvants differentially stimulate systemic and local innate immune responses in nonhuman primates. Blood 2012; 119:2044-55. [PMID: 22246032 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-10-388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR ligands (TLR-Ls) represent novel vaccine adjuvants, but their immunologic effects in humans remain poorly defined in vivo. In the present study, we analyzed the innate responses stimulated by different TLR-Ls in rhesus macaques. MPL (TLR4-L), R-848 (TLR7/8-L), or cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (TLR9-L) induced a rapid and robust expansion of blood neutrophils, with a concomitant reduction in PBMCs. Furthermore, all TLR-Ls induced rapid (3-8 hours) expansion of CD14(+) monocytes, but only TLR7/8-L and TLR9-L mobilized the CD14(+)CD16(+) and CD14(dim)CD16(++) monocytes, and only TLR7/8-L and TLR9-L induced activation of myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), production of IP-10 and type-I IFN, and expression of type-I IFN-related and chemokine genes in the blood. In the draining lymph nodes (LNs), consistent with the effects in blood, all TLR-Ls induced expansion of CD14(+) monocytes, but only TLR7/8-L and TLR9-L expanded the activated CD14(+)CD16(+) cells. TLR4-L and TLR9-L differentially induced the expansion of mDCs and pDCs (1-3 days), but did not activate DCs. In contrast, TLR7/8-L did not induce DC expansion, but did activate mDCs. Finally, both TLR9-L and TLR7/8-L induced the expression of genes related to chemokines and type-I IFNs in LNs. Thus different TLR-Ls mediate distinct signatures of early innate responses both locally and systemically.
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Sui Y, Gagnon S, Dzutsev A, Zhu Q, Yu H, Hogg A, Wang Y, Xia Z, Belyakov IM, Venzon D, Klinman D, Strober W, Kelsall B, Franchini G, Berzofsky JA. TLR agonists and/or IL-15 adjuvanted mucosal SIV vaccine reduced gut CD4⁺ memory T cell loss in SIVmac251-challenged rhesus macaques. Vaccine 2011; 30:59-68. [PMID: 22041305 PMCID: PMC3258186 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant plays an important role in increasing and directing vaccine-induced immune responses. In a previous study, we found that a mucosal SIV vaccine using a combination of IL-15 and TLR agonists as adjuvant mediated partial protection against SIVmac251 rectal challenge, whereas neither IL-15 nor TLR agonists alone as an adjuvant impacted the plasma viral loads. In this study, dissociation of CD4(+) T cell preservation with viral loads was observed in the animals vaccinated with adjuvants. Significantly higher levels of memory CD4(+) T cell numbers were preserved after SIVmac251 infection in the colons of the animals vaccinated with vaccine containing any of these adjuvants compared to no adjuvant. When we measured the viral-specific CD8(+) tetramer responses in the colon lamina propria, we found significantly higher levels of gag, tat, and pol epitope tetramer(+) T cell responses in these animals compared to ones without adjuvant, even if some of the animals had similarly high viral loads. Furthermore, this CD4(+) T preservation was positively correlated with increased levels of gag and Tat, but not pol tetramer(+) T cell responses, and inversely correlated with beta-chemokine expression. The pre-challenged APOBEC3G expression level, which has previously been shown inversely associated with viral loads, was further found positively correlated with CD4(+) T cell number preservation. Overall, these data highlight one unrecognized role of adjuvant in HIV vaccine development, and show that vaccines can produce a surprising discordance between CD4(+) T cell levels and SIV viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan Gagnon
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amiran Dzutsev
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Qing Zhu
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Huifeng Yu
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Alison Hogg
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zheng Xia
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Igor M. Belyakov
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Venzon
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dennis Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Warren Strober
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brian Kelsall
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Jesudason S, Collins MG, Rogers NM, Kireta S, Coates PTH. Non-human primate dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 91:217-28. [PMID: 22124138 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are essential translational models for biomedical research. Dendritic cells (DC) are a group of antigen presenting cells (APC) that play pivotal roles in the immunobiology of health and disease and are attractive cells for adoptive immunotherapy to stimulate and suppress immunity. DC have been studied extensively in humans and mice but until recently, have not been well characterized in NHP. This review considers the available data about DC across a range of NHP species and summarizes the understanding of in vitro-propagated DC and in vivo-isolated DC, which is now established. It is clear that although NHP DC exist within the paradigm of human DC, there are important functional and phenotypic differences when compared with human DC subsets. These differences need to be taken into account when designing preclinical, translational studies of DC therapy using NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpanjali Jesudason
- Transplantation Immunology Laboratory and Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Kreiter S, Diken M, Selmi A, Diekmann J, Attig S, Hüsemann Y, Koslowski M, Huber C, Türeci Ö, Sahin U. FLT3 ligand enhances the cancer therapeutic potency of naked RNA vaccines. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6132-42. [PMID: 21816907 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intranodal immunization with antigen-encoding naked RNA may offer a simple and safe approach to induce antitumor immunity. RNA taken up by nodal dendritic cells (DC) coactivates toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling that will prime and expand antigen-specific T cells. In this study, we show that RNA vaccination can be optimized by coadministration of the DC-activating Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) ligand as an effective adjuvant. Systemic administration of FLT3 ligand prior to immunization enhanced priming and expansion of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in lymphoid organs, T-cell homing into melanoma tumors, and therapeutic activity of the intranodal RNA. Unexpectedly, plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) were found to be essential for the adjuvant effect of FLT3 ligand and they were systemically expanded together with conventional DCs after treatment. In response to FLT3 ligand, pDCs maintained an immature phenotype, internalized RNA, and presented the RNA-encoded antigen for efficient induction of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses. Coadministration of FLT3 ligand with RNA vaccination achieved remarkable cure rates and survival of mice with advanced melanoma. Our findings show how to improve the simple and safe strategy offered by RNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.
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Yin Y, Wu C, Song J, Wang J, Zhang E, Liu H, Yang D, Chen X, Lu M, Xu Y. DNA immunization with fusion of CTLA-4 to hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein enhanced Th2 type responses and cleared HBV with an accelerated kinetic. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22524. [PMID: 21799884 PMCID: PMC3142188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Typically, DNA immunization via the intramuscular route induces specific, Th1-dominant immune responses. However, plasmids expressing viral proteins fused to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) primed Th2-biased responses and were able to induced effective protection against viral challenge in the woodchuck model. Thus, we addressed the question in the mouse model how the Th1/Th2 bias of primed immune responses by a DNA vaccine influences hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance. Principal Findings Plasmids expressing HBV core protein (HBcAg) or HBV e antigen and HBcAg fused to the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 (pCTLA-4-HBc), CD27, and full length CD40L were constructed. Immunizations of these DNA plasmids induced HBcAg-specific antibody and cytotoxic T-cell responses in mice, but with different characteristics regarding the titers and subtypes of specific antibodies and intensity of T-cell responses. The plasmid pHBc expressing HBcAg induced an IgG2a-dominant response while immunizations of pCTLA-4-HBc induced a balanced IgG1/IgG2a response. To assess the protective values of the immune responses of different characteristics, mice were pre-immunized with pCTLA-4-HBc and pHBc, and challenged by hydrodynamic injection (HI) of pAAV/HBV1.2. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and DNA in peripheral blood and HBcAg in liver tissue were cleared with significantly accelerated kinetics in both groups. The clearance of HBsAg was completed within 16 days in immunized mice while more than 50% of the control mice are still positive for HBsAg on day 22. Stronger HBcAg-specific T-cell responses were primed by pHBc correlating with a more rapid decline of HBcAg expression in liver tissue, while anti-HBs antibody response developed rapidly in the mice immunized with pCTLA-4-HBc, indicating that the Th1/Th2 bias of vaccine-primed immune responses influences the mode of viral clearance. Conclusion Viral clearance could be efficiently achieved by Th1/Th2-balanced immune response, with a small but significant shift in T-cell and B-cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yin
- Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjiao Song
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junzhong Wang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Vaccines represent a potent tool to prevent or contain infectious diseases with high morbidity or mortality. However, despite their widespread use, we still have a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effective elicitation of protective immune responses by vaccines. Recent research suggests that this represents the cooperative action of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Immunity is made of a multifaceted set of integrated responses involving a dynamic interaction of thousands of molecules, whose list is constantly updated to fill the several empty spaces of this puzzle. The recent development of new technologies and computational tools permits the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between all of the components of immunity over time. Here, we review the role of the innate immunity in the host response to vaccine antigens and the potential of systems biology in providing relevant and novel insights in the mechanisms of action of vaccines to improve their design and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncogenesis & AIDS Reference Center, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fond Pascale, Naples, Italy.
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Reizis B, Bunin A, Ghosh HS, Lewis KL, Sisirak V. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: recent progress and open questions. Annu Rev Immunol 2011; 29:163-83. [PMID: 21219184 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are specialized in rapid and massive secretion of type I interferon (IFN-α/β) in response to foreign nucleic acids. Combined with their antigen presentation capacity, this powerful functionality enables pDCs to orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses. pDCs combine features of both lymphocytes and classical dendritic cells and display unique molecular adaptations to nucleic acid sensing and IFN production. In the decade since the identification of the pDC as a distinct immune cell type, our understanding of its molecular underpinnings and role in immunity has progressed rapidly. Here we review select aspects of pDC biology including cell fate establishment and plasticity, specific molecular mechanisms of pDC function, and the role of pDCs in T cell responses, antiviral immunity, and autoimmune diseases. Important unresolved questions remain in these areas, promising exciting times in pDC research for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Luo M, Qu X, Pan R, Zhu D, Zhang Y, Wu J, Pan Z. The virus-induced signaling adaptor molecule enhances DNA-raised immune protection against H5N1 influenza virus infection in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:2561-7. [PMID: 21303708 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As an adaptor molecule in the retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) signaling pathway, the virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) molecule activates NF-κB and IRF3 and thereby leads to the production of type I interferons (IFNs). To explore the potential of VISA as a genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines, a eukaryotic expression plasmid, pVISA, was generated by cloning the VISA gene into the pVAX1vector. For comparison, the pTRIF plasmid was similarly constructed, encoding the known genetic adjuvant TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β), an adapter in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Mice were immunized with the chimeric DNA vaccine pHA/NP(147-155), which encodes the HA (hemagglutinin) fused with NP (nucleoprotein) CTL epitope (NP(147-155)) of H5N1 influenza virus, either alone or in combination with pVISA or pTRIF. Antigen-specific immune responses were examined in immunized mice. Our results demonstrate that co-immunization of the pHA/NP(147-155) plasmid with the VISA adjuvant augmented DNA-raised cellular immune responses and provided protection against H5N1 influenza virus challenge in mice. In addition, our data suggest that VISA acts as a stronger adjuvant for DNA immunization than TRIF. We conclude that co-inoculation with a vector expressing the adaptor molecule VISA enhanced the protective immunity against H5N1 infection induced by pHA/NP(147-155) and that VISA could be developed as a novel genetic adjuvant for DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengcheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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Mazumder S, Maji M, Das A, Ali N. Potency, efficacy and durability of DNA/DNA, DNA/protein and protein/protein based vaccination using gp63 against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14644. [PMID: 21311597 PMCID: PMC3032732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania, is fatal in the absence of treatment. At present there are no effective vaccines against any form of leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluate the potency, efficacy and durability of DNA/DNA, DNA-prime/Protein-boost, and Protein/Protein based vaccination against VL in a susceptible murine model. Methods and Findings To compare the potency, efficacy, and durability of DNA, protein and heterologous prime-boost (HPB) vaccination against Leishmania donovani, major surface glycoprotein gp63 was cloned into mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1 for DNA based vaccines. We demonstrated that gp63 DNA based vaccination induced immune responses and conferred protection against challenge infection. However, vaccination with HPB approach showed comparatively enhanced cellular and humoral responses than other regimens and elicited early mixed Th1/Th2 responses before infection. Moreover, challenge with parasites induced polarized Th1 responses with enhanced IFN-γ, IL-12, nitric oxide, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and reduced IL-4 and IL-10 responses compared to other vaccination strategies. Although, vaccination with gp63 DNA either alone or mixed with CpG- ODN or heterologously prime-boosting with CpG- ODN showed comparable levels of protection at short-term protection study, DNA-prime/Protein-boost in presence of CpG significantly reduced hepatic and splenic parasite load by 107 fold and 1010 fold respectively, in long-term study. The extent of protection, obtained in this study has till now not been achieved in long-term protection through HPB approach in susceptible BALB/c model against VL. Interestingly, the HPB regimen also showed marked reduction in the footpad swelling of BALB/c mice against Leishmania major infection. Conclusion/Significance HPB approach based on gp63 in association with CpG, resulted in robust cellular and humoral responses correlating with durable protection against L. donovani challenge till twelve weeks post-vaccination. These results emphasize the potential of DNA-prime/Protein-boost vaccination over DNA/DNA and Protein/Protein based vaccination in maintaining long-term immunity against intracellular pathogen like Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumyabrata Mazumder
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Mithun Maji
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Amrita Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- * E-mail:
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Ferret-Bernard S, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Remot A, Metton C, Bernardet N, Charley B, Drouet F, Laurent F. Mesenteric lymph node cells from neonates present a prominent IL-12 response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide via an IL-15 feedback loop of amplification. Vet Res 2011; 42:19. [PMID: 21314903 PMCID: PMC3039596 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At birth, the immune system is still in development making neonates more susceptible to infections. The recognition of microbial ligands is a key step in the initiation of immune responses. It can be mimicked to stimulate the immune system by the use of synthetic ligands recognising pattern recognition receptors. In human and mouse, it has been found that neonatal cytokine responses to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands differ in many ways from those of adults but the relevant studies have been limited to cord blood and spleen cells. In this study, we compared the responses in neonate and adult sheep to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), a TLR9 ligand, in both a mucosal and a systemic organ. We observed that in response to CpG-ODN more IL-12 was produced by neonatal than adult sheep cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. This higher IL-12 response was limited to the first 20 days after birth for MLN cells but persisted for a longer period for spleen cells. The major IL-12-producing cells were identified as CD14+CD11b+. These cells were poor producers of IL-12 in response to direct stimulation with CpG-ODN and required the cooperation of other MLN cells. The difference in response to CpG-ODN between neonates and adults can be attributed to both a higher proportion of CD14+CD11b+ cells in neonate lambs and their higher capacity to produce IL-15. The IL-15 increases IL-12 production by an amplifying feedback loop involving CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard
- INRA, UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Equipe « Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né », Nouzilly, France.
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Näslund TI, Kostic L, Nordström EK, Chen M, Liljeström P. Role of innate signalling pathways in the immunogenicity of alphaviral replicon-based vaccines. Virol J 2011; 8:36. [PMID: 21261958 PMCID: PMC3038947 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alphaviral replicon-based vectors induce potent immune responses both when given as viral particles (VREP) or as DNA (DREP). It has been suggested that the strong immune stimulatory effect induced by these types of vectors is mediated by induction of danger signals and activation of innate signalling pathways due to the replicase activity. To investigate the innate signalling pathways involved, mice deficient in either toll-like receptors or downstream innate signalling molecules were immunized with DREP or VREP. Results We show that the induction of a CD8+ T cell response did not require functional TLR3 or MyD88 signalling. However, IRF3, converging several innate signalling pathways and important for generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs, was needed for obtaining a robust primary immune response. Interestingly, type I interferon (IFN), induced by most innate signalling pathways, had a suppressing effect on both the primary and memory T cell responses after DREP and VREP immunization. Conclusions We show that alphaviral replicon-based vectors activate multiple innate signalling pathways, which both activate and restrict the induced immune response. These results further show that there is a delicate balance in the strength of innate signalling and induction of adaptive immune responses that should be taken into consideration when innate signalling molecules, such as type I IFNs, are used as vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja I Näslund
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 16, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Nonhuman primates have been used for biomedical research for several decades. The high level of genetic homology to humans coupled with their outbred nature has made nonhuman primates invaluable preclinical models. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the nonhuman primate immune system, with special emphasis on studies carried out in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). We highlight the utility of nonhuman primates in the characterization of immune senescence and the evaluation of new interventions to slow down the aging of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhem Messaoudi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.
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37
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Kannanganat S, Nigam P, Velu V, Earl PL, Lai L, Chennareddi L, Lawson B, Wilson RL, Montefiori DC, Kozlowski PA, Moss B, Robinson HL, Amara RR. Preexisting vaccinia virus immunity decreases SIV-specific cellular immunity but does not diminish humoral immunity and efficacy of a DNA/MVA vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7262-73. [PMID: 21076059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The influence of preexisting immunity to viral vectors is a major issue for the development of viral-vectored vaccines. In this study, we investigate the effect of preexisting vaccinia virus immunity on the immunogenicity and efficacy of a DNA/modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) SIV vaccine in rhesus macaques using a pathogenic intrarectal SIV251 challenge. Preexisting immunity decreased SIV-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell responses but preserved the SIV-specific humoral immunity. In addition, preexisting immunity did not diminish the control of an SIV challenge mediated by the DNA/MVA vaccine. The peak and set point viremia was 150- and 17-fold lower, respectively, in preimmune animals compared with those of control animals. The peak and set point viremia correlated directly with colorectal virus at 2 wk postchallenge suggesting that early control of virus replication at the site of viral challenge was critical for viral control. Factors that correlated with early colorectal viral control included 1) the presence of anti-SIV IgA in rectal secretions, 2) high-avidity binding Ab for the native form of Env, and 3) low magnitude of vaccine-elicited SIV-specific CD4 T cells displaying the CCR5 viral coreceptor. The frequency of SIV-specific CD8 T cells in blood and colorectal tissue at 2 wk postchallenge did not correlate with early colorectal viral control. These results suggest that preexisting vaccinia virus immunity may not limit the potential of recombinant MVA vaccines to elicit humoral immunity and highlight the importance of immunodeficiency virus vaccines achieving early control at the mucosal sites of challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vaccine Research Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Karunakaran KP, Yu H, Foster LJ, Brunham RC. Development of a Chlamydia trachomatis T cell Vaccine. HUMAN VACCINES 2010; 6:676-80. [PMID: 20523121 DOI: 10.4161/hv.6.8.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune correlates of protection for most of the currently used vaccines are based on long-lived humoral immunity. Vaccines based on humoral immunity alone are unlikely to protect against infections caused by intracellular pathogens and today's most pressing infectious diseases of public health importance are caused by intracellular infections that not only include Chlamydia trachomatis but also tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS. For these infections, vaccines that induce cellular immune responses are essential. Major impediments in developing such vaccines include difficulty in identifying relevant T cell antigens and delivering them in ways that elicit protective cellular immunity. In turn this is compounded by the complexity and plasticity of T cell developmental pathways that often correlate with specific aspects of protective immunity. Genomics and proteomics now provide tools to allow unbiased selection of candidate T cell antigens. This review mainly focuses on an immunoproteomic approach used in our laboratory to identify Chlamydia T cell antigens and how these T cell antigens can be developed into a future human Chlamydia vaccine.
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Mobilization of CD34+ progenitor cells in association with decreased proliferation in the bone marrow of macaques after administration of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1269-73. [PMID: 20554805 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00166-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3-L) is critical for the differentiation and self-renewal of CD34+ progenitor cells in primates and has been used therapeutically to mobilize progenitor and dendritic cells in vivo. However, little is known regarding the expansion of progenitor cells outside of peripheral blood, particularly in bone marrow (BM), where progenitor cells primarily reside. Evaluation of FLT3-L-mediated cell mobilization during lentivirus infections, where the numbers of CD34+ progenitor cells are reduced, is limited. We enumerated frequencies and absolute numbers of CD34+ progenitor cells in blood and BM of naive and SIV- or SHIV-infected macaques during and after the administration of FLT3-L. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that, while CD34+ cells increased in the circulation, no expansion was observed in BM. Furthermore, in the BM intracellular Ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, was downregulated in CD34+ progenitor cells but was upregulated significantly in the bulk cell population. Although the exact mechanism(s) remains unclear, these data suggest that CD34+ cell mobilization in blood was the result of cellular emigration from BM and not the proliferation of CD34+ cells already in the periphery. It is possible that the decreased progenitor cell proliferation observed in BM is evidence of a negative regulatory mechanism preventing hyperproliferation and development of neoplastic cells.
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Innate and adaptive immune correlates of vaccine and adjuvant-induced control of mucosal transmission of SIV in macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:9843-8. [PMID: 20457926 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911932107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant effects on innate as well as adaptive immunity may be critical for inducing protection against mucosal HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) exposure. We therefore studied effects of Toll-like receptor agonists and IL-15 as mucosal adjuvants on both innate and adaptive immunity in a peptide/poxvirus HIV/SIV mucosal vaccine in macaques, and made three critical observations regarding both innate and adaptive correlates of protection: (i) adjuvant-alone without vaccine antigen impacted the intrarectal SIVmac251 challenge outcome, correlating with surprisingly long-lived APOBEC3G (A3G)-mediated innate immunity; in addition, even among animals receiving vaccine with adjuvants, viral load correlated inversely with A3G levels; (ii) a surprising threshold-like effect existed for vaccine-induced adaptive immunity control of viral load, and only antigen-specific polyfunctional CD8(+) T cells correlated with protection, not tetramer(+) T cells, demonstrating the importance of T-cell quality; (iii) synergy was observed between Toll-like receptor agonists and IL-15 for driving adaptive responses through the up-regulation of IL-15Ralpha, which can present IL-15 in trans, as well as for driving the innate A3G response. Thus, strategic use of molecular adjuvants can provide better mucosal protection through induction of both innate and adaptive immunity.
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Chlamydia muridarum T-cell antigens formulated with the adjuvant DDA/TDB induce immunity against infection that correlates with a high frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)/tumor necrosis factor alpha and IFN-gamma/interleukin-17 double-positive CD4+ T cells. Infect Immun 2010; 78:2272-82. [PMID: 20231405 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01374-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Major impediments to developing a Chlamydia vaccine lie in identifying immunologically relevant T-cell antigens and delivery in a manner to stimulate protective immunity. Using an immunoproteomic approach, we previously identified three immunodominant Chlamydia T-cell antigens (PmpG-1, PmpE/F-2, and RplF). Because RplF has high homology to a human ortholog, it may not be suitable for human vaccine development. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated protection against Chlamydia infection in the genital tract in C57BL/6 mice immunized with Chlamydia-specific membrane proteins PmpG-1, PmpE/F-2, and major outer membrane protein (MOMP; as a reference) or a combination of them formulated with one of three adjuvants, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), AbISCO-100 (AbISCO), or DDA/TDB (dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide/D-(+)-trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate). The results show that immunization with the CpG-ODN formulation failed to provide protection against Chlamydia infection; the AbISCO formulation conferred moderate protection, and the DDA/TDB formulation showed the highest degree of protective efficacy. The combination of PmpG-1, PmpE/F-2, and MOMP proteins formulated with DDA/TDB exhibited the greatest degree of protection among all vaccine groups studied. Moreover, this vaccine combination also engendered significant protection in BALB/c mice, which have a different major histocompatibility complex (MHC) background. We measured cell-mediated immune cytokine responses in mice immunized with PmpG-1 mixed with each of the three adjuvants. The results demonstrate that mice immunized with the DDA/TDB formulation induced the strongest gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses, characterized by the highest frequency of IFN-gamma/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IFN-gamma/IL-17 double-positive CD4(+) T cells. In conclusion, a Chlamydia vaccine based on the recombinant proteins PmpG-1, PmpE/F-2, and MOMP delivered in a DDA/TDB adjuvant conferred protection against infection that correlated with IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma/IL-17 double-positive CD4(+) T cells.
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Dendritic cell targeted HIV gag protein vaccine provides help to a DNA vaccine including mobilization of protective CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4281-6. [PMID: 20160099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000621107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of T cell-based vaccination, we pursued the principle that CD4(+) T cells provide help for functional CD8(+) T cell immunity. To do so, we administered HIV gag to mice successively as protein and DNA vaccines. To achieve strong CD4(+) T cell immunity, the protein vaccine was targeted selectively to DEC-205, a receptor for antigen presentation on dendritic cells. This targeting helped CD8(+) T cell immunity develop to a subsequent DNA vaccine and improved protection to intranasal challenge with recombinant vaccinia gag virus, including more rapid accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in the lung. The helper effect of dendritic cell-targeted protein vaccine was mimicked by immunization with specific MHC II binding HIV gag peptides but not peptides from a disparate Yersinia pestis microbe. CD4(+) helper cells upon adoptive transfer allowed wild-type, but not CD40(-/-), recipient mice to respond better to the DNA vaccine. The transfer also enabled recipients to more rapidly accumulate gag-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung following challenge with vaccinia gag virus. Thus, complementary prime boost vaccination, in which prime and boost favor distinct types of T cell immunity, improves plasmid DNA immunization, including mobilization of CD8(+) T cells to sites of infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Definition of T cell immune correlates in HIV infection remains a lofty goal towards our understanding of the HIV-specific immune response. This review will focus upon recent developments and controversies in our understanding of protective T cell responses against HIV. RECENT FINDINGS It has become clear that multiple functions and phenotypic markers of T cells must be assessed to accurately characterize the complexity of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. While evidence indicates that a hallmark of protective immune responses in HIV infection is the presence of 'polyfunctional' T cell responses, a disconnect remains between the function and phenotype of effective HIV-specific T cells. Moreover, there may be inherent differences in the ability of specific human leukocyte antigen class I families to promote CD8 T cell effector versus polyfunctional responses. It remains to be determined how polyfunctional responses arise in HIV infection, which functions are important for control, and whether surface phenotype markers provide an indication of protective capacity. SUMMARY Polyfunctional and phenotypic assessment of T cell responses have clearly advanced our understanding of HIV specific immune responses. Critical questions remain, however, especially whether polyfunctional T cell responses control, or are controlled by, HIV replication.
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Tonsillar application of AT-2 SIV affords partial protection against rectal challenge with SIVmac239. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009; 52:433-42. [PMID: 19779309 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181b880f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although mucosal responses are important for preventing infections with HIV, the optimal strategies for inducing them remain unclear. To evaluate vaccine strategies targeting the oral mucosal lymphoid tissue inductive sites as an approach to provide immunity at distal sites, we vaccinated healthy macaques via the palatine/lingual tonsils with aldrithiol 2 (AT-2) inactivated Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239, combined with CpG-C immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (CpG-C ISS-ODN, C274) as the adjuvant. METHODS Macaques received 5 doses of C274 or control ODN C661 and AT-2 SIV on the tonsillar tissues every 6 weeks before being challenged rectally with SIVmac239, 8 weeks after the last immunization. RESULTS Although no T-cell or B-cell responses were detected in the blood before challenge, antibody (Ab) responses were detected in the rectum. Immunization with AT-2 SIV significantly reduced the frequency of infection compared with nonimmunized controls, irrespective of adjuvant. In the vaccinated animals that became infected, peak viremias were somewhat reduced. SIV-specific responses were detected in the blood once animals became infected with no detectable differences between the differently immunized groups and the controls. CONCLUSION This work provides evidence that vaccine immunogens applied to the oral mucosal associated lymphoid tissues can provide benefit against rectal challenge, a finding with important implications for mucosal vaccination strategies.
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Reeves RK, Wei Q, Stallworth J, Fultz PN. Systemic dendritic cell mobilization associated with administration of FLT3 ligand to SIV- and SHIV-infected macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1313-28. [PMID: 20001520 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports indicate that myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDCs and pDCs), which are key effector cells in host innate immune responses, can be infected with HIV-1 and are reduced in number and function during the chronic phase of HIV disease. Furthermore, it was recently demonstrated that a sustained loss of mDCs and pDCs occurs in SIV-infected macaques. Since loss of functional DC populations might impair innate immune responses to opportunistic microorganisms and neoplastic cells, we explored whether inoculation of naive and SIV- or SHIV-infected pigtailed macaques with the hematopoietic cytokine FLT3-ligand (FLT3-L) would expand the number of mDCs and pDCs in vivo. After the macaques received supraphysiologic doses of FLT3-L, mDCs, pDCs, and monocytes increased up to 45-fold in blood, lymph nodes, and bone marrow (BM), with DC expansion in the BM preceding mobilization in blood and lymphoid tissues. FLT3-L also increased serum levels of IL-12, at least transiently, and elicited higher surface expression of HLA-DR and the activation markers CD25 and CD69 on NK and T cells. During and after treatment of infected animals, APCs increased in number and were activated; however, CD4(+) T cell numbers, virion RNA, and anti-SIV/SHIV antibody titers remained relatively stable, suggesting that FLT3-L might be a safe modality to expand DC populations and provide therapeutic benefit during chronic lentivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Keith Reeves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Jackie Stallworth
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Patricia N. Fultz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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Characterization of T-cell responses in macaques immunized with a single dose of HIV DNA vaccine. J Virol 2009; 84:1243-53. [PMID: 19923181 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01846-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimization of immune responses (IR) induced by HIV DNA vaccines in humans is one of the great challenges in the development of an effective vaccine against AIDS. Ideally, this vaccine should be delivered in a single dose to immunize humans. We recently demonstrated that the immunization of mice with a single dose of a DNA vaccine derived from pathogenic SHIV(KU2) (Delta4SHIV(KU2)) induced long-lasting, potent, and polyfunctional HIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses (G. Arrode, R. Hegde, A. Mani, Y. Jin, Y. Chebloune, and O. Narayan, J. Immunol. 178:2318-2327, 2007). In the present work, we expanded the characterization of the IR induced by this DNA immunization protocol to rhesus macaques. Animals immunized with a single high dose of Delta4SHIV(KU2) DNA vaccine were monitored longitudinally for vaccine-induced IR using multiparametric flow cytometry-based assays. Interestingly, all five immunized macaques developed broad and polyfunctional HIV-specific T-cell IR that persisted for months, with an unusual reemergence in the blood following an initial decline but in the absence of antibody responses. The majority of vaccine-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells lacked gamma interferon production but showed high antigen-specific proliferation capacities. Proliferative CD8(+) T cells expressed the lytic molecule granzyme B. No integrated viral vector could be detected in mononuclear cells from immunized animals, and this high dose of DNA did not induce any detectable autoimmune responses against DNA. Taken together, our comprehensive analysis demonstrated for the first time the capacity of a single high dose of HIV DNA vaccine alone to induce long-lasting and polyfunctional T-cell responses in the nonhuman primate model, bringing new insights for the design of future HIV vaccines.
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Tang CK, Pietersz GA. Intracellular detection and immune signaling pathways of DNA vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:1161-70. [PMID: 19722890 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parallel to attenuated and subunit vaccines, DNA vaccines require adjuvant signals in addition to antigen presentation for the induction of adaptive immune responses. As opposed to common beliefs, increasing evidence is showing that Toll-like receptor 9 activation by CpG motifs present in DNA vaccines are not vital for the induction of immune responses in vivo. Investigations on the signaling pathways of the adjuvant effect mediated by DNA vaccines have revealed other important mediators. DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors (DAI) and absent in melanoma (AIM)2 were recently identified as cytosolic DNA sensors that respond with the release of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokines. Both are distinct molecules with different signaling pathways. AIM2 acts through inflammasomes to activate caspase-1, whilst DAI activates the transcription factors, NF-kappaB and interferon regulatory factor 3. Most significantly, the noncanonical IkappaB kinase, TANK-binding kinase-1, was identified as the essential signaling component in DNA vaccines that is responsible for the generation of immune responses. This review provides an update on the cellular detection and the subsequent signaling pathways mediated by DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Kit Tang
- Bio-organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Centre of Immunology, Burnet Institute, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct (AMREP), Victoria, Australia.
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Cashman SB, Morgan JG. Transcriptional analysis of Toll-like receptors expression in M cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:365-72. [PMID: 19781788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
M cells are located in the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches (PPs) in the small intestine, where they mediate the uptake and transcytosis of luminal antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissue. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as key mediators in the innate immune response by recognising pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) expressed by microorganisms. TLRs have previously been shown to be differentially expressed in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study PP were harvested from BALB/c mice. Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UAE-1) positive M cells were isolated from FAE and the expression of TLR1-9 transcripts in M cells, FAE and villus epithelium (VE) was compared by quantitative real-time PCR. Transcripts for TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 were found to be expressed at a high level in M cells in comparison to VE, with no transcripts being detected in the FAE. TLR3 and TLR6 were not found to be expressed in M cells or in the FAE. TLR5 and TLR7 were found to be expressed at a higher level in FAE compared to M cells. TLR9, which recognises unmethylated CpG DNA of bacteria and viruses and TLR8, which recognises ssRNA, were found to be preferentially expressed in M cells compared to FAE and VE.
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Rhee EG, Barouch DH. Translational Mini-Review Series on Vaccines for HIV: Harnessing innate immunity for HIV vaccine development. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 157:174-80. [PMID: 19604256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is critical for shaping vaccine-elicited adaptive immune responses. Several classes of immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors and cytosolic DNA receptors mediate important innate immune pathways and provide potential targets for novel adjuvant development. Understanding how innate immunity modulates adaptive immune responses will probably be important for optimizing vaccine candidates. Here, we review recent advances in innate immunity, focusing upon their potential applications in developing adjuvants and vectors for HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Rhee
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Manicassamy S, Pulendran B. Modulation of adaptive immunity with Toll-like receptors. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:185-93. [PMID: 19502082 PMCID: PMC4125416 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their role in sensing infections represents one of the most seminal advances in immunology in recent years. It is now clear that TLRs play a fundamental role in innate recognition of microbes, and stimulate and tune the quality of the adaptive immune response. However, major knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of how TLRs regulate the development and persistence of T- and B-cell memory. Here, we review our current understanding of how TLR-signaling shapes the adaptive immune response, and highlight unanswered questions, the solution of which will be imperative in the rational exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design and immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pathology, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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