1
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Ethgen LM, Pastore C, Lin C, Reed DR, Hung LY, Douglas B, Sinker D, Herbert DR, Belle NM. A Trefoil factor 3-Lingo2 axis restrains proliferative expansion of type-1 T helper cells during GI nematode infection. Mucosal Immunol 2024; 17:238-256. [PMID: 38336020 PMCID: PMC11086637 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Host defense at the mucosal interface requires collaborative interactions between diverse cell lineages. Epithelial cells damaged by microbial invaders release reparative proteins such as the Trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides that functionally restore barrier integrity. However, whether TFF peptides and their receptors also serve instructive roles for immune cell function during infection is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that the intestinal trefoil factor, TFF3, restrains (T cell helper) TH1 cell proliferation and promotes host-protective type 2 immunity against the gastrointestinal parasitic nematode Trichuris muris. Accordingly, T cell-specific deletion of the TFF3 receptor, leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin containing nogo receptor 2 (LINGO2), impairs TH2 cell commitment, allows proliferative expansion of interferon (IFN)g+ cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ TH1 cells and blocks normal worm expulsion through an IFNg-dependent mechanism. This study indicates that TFF3, in addition to its known tissue reparative functions, drives anti-helminth immunity by controlling the balance between TH1/TH2 subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Ethgen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Pastore
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Li-Yin Hung
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bonnie Douglas
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dominic Sinker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - De'Broski R Herbert
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nicole M Belle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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2
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Newman R, Tolar P. Chronic calcium signaling in IgE + B cells limits plasma cell differentiation and survival. Immunity 2021; 54:2756-2771.e10. [PMID: 34879220 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to other antibody isotypes, B cells switched to IgE respond transiently and do not give rise to long-lived plasma cells (PCs) or memory B cells. To better understand IgE-BCR-mediated control of IgE responses, we developed whole-genome CRISPR screening that enabled comparison of IgE+ and IgG1+ B cell requirements for proliferation, survival, and differentiation into PCs. IgE+ PCs exhibited dependency on the PI3K-mTOR axis that increased protein amounts of the transcription factor IRF4. In contrast, loss of components of the calcium-calcineurin-NFAT pathway promoted IgE+ PC differentiation. Mice bearing a B cell-specific deletion of calcineurin B1 exhibited increased production of IgE+ PCs. Mechanistically, sustained elevation of intracellular calcium in IgE+ PCs downstream of the IgE-BCR promoted BCL2L11-dependent apoptosis. Thus, chronic calcium signaling downstream of the IgE-BCR controls the self-limiting character of IgE responses and may be relevant to the accumulation of IgE-producing cells in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Newman
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Pavel Tolar
- Immune Receptor Activation Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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3
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Müller-Winkler J, Mitter R, Rappe JCF, Vanes L, Schweighoffer E, Mohammadi H, Wack A, Tybulewicz VLJ. Critical requirement for BCR, BAFF, and BAFFR in memory B cell survival. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211510. [PMID: 33119032 PMCID: PMC7604764 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) are long-lived cells that form a critical part of immunological memory, providing rapid antibody responses to recurring infections. However, very little is known about signals controlling MBC survival. Previous work has shown that antigen is not required for MBC survival, but a requirement for the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) has not been tested. Other studies have shown that, unlike naive B cells, MBCs do not express BAFFR and their survival is independent of BAFF, the ligand for BAFFR. Here, using inducible genetic ablation, we show that survival of MBCs is critically dependent on the BCR and on signaling through the associated CD79A protein. Unexpectedly, we found that MBCs express BAFFR and that their survival requires BAFF and BAFFR; hence, loss of BAFF or BAFFR impairs recall responses. Finally, we show that MBC survival requires IKK2, a kinase that transduces BAFFR signals. Thus, MBC survival is critically dependent on signaling from BCR and BAFFR.
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4
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Sasanuma H, Ozawa M, Yoshida N. RNA-binding protein Ptbp1 is essential for BCR-mediated antibody production. Int Immunol 2020; 31:157-166. [PMID: 30476084 PMCID: PMC6400050 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein polypyrimidine tract-binding protein-1 (Ptbp1) binds to the pyrimidine-rich sequence of target RNA and controls gene expression via post-transcriptional regulation such as alternative splicing. Although Ptbp1 is highly expressed in B lymphocytes, its role to date is largely unknown. To clarify the role of Ptbp1 in B-cell development and function, we generated B-cell-specific Ptbp1-deficient (P1BKO) mice. B-cell development in the bone marrow, spleen and peritoneal cavity of the P1BKO mice was nearly normal. However, the P1BKO mice had significantly lower levels of natural antibodies in serum compared with those of the control mice. To investigate the effect of Ptbp1 deficiency on the immune response in vivo, we immunized the P1BKO mice with T-cell-independent type-2 (TI-2) antigen NP-Ficoll and T-cell-dependent (TD) antigen NP-CGG. We found that B-cell-specific Ptbp1 deficiency causes an immunodeficiency phenotype due to defective production of antibody against both TI-2 and TD antigen. This immunodeficiency was accompanied by impaired B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated B-cell activation and plasmablast generation. These findings demonstrate that Ptbp1 is essential for the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sasanuma
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Reproductive Systems Biology, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Yoshida
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Moriyama S, Adachi Y, Tonouchi K, Takahashi Y. Memory B Cells in Local and Systemic Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:55-62. [PMID: 32323269 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells are a key cellular component of the protective humoral responses to infectious pathogens. Most of our knowledge of memory B-cell responses comes from studies using mono-epitopic model antigens that elicit systemic humoral responses dominated by canonical B-cell antigen receptors. This approach successfully dissected the systemic responses of memory B cells and greatly advanced our understanding of memory B-cell formation, maintenance, and reactivation to re-invading antigens in the secondary lymphoid organs. However, the canonical memory B-cell responses fail to fully recapitulate the heterogeneity of the protective memory responses. Indeed, accumulating studies using "natural" antigens and live pathogens have uncovered new aspects of memory B-cell responses, which are achieved by memory B cells with different phenotypes, tissue residence, and responsiveness to antigen stimulation. Such non-canonical memory B-cell responses are frequently observed in local sites where live pathogens initially infect and replicate. Importantly, the local memory B-cell responses often serve as the first line of defense against re-infecting pathogens, thereby playing an essential role in controlling the pathogens. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the systemic and local memory B-cell responses in the humoral protective immunity against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Moriyama
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Yu Adachi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tonouchi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsucho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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6
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Novice T, Kariminia A, Del Bel KL, Lu H, Sharma M, Lim CJ, Read J, Lugt MV, Hannibal MC, O'Dwyer D, Hosler M, Scharnitz T, Rizzo JM, Zacur J, Priatel J, Abdossamadi S, Bohm A, Junker A, Turvey SE, Schultz KR, Rozmus J. A Germline Mutation in the C2 Domain of PLCγ2 Associated with Gain-of-Function Expands the Phenotype for PLCG2-Related Diseases. J Clin Immunol 2019; 40:267-276. [PMID: 31853824 PMCID: PMC7086538 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report three new cases of a germline heterozygous gain-of-function missense (p.(Met1141Lys)) mutation in the C2 domain of phospholipase C gamma 2 (PLCG2) associated with symptoms consistent with previously described auto-inflammation and phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2)-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) syndrome and pediatric common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). Functional evaluation showed platelet hyper-reactivity, increased B cell receptor-triggered calcium influx and ERK phosphorylation. Expression of the altered p.(Met1141Lys) variant in a PLCγ2-knockout DT40 cell line showed clearly enhanced BCR-triggered influx of external calcium when compared to control-transfected cells. Our results further expand the molecular basis of pediatric CVID and phenotypic spectrum of PLCγ2-related defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Novice
- University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amina Kariminia
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kate L Del Bel
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Henry Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mehul Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chinten J Lim
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jay Read
- Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Vander Lugt
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark C Hannibal
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism & Genomic Medicine, Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mirie Hosler
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas Scharnitz
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason M Rizzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Zacur
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Priatel
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sayeh Abdossamadi
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra Bohm
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Anne Junker
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stuart E Turvey
- Division of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jacob Rozmus
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, Canada.
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7
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Afroz S, Shama, Battu S, Matin S, Solouki S, Elmore JP, Minhas G, Huang W, August A, Khan N. Amino acid starvation enhances vaccine efficacy by augmenting neutralizing antibody production. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/607/eaav4717. [PMID: 31719173 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Specific reduction in the intake of proteins or amino acids (AAs) offers enormous health benefits, including increased life span, protection against age-associated disorders, and improved metabolic fitness and immunity. Cells respond to conditions of AA starvation by activating the amino acid starvation response (AAR). Here, we showed that mimicking AAR with halofuginone (HF) enhanced the magnitude and affinity of neutralizing, antigen-specific antibody responses in mice immunized with dengue virus envelope domain III protein (DENVrEDIII), a potent vaccine candidate against DENV. HF enhanced the formation of germinal centers (GCs) and increased the production of the cytokine IL-10 in the secondary lymphoid organs of vaccinated mice. Furthermore, HF promoted the transcription of genes associated with memory B cell formation and maintenance and maturation of GCs in the draining lymph nodes of vaccinated mice. The increased abundance of IL-10 in HF-preconditioned mice correlated with enhanced GC responses and may promote the establishment of long-lived plasma cells that secrete antigen-specific, high-affinity antibodies. Thus, these data suggest that mimetics of AA starvation could provide an alternative strategy to augment the efficacy of vaccines against dengue and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Afroz
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Shama
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Srikanth Battu
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Shaikh Matin
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica P Elmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gillipsie Minhas
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nooruddin Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046 Telangana, India.
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8
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Pediatric Evans syndrome is associated with a high frequency of potentially damaging variants in immune genes. Blood 2019; 134:9-21. [PMID: 30940614 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-11-887141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare severe autoimmune disorder characterized by the combination of autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia. In most cases, the underlying cause is unknown. We sought to identify genetic defects in pediatric ES (pES), based on a hypothesis of strong genetic determinism. In a national, prospective cohort of 203 patients with early-onset ES (median [range] age at last follow-up: 16.3 years ([1.2-41.0 years]) initiated in 2004, 80 nonselected consecutive individuals underwent genetic testing. The clinical data were analyzed as a function of the genetic findings. Fifty-two patients (65%) received a genetic diagnosis (the M+ group): 49 carried germline mutations and 3 carried somatic variants. Thirty-two (40%) had pathogenic mutations in 1 of 9 genes known to be involved in primary immunodeficiencies (TNFRSF6, CTLA4, STAT3, PIK3CD, CBL, ADAR1, LRBA, RAG1, and KRAS), whereas 20 patients (25%) carried probable pathogenic variants in 16 genes that had not previously been reported in the context of autoimmune disease. Lastly, no genetic abnormalities were found in the remaining 28 patients (35%, the M- group). The M+ group displayed more severe disease than the M- group, with a greater frequency of additional immunopathologic manifestations and a greater median number of lines of treatment. Six patients (all from the M+ group) died during the study. In conclusion, pES was potentially genetically determined in at least 65% of cases. Systematic, wide-ranging genetic screening should be offered in pES; the genetic findings have prognostic significance and may guide the choice of a targeted treatment.
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9
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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10
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Mendoza P, Martínez-Martín N, Bovolenta ER, Reyes-Garau D, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Delgado P, Diaz-Muñoz MD, Oeste CL, Fernández-Pisonero I, Castellano E, Martínez-Ruiz A, Alonso-Lopez D, Santos E, Bustelo XR, Kurosaki T, Alarcón B. R-Ras2 is required for germinal center formation to aid B cells during energetically demanding processes. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/532/eaal1506. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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11
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Wan Z, Xu C, Chen X, Xie H, Li Z, Wang J, Ji X, Chen H, Ji Q, Shaheen S, Xu Y, Wang F, Tang Z, Zheng JS, Chen W, Lou J, Liu W. PI(4,5)P2 determines the threshold of mechanical force-induced B cell activation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:2565-2582. [PMID: 29685902 PMCID: PMC6028545 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201711055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocytes use B cell receptors (BCRs) to sense the chemical and physical features of antigens. The activation of isotype-switched IgG-BCR by mechanical force exhibits a distinct sensitivity and threshold in comparison with IgM-BCR. However, molecular mechanisms governing these differences remain to be identified. In this study, we report that the low threshold of IgG-BCR activation by mechanical force is highly dependent on tethering of the cytoplasmic tail of the IgG-BCR heavy chain (IgG-tail) to the plasma membrane. Mechanistically, we show that the positively charged residues in the IgG-tail play a crucial role by highly enriching phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-biphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) into the membrane microdomains of IgG-BCRs. Indeed, manipulating the amounts of PI(4,5)P2 within IgG-BCR membrane microdomains significantly altered the threshold and sensitivity of IgG-BCR activation. Our results reveal a lipid-dependent mechanism for determining the threshold of IgG-BCR activation by mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpeng Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenguang Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyi Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyu Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinghua Ji
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Samina Shaheen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuo Tang
- Natural Products Research Center, Chengdu Institution of Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu, China
| | - Ji-Shen Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jizhong Lou
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Beijing, China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular & Molecular Immunology; University Medical Center Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
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13
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Roselli G, Martini E, Lougaris V, Badolato R, Viola A, Kallikourdis M. CXCL12 Mediates Aberrant Costimulation of B Lymphocytes in Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1068. [PMID: 28928741 PMCID: PMC5591327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Warts, Hypogammaglobulinemia, Infections, Myelokathexis (WHIM) syndrome is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in chemokine receptor CXCR4. WHIM patient adaptive immunity defects remain largely unexplained. We have previously shown that WHIM-mutant T cells form unstable immunological synapses, affecting T cell activation. Here, we show that, in WHIM patients and WHIM CXCR4 knock-in mice, B cells are more apoptosis prone. Intriguingly, WHIM-mutant B cells were also characterized by spontaneous activation. Searching for a mechanistic explanation for these observations, we uncovered a novel costimulatory effect of CXCL12, the CXCR4 ligand, on WHIM-mutant but not wild-type B cells. The WHIM CXCR4-mediated costimulation led to increased B-cell activation, possibly involving mTOR, albeit without concurrently promoting survival. A reduction in antigenic load during immunization in the mouse was able to circumvent the adaptive immunity defects. These results suggest that WHIM-mutant CXCR4 may lead to spontaneous aberrant B-cell activation, via CXCL12-mediated costimulation, impairing B-cell survival and thus possibly contributing to the WHIM syndrome defects in adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Roselli
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisa Martini
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Vassilios Lougaris
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Badolato
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Molecular Medicine Angelo Nocivelli, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Marinos Kallikourdis
- Adaptive Immunity Laboratory, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas University, Rozzano, Italy
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14
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Abstract
We comprehensively review memory B cells (MBCs), covering the definition of MBCs and their identities and subsets, how MBCs are generated, where they are localized, how they are maintained, and how they are reactivated. Whereas naive B cells adopt multiple fates upon stimulation, MBCs are more restricted in their responses. Evolving work reveals that the MBC compartment in mice and humans consists of distinct subpopulations with differing effector functions. We discuss the various approaches to define subsets and subset-specific roles. A major theme is the need to both deliver faster effector function upon reexposure and readapt to antigenically variant pathogens while avoiding burnout, which would be the result if all MBCs generated only terminal effector function. We discuss cell-intrinsic differences in gene expression and signaling that underlie differences in function between MBCs and naive B cells and among MBC subsets and how this leads to memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
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15
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Lee P, Zhu Z, Hachmann J, Nojima T, Kitamura D, Salvesen G, Rickert RC. Differing Requirements for MALT1 Function in Peripheral B Cell Survival and Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1066-1080. [PMID: 28031341 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During a T cell-dependent immune response, formation of the germinal center (GC) is essential for the generation of high-affinity plasma cells and memory B cells. The canonical NF-κB pathway has been implicated in the initiation of GC reaction, and defects in this pathway have been linked to immune deficiencies. The paracaspase MALT1 plays an important role in regulating NF-κB activation upon triggering of Ag receptors. Although previous studies have reported that MALT1 deficiency abrogates the GC response, the relative contribution of B cells and T cells to the defective phenotype remains unclear. We used chimeric mouse models to demonstrate that MALT1 function is required in B cells for GC formation. This role is restricted to BCR signaling where MALT1 is critical for B cell proliferation and survival. Moreover, the proapoptotic signal transmitted in the absence of MALT1 is dominant to the prosurvival effects of T cell-derived stimuli. In addition to GC B cell differentiation, MALT1 is required for plasma cell differentiation, but not mitogenic responses. Lastly, we show that ectopic expression of Bcl-2 can partially rescue the GC phenotype in MALT1-deficient animals by prolonging the lifespan of BCR-activated B cells, but plasma cell differentiation and Ab production remain defective. Thus, our data uncover previously unappreciated aspects of MALT1 function in B cells and highlight its importance in humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Lee
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zilu Zhu
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Janna Hachmann
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Division of Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Guy Salvesen
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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16
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Lutz J, Dittmann K, Bösl MR, Winkler TH, Wienands J, Engels N. Reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells by BCR-intrinsic signal amplification promotes IgG antibody production. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8575. [PMID: 26815242 PMCID: PMC4633962 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary antibody responses are marked by faster kinetics, improved antibody affinity and a switch from IgM to other immunoglobulin isotypes, most notably IgG, compared with primary responses. These changes protect from reinfection and represent the principle of most vaccination strategies. Yet, the molecular mechanisms that underlie B-cell memory responses are unclear. Here we show, by inactivating the immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT) signalling motif of membrane-bound IgG1 in the mouse, that the ITT facilitates maintenance and reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells in vivo. The ITT motif equips IgG-switched cells with enhanced BCR signalling capacity, which supports their competitiveness in secondary immune reactions and drives the formation of IgG-secreting plasma cells even in the absence of T-cell help. Our results demonstrate that ITT signalling promotes the vigorous production of IgG antibodies and thus provide a molecular basis for humoral immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lutz
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Dittmann
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael R Bösl
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Transgenic Core Facility, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Hematopoiesis Unit, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Todo K, Koga O, Nishikawa M, Hikida M. Modulation of Igβ is essential for the B cell selection in germinal center. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10303. [PMID: 25980548 PMCID: PMC4650814 DOI: 10.1038/srep10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The positive and negative selection of antigen-reactive B cells take place in the germinal center (GC) during an immune responses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these selection machineries, including the involvement of antigen receptor signaling molecules, remain to be elucidated. We found that expression levels of Igα and Igβ, which are the essential components of B cell antigen-receptor complex, were differentially regulated in GC B cells and that the expression of Igβ was more prominently down-regulated in a portion of GC B cells. The suppression of Igβ down-regulation reduced the number of GL7(+)GC B cells and the affinity maturation in T-dependent responses was markedly impaired. In addition, the disease phenotypes in autoimmune-prone mice were ameliorated by blocking of Igβ down-regulation. These results suggest that Igβ down-regulation is involved in the normal positive selection in GC and the accumulation of autoreactive B cells in autoimmune-prone mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagefumi Todo
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Orie Koga
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Miwako Nishikawa
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Hikida
- Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Wienands J, Engels N. The Memory Function of the B Cell Antigen Receptor. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:107-121. [PMID: 26362935 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated B lymphocytes preserve their antigen experience by differentiating into long-lived pools of antibody-secreting plasma cells or various types of memory B cells (MBCs). The former population constantly produces serum immunoglobulins with sufficient specificity and affinity to thwart infections with recurrent pathogens. By contrast, memory B cell populations retain their antigen receptors on the cell surface and hence need pathogen-induced differentiation steps before they can actively contribute to host defense. The terminal differentiation of MBCs into antibody-secreting plasma cells is hallmarked by the absence of the lag phase characteristic for primary antibody responses. Moreover, secondary antibody responses are predominantly driven by MBCs that bear an antigen receptor of the IgG class on their surface although IgM-positive memory populations exist as well. These fundamental principles of B cell memory were enigmatic for decades. Only recently, we have begun to understand the underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes our current understanding of how different subpopulations of MBCs are generated during primary immune responses and how their functional heterogeneity on antigen recall is controlled by different signaling capabilities of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) isotypes and by the nature of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wienands
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Niklas Engels
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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20
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Engels N, König LM, Schulze W, Radtke D, Vanshylla K, Lutz J, Winkler TH, Nitschke L, Wienands J. The immunoglobulin tail tyrosine motif upgrades memory-type BCRs by incorporating a Grb2-Btk signalling module. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5456. [PMID: 25413232 PMCID: PMC4263166 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vigorous response of IgG-switched memory B cells to recurring pathogens involves enhanced signalling from their B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). However, the molecular signal amplification mechanisms of memory-type BCRs remained unclear. Here, we identify the immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT) motif in the cytoplasmic segments of membrane-bound IgGs (mIgGs) as the principle signal amplification device of memory-type BCRs in higher vertebrates and decipher its signalling microanatomy. We show that different families of protein tyrosine kinases act upstream and downstream of the ITT. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activity is required for ITT phosphorylation followed by recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2 into the mIgG-BCR signalosome. Grb2 in turn recruits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) to amplify BCR-induced Ca(2+) mobilization. This molecular interplay of kinases and adaptors increases the antigen sensitivity of memory-type BCRs, which provides a cell-intrinsic trigger mechanism for the rapid reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells on antigen recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars M. König
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schulze
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Hematopoiesis Unit, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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Grund LZ, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. The hierarchical process of differentiation of long-lived antibody-secreting cells is dependent on integrated signals derived from antigen and IL-17A. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74566. [PMID: 24058589 PMCID: PMC3776816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Switched CD19-positive memory B cells purified from mice with chronic immune response against Thalassophrynenattereri venom proteins were cultured with venom or cytokines. Our results confirm the existence of a hierarchic process of differentiation: activated memory B cells progressively acquire increasing levels of CD138 and decreasing levels of CD45R/B220 to finally arrive at ASC with B220neg phenotype, which are IgG1-secreting cells. Only Bmem from peritoneal cavity or bone marrow of VTn immunized mice presented the capacity to generate ASC functionally active. IL-17A or IL-21/IL-23/IL-33 improves the ability of venom to induce intracellular IgG of peritoneal derived-ASC. Cognate stimulation with venom and IL-17A is sufficient to down-regulate the expression of CD45R/B220. BAFF-R is up-regulated in splenic or medullar derived-ASC stimulated by venom, CpG or cytokines. Only splenic derived-ASC up-regulate Bcl-2 expression after CpG or the combination of IL-21/IL-23/IL-33 stimulation. Finally, the activation of ASC for IgG1 secretion is triggered by venom proteins in peritoneal cavity and by IL-17A in medullar niche. These results show the importance of the integration of signals downstream of BCR and IL17-A receptors in modulating ASC differentiation, focusing in the microenvironment niche of their generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CEPID/FAPESP), Butantan Institute and Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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22
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The CXCR4 mutations in WHIM syndrome impair the stability of the T-cell immunologic synapse. Blood 2013; 122:666-73. [PMID: 23794067 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-10-461830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
WHIM (warts, hypogammaglobulinemia, infections, myelokathexis) syndrome is a rare disease characterized by diverse symptoms indicative of aberrantly functioning immunity. It is caused by mutations in the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which impair its intracellular trafficking, leading to increased responsiveness to chemokine ligand and retention of neutrophils in bone marrow. Yet WHIM symptoms related to adaptive immunity, such as delayed IgG switching and impaired memory B-cell function, remain largely unexplained. We hypothesized that the WHIM-associated mutations in CXCR4 may affect the formation of immunologic synapses between T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). We show that, in the presence of competing external chemokine signals, the stability of T-APC conjugates from patients with WHIM-mutant CXCR4 is disrupted as a result of impaired recruitment of the mutant receptor to the immunologic synapse. Using retrogenic mice that develop WHIM-mutant T cells, we show that WHIM-mutant CXCR4 inhibits the formation of long-lasting T-APC interactions in ex vivo lymph node slice time-lapse microscopy. These findings demonstrate that chemokine receptors can affect T-APC synapse stability and allow us to propose a novel mechanism that contributes to the adaptive immune response defects in WHIM patients.
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Tyrosine kinase inhibitors impair B-cell immune responses in CML through off-target inhibition of kinases important for cell signaling. Blood 2013; 122:227-38. [PMID: 23719297 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-465039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have significant off-target multikinase inhibitory effects. We aimed to study the impact of TKIs on the in vivo B-cell response to vaccination. Cellular and humoral responses to influenza and pneumococcal vaccines were evaluated in 51 chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients on imatinib, or second-line dasatinib and nilotinib, and 24 controls. Following vaccination, CML patients on TKI had significant impairment of IgM humoral response to pneumococcus compared with controls (IgM titer 79.0 vs 200 U/mL, P = .0006), associated with significantly lower frequencies of peripheral blood IgM memory B cells. To elucidate whether CML itself or treatment with TKI was responsible for the impaired humoral response, we assessed memory B-cell subsets in paired samples collected before and after imatinib therapy. Treatment with imatinib was associated with significant reductions in IgM memory B cells. In vitro coincubation of B cells with plasma from CML patients on TKI or with imatinib, dasatinib, or nilotinib induced significant and dose-dependent inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase and indirectly its downstream substrate, phospholipase-C-γ2, both important in B-cell signaling and survival. These data indicate that TKIs, through off-target inhibition of kinases important in B-cell signaling, reduce memory B-cell frequencies and induce significant impairment of B-cell responses in CML.
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24
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Sweet RA, Cullen JL, Shlomchik MJ. Rheumatoid factor B cell memory leads to rapid, switched antibody-forming cell responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1974-81. [PMID: 23365079 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
B cells are critical in the initiation and maintenance of lupus. Autoreactive B cells clonally expand, isotype switch, and mutate--properties associated with memory B cells (MBCs), which are typically generated via germinal centers. The development and functions of autoreactive MBCs in lupus are poorly understood. Moreover, mounting evidence implicates the extrafollicular (EF) response in the generation of switched and mutated autoantibodies that are driven by BCR and TLR corecognition, raising the question of whether MBCs are generated in this context. In this study, we investigated autoreactive MBC generation associated with this type of response. We transferred B cells from AM14 site-directed BCR transgenic mice into nontransgenic normal recipients and elicited an EF response with anti-chromatin Ab, as in prior studies. By following the fate of the stimulated cells at late time points, we found that AM14 B cells persisted at increased frequency for up to 7 wk. Furthermore, these cells had divided in response to Ag but were subsequently quiescent, with a subset expressing the memory marker CD73. These cells engendered rapid, isotype-switched secondary plasmablast responses upon restimulation. Both memory and rapid secondary responses required T cell help to develop, emphasizing the need for T-B collaboration for long-term self-reactivity. Thus, using this model system, we show that the EF response generated persistent and functional MBCs that share some, but not all, of the characteristics of traditional MBCs. Such cells could play a role in chronic or flaring autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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25
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Critical role of SAP in progression and reactivation but not maintenance of T cell-dependent humoral immunity. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1223-32. [PMID: 23319045 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01591-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP) is a small adaptor molecule mutated in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease, a human immunodeficiency. SAP plays a critical role in the initiation of T cell-dependent B cell responses leading to germinal center reaction, the production of high-affinity antibodies, and B cell memory. However, whether SAP has a role in these responses beyond their initiation is not known. It is important to address this matter not only for mechanistic reasons but also because blockade of the SAP pathway is being contemplated as a means to treat autoimmune diseases in humans. Using an inducibly SAP deficient mouse, we found that SAP was required not only for the initiation but also for the progression of primary T cell-driven B cell responses to haptens. It was also necessary for the reactivation of T cell-dependent B cell immunity during secondary immune responses. These activities consistently correlated with the requirement of SAP for full expression of the lineage commitment factor Bcl-6 in follicular T helper (T(FH)) cells. However, once memory B cells and long-lived antibody-secreting cells were established, SAP became dispensable for maintaining T cell-dependent B cell responses. Thus, SAP is pivotal for nearly all phases, but not for maintenance, of T cell-driven B cell humoral immunity. These findings may have implications for the treatment of immune disorders by targeting the SAP pathway.
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Schneider C, Teufel A, Yevsa T, Staib F, Hohmeyer A, Walenda G, Zimmermann HW, Vucur M, Huss S, Gassler N, Wasmuth HE, Lira SA, Zender L, Luedde T, Trautwein C, Tacke F. Adaptive immunity suppresses formation and progression of diethylnitrosamine-induced liver cancer. Gut 2012; 61:1733-43. [PMID: 22267597 PMCID: PMC4533880 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation-associated cancer, but may also provoke antitumour immune responses whose significance and underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. OBJECTIVE To characterise immune responses in the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-liver cancer mouse model. DESIGN Tumour development and immune cell functions upon DEN treatment were compared between C57BL/6 wild-type (WT), chemokine scavenging receptor D6-deficient, B cell- (Igh6), CD4 T cell- (MHC-II) and T-/B cell-deficient (Rag1) mice. Relevance for human HCC was tested by comparing gene array results from 139 HCC tissues. RESULTS The induction of premalignant lesions after 24 weeks and of HCC-like tumours after 42 weeks by DEN in mice was accompanied by significant leucocyte infiltration in the liver and upregulation of distinct intrahepatic chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL9). Macrophages and CD8 (cytotoxic) T cells were most prominently enriched in tumour-bearing livers, similar to samples from human HCC. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) increased in extrahepatic compartments of DEN-treated mice (bone marrow, spleen). The contribution of immune cell subsets for DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis was functionally dissected. In D6(-/-) mice, which lack the chemokine scavenging receptor D6, hepatic macrophage infiltration was significantly increased, but tumour formation and progression did not differ from that of WT mice. In contrast, progression of hepatic tumours (numbers, diameters, tumour load) was strikingly enhanced in T-/B cell-deficient Rag1(-/-) mice upon DEN treatment. When mice deficient for B cells (Igh6(-/-), μMT) or major histocompatibility complex II were used, the data indicated that T cells prevent initial tumour formation, while B cells critically limit growth of established tumours. Accordingly, in tumour-bearing mice antibody production against liver-related model antigen was enhanced, indicating tumour-associated B cell activation. In agreement, T and B cell pathways were differentially regulated in gene array analyses from 139 human HCC tissues and significantly associated with patients' survival. CONCLUSIONS Distinct axes of the adaptive immune system, which are also prognostic in human HCC, actively suppress DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis by controlling tumour formation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Schneider
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Department of Medicine I, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tetyana Yevsa
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Staib
- Department of Medicine I, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anja Hohmeyer
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gudrun Walenda
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Huss
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hermann E Wasmuth
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sergio A Lira
- Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Centre, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lars Zender
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, RWTH-Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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27
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Shin J, Zhang P, Wang S, Wu J, Guan Z, Zhong XP. Negative control of mast cell degranulation and the anaphylactic response by the phosphatase lipin1. Eur J Immunol 2012; 43:240-8. [PMID: 23065777 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases; however, how mast cell function is regulated is still not well understood. Both phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) are important secondary messengers involved in mast cell activ-ation. Lipin1 is a phosphatidate phosphatase that hydrolyzes PA to produce DAG, but the role of lipin1 in mast cell function has been thus far unknown. Here we show that lipin1 is an important and selective inhibitor of mast cell degranulation. Lipin1 deficiency enhanced FcεRI-mediated β-hexosaminidase and prostaglandin D2 release from mast cells in vitro and exacerbated the passive systemic anaphylaxis reaction in vivo. Lipin1 deficiency, however, did not exert obvious effects on IL-6 or TNF-α production following FcεRI engagement. FcεRI-induced PKC and SNAP-23 phosphorylation were augmented in the lipin1-deficient mast cells. Moreover, inhibition of PKC activity reduced SNAP-23 phosphorylation and mast cell degranulation in lipin1-deficient mast cells. Together, our findings suggest that lipin1 may negatively control mast cell degranulation and the anaphylactic response through inhibiting the PKC-SNAP-23 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwook Shin
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Kajiwara C, Kondo S, Uda S, Dai L, Ichiyanagi T, Chiba T, Ishido S, Koji T, Udono H. Spermatogenesis arrest caused by conditional deletion of Hsp90α in adult mice. Biol Open 2012; 1:977-82. [PMID: 23213375 PMCID: PMC3507171 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2012646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is controversial whether a functional androgen receptor (AR) on germ cells, including spermatogonia, is essential for their development into sperm and, thus, initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis. It was recently shown that many spermatocytes underwent apoptosis in the testes of Hsp90α KO mice. We had generated Hsp90α KO mice independently and confirmed this phenotype. However, the important question of whether Hsp90α is required to maintain spermatogenesis in adult mice in which testicular maturation is already completed could not be addressed using these conventional KO mice. To answer this question, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible deletion mutant of Hsp90α and found that conditional deletion of Hsp90α in adult mice caused even more severe apoptosis in germ cells beyond the pachytene stage, leading to complete arrest of spermatogenesis and testicular atrophy. Importantly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AR expression in WT testis was more evident in spermatogonia than in spermatocytes, whereas its expression was aberrant and ectopic in Hsp90α KO testis, raising the possibility that an AR abnormality in primordial germ cells is involved in spermatogenesis arrest in the Hsp90α KO mice. Our results suggest that the AR, specifically chaperoned by Hsp90α in spermatogonia, is critical for maintenance of established spermatogenesis and for survival of spermatocytes in adult testis, in addition to setting the first wave of spermatogenesis before puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Kajiwara
- Laboratories for Immunochaperones, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology (RCAI), RIKEN Yokohama Institute , Yokohama 230-0045 , Japan
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Peperzak V, Vikstrom IB, Tarlinton DM. Through a glass less darkly: apoptosis and the germinal center response to antigen. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:93-106. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Davey AM, Pierce SK. Intrinsic differences in the initiation of B cell receptor signaling favor responses of human IgG(+) memory B cells over IgM(+) naive B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:3332-41. [PMID: 22379037 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of long-lived memory B cells (MBCs) is critical for the defense against many infectious diseases. Despite their importance, little is known about how Ags trigger human MBCs, even though our understanding of the molecular basis of Ag activation of B cells in model systems has advanced considerably. In this study, we use quantitative, high-resolution, live-cell imaging at the single-cell and single-molecule levels to describe the earliest Ag-driven events in human isotype-switched, IgG-expressing MBCs and compare them with those in IgM-expressing naive B cells. We show that human MBCs are more robust than naive B cells at each step in the initiation of BCR signaling, including interrogation of Ag-containing membranes, formation of submicroscopic BCR oligomers, and recruitment and activation of signaling-associated kinases. Despite their robust response to Ag, MBCs remain highly sensitive to FcγRIIB-mediated inhibition. We also demonstrate that in the absence of Ag, a portion of MBC receptors spontaneously oligomerized, and phosphorylated kinases accumulated at the membrane and speculate that heightened constitutive signaling may play a role in maintaining MBC longevity. Using high-resolution imaging, we have provided a description of the earliest events in the Ag activation of MBCs and evidence for acquired cell-intrinsic differences in the initiation of BCR signaling in human naive and MBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Davey
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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McHeyzer-Williams M, Okitsu S, Wang N, McHeyzer-Williams L. Molecular programming of B cell memory. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 12:24-34. [PMID: 22158414 DOI: 10.1038/nri3128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of high-affinity B cell memory is regulated through three separable phases, each involving antigen recognition by specific B cells and cognate T helper cells. Initially, antigen-primed B cells require cognate T cell help to gain entry into the germinal centre pathway to memory. Once in the germinal centre, B cells with variant B cell receptors must access antigens and present them to germinal centre T helper cells to enter long-lived memory B cell compartments. Following antigen recall, memory B cells require T cell help to proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells. A recent surge of information - resulting from dynamic B cell imaging in vivo and the elucidation of T follicular helper cell programmes - has reshaped the conceptual landscape surrounding the generation of memory B cells. In this Review, we integrate this new information about each phase of antigen-specific B cell development to describe the newly unravelled molecular dynamics of memory B cell programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McHeyzer-Williams
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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32
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression and are important for pre-B and follicular B lymphopoiesis as demonstrated, respectively, by mb-1-Cre- and cd19-Cre-mediated deletion of Dicer, the RNase III enzyme critical for generating mature miRNAs. To explore the role of miRNAs in B-cell terminal differentiation, we use Aicda-Cre to specifically delete Dicer in activated B cells where activation-induced cytidine deaminase is highly expressed. We demonstrate that mutant mice fail to produce high-affinity class-switched antibodies and generate memory B and long-lived plasma cells on immunization with a T cell-dependent antigen. More importantly, germinal center (GC) B-cell formation is drastically compromised in the absence of Dicer, as a result of defects in cell proliferation and survival. Dicer-deficient GC B cells express higher levels of cell cycle inhibitor genes and proapoptotic protein Bim. Ablation of Bim could partially rescue the defect in GC B-cell formation in Dicer-deficient mice. Taken together, our data suggest that Dicer and probably miRNAs are critical for GC B-cell formation during B-cell terminal differentiation.
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Yasuda T, Kometani K, Takahashi N, Imai Y, Aiba Y, Kurosaki T. ERKs induce expression of the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1 and subsequent plasma cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra25. [PMID: 21505187 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In immune cells, the positive role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in cell cycle progression and survival is well established; however, it is unclear whether ERK signaling plays a role in cell differentiation. Here, we report that ERKs are essential for the differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells and that ERKs induce the expression of Prdm1, which encodes Blimp-1, a transcriptional repressor and "master regulator" of plasma cell differentiation. Transgenic mice with conditional deletion of both ERK1 and ERK2 in germinal center (GC) B cells lacked plasma cells differentiated after GC formation, and memory B cells from these mice failed to differentiate into plasma cells. In addition, ERK1- and ERK2-deficient B cells exhibited impaired Prdm1 expression upon stimulation with antibody against CD40 in the presence of interleukin-4; conversely, enforced expression of Prdm1 in ERK1- and ERK2-deficient B cells restored the generation of plasma cells. Thus, our study suggests that cytokines stimulate ERKs to induce the production of Blimp-1 and that ERKs thereby contribute to the process of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Yasuda
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Kasturi SP, Skountzou I, Albrecht RA, Koutsonanos D, Hua T, Nakaya H, Ravindran R, Stewart S, Alam M, Kwissa M, Villinger F, Murthy N, Steel J, Jacob J, Hogan RJ, García-Sastre A, Compans R, Pulendran B. Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity. Nature 2011; 470:543-7. [PMID: 21350488 PMCID: PMC3057367 DOI: 10.1038/nature09737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many successful vaccines induce persistent antibody responses that can last a lifetime. The mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear, but emerging evidence indicates that they activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). For example, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D, one of the most successful empiric vaccines ever developed, activates dendritic cells via multiple TLRs to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. Triggering specific combinations of TLRs in dendritic cells can induce synergistic production of cytokines, which results in enhanced T-cell responses, but its impact on antibody responses remain unknown. Learning the critical parameters of innate immunity that program such antibody responses remains a major challenge in vaccinology. Here we demonstrate that immunization of mice with synthetic nanoparticles containing antigens plus ligands that signal through TLR4 and TLR7 induces synergistic increases in antigen-specific, neutralizing antibodies compared to immunization with nanoparticles containing antigens plus a single TLR ligand. Consistent with this there was enhanced persistence of germinal centres and of plasma-cell responses, which persisted in the lymph nodes for >1.5 years. Surprisingly, there was no enhancement of the early short-lived plasma-cell response relative to that observed with single TLR ligands. Molecular profiling of activated B cells, isolated 7 days after immunization, indicated that there was early programming towards B-cell memory. Antibody responses were dependent on direct triggering of both TLRs on B cells and dendritic cells, as well as on T-cell help. Immunization protected completely against lethal avian and swine influenza virus strains in mice, and induced robust immunity against pandemic H1N1 influenza in rhesus macaques.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Immunity, Innate/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Lactic Acid
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Macaca mulatta/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Plasma Cells/cytology
- Plasma Cells/immunology
- Plasma Cells/metabolism
- Polyglycolic Acid
- Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/immunology
- Toll-Like Receptors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Pai Kasturi
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Tang Hua
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
| | - Helder Nakaya
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
| | - Rajesh Ravindran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
| | - Shelley Stewart
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Marcin Kwissa
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
| | - Francois Villinger
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Niren Murthy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Robert J. Hogan
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Richard Compans
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30329
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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"A rose is a rose is a rose," but CVID is Not CVID common variable immune deficiency (CVID), what do we know in 2011? Adv Immunol 2011; 111:47-107. [PMID: 21970952 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385991-4.00002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the commonest symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and represents a heterogenous collection of disorders resulting mostly in antibody deficiency and recurrent infections. However, autoimmunity, granulomatous inflammation and malignancy frequently occur as part of the syndrome. The etiology of the condition has been poorly understood although in recent years, significant progress has been made in elucidating genetic mechanisms that can result in a CVID phenotype. In parallel to this, advances in treatment of the condition have also resulted in improved survival and quality of life for patients. There still remains significant work to be done in improving our understanding of the disease. In addition, recognition of the condition remains poor with significant diagnostic delays and avoidable morbidity. In this article, we review CVID with a particular focus on the areas of improving diagnosis and classification, recent developments in understanding the underlying etiology and genetics; and current treatment and monitoring recommendations for patients.
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Yoshida T, Mei H, Dörner T, Hiepe F, Radbruch A, Fillatreau S, Hoyer BF. Memory B and memory plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:117-39. [PMID: 20727033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00938.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination provides a powerful means to control infections. It exploits and exemplifies the ability of the immune system to preserve the information that a specific pathogen has been encountered in the past. The cells and molecular mechanisms of immunological memory are still being discussed controversially. Here, we review the current concepts of memory B cells, the signals involved in their maintenance, and their role in enhanced secondary reactions. Memory plasma cells, secreting protective antibodies over lifetime, have been recognized only recently. Their characterization as cells resting in terms of proliferation and migration, and surviving in dedicated stromal niches, in the absence of antigen, has generated new concepts of how memory cells in general are organized by stroma cells, the 'resting memory'. In autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, memory B cells and memory plasma cells can be essential players, and they require special attention, as they do not respond to most conventional therapies. Their selective targeting will depend on a molecular understanding of their lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Yoshida
- Charité Centre 12, Clinic for Internal Medicine, Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kurosaki T, Aiba Y, Kometani K, Moriyama S, Takahashi Y. Unique properties of memory B cells of different isotypes. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:104-16. [PMID: 20727032 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00939.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Memory antibody responses are typically seen to T-cell-dependent antigens and are characterized by the rapid production of high titers of high-affinity antigen-specific antibody. The hallmark of T-cell-dependent memory B cells is their expression of a somatically mutated, isotype-switched B-cell antigen receptor, features that are mainly generated in germinal centers. Classical studies have focused on isotype-switched memory B cells (mainly IgG isotype) and demonstrated their unique intrinsic properties in terms of localization and responsiveness to antigen re-exposure. However, recent advances in monitoring antigen-experienced B cells have revealed the considerable heterogeneity of memory B cells, which include unswitched IgM(+) and/or unmutated memory B cells. The IgM and IgG type memory B cells reside in distinct locations and appear to possess distinct origins and effector functions, together orchestrating humoral memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Good-Jacobson KL, Shlomchik MJ. Plasticity and heterogeneity in the generation of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells: the influence of germinal center interactions and dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3117-25. [PMID: 20814029 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the humoral response, short-lived plasmablasts generate an early burst of Ab that probably plays an initial protective role. Simultaneously, another arm of the response is often triggered that leads to delayed effector function but long-term protection. This arm comprises the germinal center response and its products: long-lived memory B (B(mem)) cells and plasma cells (PCs). The factors that control the differentiation of PCs and B(mem) cells, as well as the composition and function of the memory compartment--how it self-renews while generating rapid secondary effector function--are poorly understood. Recent work in mice and humans is beginning to illuminate these issues. We review this progress, with emphasis on events in the germinal center, especially B-T interactions, which influence the development of memory and PC compartments and on B(mem) cell heterogeneity that may underlie flexibility and self-renewal of long-lived humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Good-Jacobson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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39
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Abstract
Decades of high-titered antibody are sustained due to the persistence of memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells (PCs). The differentiation of each of these subsets is antigen- and T-cell driven and is dependent on signals acquired and integrated during the germinal center response. Inherent in the primary immune response must be the delivery of signals to B cells to create these populations, which have virtual immortality. Differences in biology and chemotactic behavior disperse memory B cells and long-lived PCs to a spectrum of anatomic sites. Each subset must rely on survival factors that can support their longevity. This review focuses on the generation of each of these subsets, their survival, and renewal, which must occur to sustain serological memory. In this context, we discuss the role of antigen, bystander inflammation, and cellular niches. The contribution of BAFF (B-cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) to the persistence of memory B cells and PCs are also detailed. Insights that have been provided over the past few years in the regulation of long-lived B-cell responses will have profound impact on vaccine development, the treatment of pre-sensitized patients for organ transplantation, and therapeutic interventions in both antibody- and T-cell-mediated autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Elgueta
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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40
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Abstract
Vaccines work by eliciting an immune response and consequent immunological memory that mediates protection from infection or disease. Recently, new methods have been developed to dissect the immune response in experimental animals and humans, which have led to increased understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control differentiation and maintenance of memory T and B cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the cellular organization of immune memory and underline some of the outstanding questions on immunological memory and how they pertain to vaccination strategies. Finally we will discuss how we can learn about antigen design from the interrogation of our memory T and B cells-a journey from vaccines to memory and back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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41
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B-cell signaling networks reveal a negative prognostic human lymphoma cell subset that emerges during tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12747-54. [PMID: 20543139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002057107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human tumors contain populations of both cancerous and host immune cells whose malignant signaling interactions may define each patient's disease trajectory. We used multiplexed phospho-flow cytometry to profile single cells within human follicular lymphoma tumors and discovered a subpopulation of lymphoma cells with impaired B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling. The abundance of BCR-insensitive cells in each tumor negatively correlated with overall patient survival. These lymphoma negative prognostic (LNP) cells increased as tumors relapsed following chemotherapy. Loss of antigen receptor expression did not explain the absence of BCR signaling in LNP tumor cells, and other signaling responses were intact in these cells. Furthermore, BCR signaling responses could be reactivated in LNP cells, indicating that BCR signaling is not missing but rather specifically suppressed. LNP cells were also associated with changes to signaling interactions in the tumor microenvironment. Lower IL-7 signaling in tumor infiltrating T cells was observed in tumors with high LNP cell counts. The strength of signaling through T cell mediator of B cell function CD40 also stratified patient survival, particularly for those whose tumors contained few LNP cells. Thus, analysis of cell-cell interactions in heterogeneous primary tumors using signaling network profiles can identify and mechanistically define new populations of rare and clinically significant cells. Both the existence of these LNP cells and their aberrant signaling profiles provide targets for new therapies for follicular lymphoma.
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Foerster C, Voelxen N, Rakhmanov M, Keller B, Gutenberger S, Goldacker S, Thiel J, Feske S, Peter HH, Warnatz K. B Cell Receptor-Mediated Calcium Signaling Is Impaired in B Lymphocytes of Type Ia Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:7305-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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43
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The discovery of novel experimental therapies for inflammatory arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2009:698769. [PMID: 20339519 PMCID: PMC2842969 DOI: 10.1155/2009/698769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs have revolutionized the medical therapy of inflammatory arthritis. However, it remains unclear as to what can be done to treat immune-mediated chronic inflammation after patients become refractory to these therapies or develop serious side-effects and/or infections forcing drug withdrawal. Because of these concerns it is imperative that novel targets be continuously identified and experimental strategies designed to test potential arthritis interventions in vitro, but more importantly, in well-validated animal models of inflammatory arthritis. Over the past few years, sphingosine-1-phosphate, interleukin-7 receptor, spleen tyrosine kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase 5/p38 kinase regulated/activated protein kinase, micro-RNAs, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand and the polyubiquitin-proteasome pathway were identified as promising novel targets for potential antiarthritis drug development. Indeed several experimental compounds alter the biological activity of these targets and have shown clinical efficacy in animal models of arthritis. A few of them have even entered the first phase of human clinical trials.
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44
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Kurosaki T. The study of B cells and antibodies in Japan: a historical perspective. Int Immunol 2010; 22:217-26. [PMID: 20139175 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese scientists were involved in pioneering work on therapeutic antisera and have made huge contributions to the characterization of the antibody molecules that are responsible for this and many other biological activities, as well as working back to understand the B cells that produce these Igs. This review emphasizes the role of Japanese immunologists in this field, starting with their work in developing antisera and studying the structure of Igs. It describes the molecular mechanisms that generate the enormous antibody repertoire and regulate B-cell development and signaling. It also details the importance of the germinal center in generating B-cell memory and the terminal differentiation of B cells as antibody-secreting plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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45
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Lymphocyte signaling in the Tuscan hills. Immunity 2009; 31:692-5. [PMID: 19932066 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune cell signaling community met in September at the Certosa di Pontignano, a medieval abbey in Tuscany. Its graceful structure and quiet surroundings provided a perfect setting for an informal, cooperative discussion of an impressive body of new largely unpublished data. Here, we summarize the principal findings.
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Benson MJ, Elgueta R, Schpero W, Molloy M, Zhang W, Usherwood E, Noelle RJ. Distinction of the memory B cell response to cognate antigen versus bystander inflammatory signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:2013-25. [PMID: 19703988 PMCID: PMC2737154 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that bystander inflammatory signals promote memory B cell (B(MEM)) self-renewal and differentiation in an antigen-independent manner is critically evaluated herein. To comprehensively address this hypothesis, a detailed analysis is presented examining the response profiles of B-2 lineage B220(+)IgG(+) B(MEM) toward cognate protein antigen in comparison to bystander inflammatory signals. After in vivo antigen encounter, quiescent B(MEM) clonally expand. Surprisingly, proliferating B(MEM) do not acquire germinal center (GC) B cell markers before generating daughter B(MEM) and differentiating into plasma cells or form structurally identifiable GCs. In striking contrast to cognate antigen, inflammatory stimuli, including Toll-like receptor agonists or bystander T cell activation, fail to induce even low levels of B(MEM) proliferation or differentiation in vivo. Under the extreme conditions of adjuvanted protein vaccination or acute viral infection, no detectable bystander proliferation or differentiation of B(MEM) occurred. The absence of a B(MEM) response to nonspecific inflammatory signals clearly shows that B(MEM) proliferation and differentiation is a process tightly controlled by the availability of cognate antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah J Benson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Engels N, König LM, Heemann C, Lutz J, Tsubata T, Griep S, Schrader V, Wienands J. Recruitment of the cytoplasmic adaptor Grb2 to surface IgG and IgE provides antigen receptor-intrinsic costimulation to class-switched B cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:1018-25. [PMID: 19668218 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The improved antibody responses of class-switched memory B cells depend on enhanced signaling from their B cell antigen receptors (BCRs). However, BCRs on both naive and antigen-experienced B cells use the canonical immunoglobulin-associated alpha and beta-protein signaling subunits. Here we identified a BCR isotype-specific signal-amplification mechanism. Whereas immunoglobulin M (IgM)-containing BCRs initiated intracellular signals exclusively through immunoglobulin-associated alpha- and beta-proteins, IgG- and IgE-containing BCRs also used a conserved tyrosine residue in the cytoplasmic segments of immunoglobulin heavy chains. When phosphorylated, this tyrosine recruited the adaptor Grb2, resulting in sustained protein kinase activation and prolonged generation of second messengers, which together culminated in enhanced B cell proliferation. Hence, membrane-bound IgG and IgE exert antigen recognition as well as costimulatory functions, thereby rendering memory B cells less dependent on T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Tokoyoda K, Zehentmeier S, Chang HD, Radbruch A. Organization and maintenance of immunological memory by stroma niches. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2095-9. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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49
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Tangye SG, Tarlinton DM. Memory B cells: Effectors of long-lived immune responses. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:2065-75. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sasaki T, Kokumai N, Ohgitani T, Sakamoto R, Takikawa N, Lin Z, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Long lasting immunity in chickens induced by a single shot of influenza vaccine prepared from inactivated non-pathogenic H5N1 virus particles against challenge with a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2009; 27:5174-7. [PMID: 19596414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
An influenza vaccine was prepared from inactivated whole particles of the non-pathogenic strain A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) virus using an oil adjuvant containing anhydromannitol-octadecenoate-ether (AMOE). The vaccine was injected intramuscularly into five 4-week-old chickens, and 138 weeks after vaccination, they were challenged intranasally with 100 times 50% chicken lethal dose of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/04 (H5N1). All 5 chickens survived without exhibiting clinical signs of influenza, although 2 days post-challenge, 3 vaccinated chickens shed limited titres of viruses in laryngopharyngeal swabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sasaki
- Avian Biologics Department, Kyoto Biken Laboratories, Inc., 24-16 Makishima-cho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0041, Japan.
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