1
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Fang X, Chen D, Yang X, Cao X, Cheng Q, Liu K, Xu P, Wang Y, Xu J, Zhao S, Yan Z. Cancer associated fibroblasts-derived SULF1 promotes gastric cancer metastasis and CDDP resistance through the TGFBR3-mediated TGF-β signaling pathway. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:111. [PMID: 38438372 PMCID: PMC10912303 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SULF1 has been implicated in a number of malignancies. The function of SULF1 in gastric cancer is disputed. The objective of this study was to examine the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of SULF1 in the context of gastric cancer. We found that the expression of SULF1 was increased in gastric cancer, especially in cancer-associated fibroblasts. The overexpression of SULF1 was found to be significantly correlated with unfavorable prognosis among individuals diagnosed with gastric cancer. Functionally, cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived SULF1 served as a oncogenic molecule which facilitated gastric cancer cells metastasis and CDDP resistance. Mechanistically, SULF1 regulated the communication between gastric cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor microenvironment as a signaling molecule. Cancer-associated fibroblasts-secreted SULF1 interfered with the interaction between TGF-β1 and TGFBR3 by combining with TGFBR3 on gastric cancer cell membrane, subsequently activated TGF-β signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings have presented novel approaches for potential treatment and prognosis prediction in individuals diagnosed with gastric cancer through the targeting of the CAFs-SULF1-TGFBR3-TGF-β1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchao Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Damin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaogang Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kanghui Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiafeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Siguo Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengyuan Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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He J, Wang B, Chen M, Song L, Li H. Machine learning-based metabolism-related genes signature, single-cell RNA sequencing, and experimental validation in hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34940. [PMID: 37800807 PMCID: PMC10553120 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. To identify diagnostic feature biomarkers based on metabolism-related genes (MRGs) and determine the correlation between MRGs and M2 macrophages in patients with hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). We retrieved the gene expression matrix from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed MRGs (DE-MRGs) between healthy control (HC) and patients with HP were identified using the "DESeq2" R package. The "clusterProfiler" R package was used to perform "Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses" on DE-MRGs. We used machine learning algorithms for screening diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP. The "receiver operating characteristic curve" was used to evaluate diagnostic feature biomarkers' discriminating ability. Next, we used the "Cell-type Identification by Estimating Relative Subsets of RNA Transcripts" algorithm to determine the infiltration status of 22 types of immune cells in the HC and HP groups. Single-cell sequencing and qRT-PCR were used to validate the diagnostic feature biomarkers. Furthermore, the status of macrophage polarization in the peripheral blood of patients with HP was determined using flow cytometry. Finally, the correlation between the proportion of M2 macrophages in peripheral blood and the diagnostic biomarker expression profile in HP patients was determined using Spearman analysis. We identified a total of 311 DE-MRGs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that DE-MRGs were primarily enriched in processes like steroid hormone biosynthesis, drug metabolism, retinol metabolism, etc. Finally, we identified NPR3, GPX3, and SULF1 as diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP using machine learning algorithms. The bioinformatic results were validated using the experimental results. The CIERSORT algorithm and flow cytometry showed a significant difference in the proportion of M2 macrophages in the HC and HP groups. The expression of SULF1 was positively correlated with the proportion of M2-type macrophages. In addition, a positive correlation was observed between SULF1 expression and M2 macrophage proportion. Finally, we identified NPR3, GPX3, and SULF1 as diagnostic feature biomarkers for HP. Further, a correlation between SULF1 and M2 macrophages was observed, providing a novel perspective for treating patients with HP and future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu, China
| | - Meifeng Chen
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Respiratory Diseases of Sichuan Higher Education Institutes, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingmeng Song
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Medical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Hezhi Li
- Clinical Medical College of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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3
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Nguyen TT, Loureiro ZY, Desai A, DeSouza T, Joyce S, Khair L, Samant A, Cirka H, Solivan-Rivera J, Ziegler R, Brehm M, Messina LM, Corvera S. A distinct class of hematopoietic stem cells develop from the human yellow bone marrow. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.29.555167. [PMID: 37693594 PMCID: PMC10491256 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.29.555167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Aging and metabolic diseases are accompanied by systemic inflammation, but the mechanisms that induce this state are not known. We developed a human bone-marrow organoid system to explore mechanisms underlying metabolic-disease associated systemic inflammation. We find that a distinct type of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) develops in the adipose-rich, yellow bone marrow, which is known to gradually replace the hematopoietic red marrow as we age and during metabolic disease. Unlike HSCs derived from the red bone marrow, HSCs derived from the yellow bone marrow have higher proliferation rates, increase myeloid differentiation, skew towards pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage differentiation, and express a distinct transcriptomic profile associated with responsiveness to wounding. Yellow marrow-derived HSCs express higher levels of the leptin receptor, which we find to be further increased in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our work demonstrates that the human long bone yellow marrow is a niche for a distinct class of HSCs which could underlie hematopoietic dysfunction during aging and metabolic disease processes suggesting a shared inflammaging mechanism.
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4
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Wieder R. Awakening of Dormant Breast Cancer Cells in the Bone Marrow. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113021. [PMID: 37296983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with breast cancer (BC) have metastatic cells in the bone marrow (BM) at the initial diagnosis of localized disease. Despite definitive systemic adjuvant therapy, these cells survive in the BM microenvironment, enter a dormant state and recur stochastically for more than 20 years. Once they begin to proliferate, recurrent macrometastases are not curable, and patients generally succumb to their disease. Many potential mechanisms for initiating recurrence have been proposed, but no definitive predictive data have been generated. This manuscript reviews the proposed mechanisms that maintain BC cell dormancy in the BM microenvironment and discusses the data supporting specific mechanisms for recurrence. It addresses the well-described mechanisms of secretory senescence, inflammation, aging, adipogenic BM conversion, autophagy, systemic effects of trauma and surgery, sympathetic signaling, transient angiogenic bursts, hypercoagulable states, osteoclast activation, and epigenetic modifications of dormant cells. This review addresses proposed approaches for either eliminating micrometastases or maintaining a dormant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieder
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB F671, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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5
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Rai S, Alsaidan OA, Yang H, Cai H, Wang L. Heparan sulfate inhibits transforming growth factor β signaling and functions in cis and in trans to regulate prostate stem/progenitor cell activities. Glycobiology 2021; 30:381-395. [PMID: 31829419 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate stem/progenitor cells (PrSCs) are responsible for adult prostate tissue homeostasis and regeneration. However, the related regulatory mechanisms are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of heparan sulfate (HS) in PrSC self-renewal and prostate regeneration. Using an in vitro prostate sphere formation assay, we found that deletion of the glycosyltransferase exostosin 1 (Ext1) abolished HS expression in PrSCs and disrupted their ability to self-renew. In associated studies, we observed that HS loss inhibited p63 and CK5 expression, reduced the number of p63+- or CK5+-expressing stem/progenitor cells, elevated CK8+ expression and the number of differentiated CK8+ luminal cells and arrested the spheroid cells in the G1/G0 phase of cell cycle. Mechanistically, HS expressed by PrSCs (in cis) or by neighboring cells (in trans) could maintain sphere formation. Furthermore, HS deficiency upregulated transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling and inhibiting TGFβ signaling partially restored the sphere-formation activity of the HS-deficient PrSCs. In an in vivo prostate regeneration assay, simultaneous loss of HS in both epithelial cell and stromal cell compartments attenuated prostate tissue regeneration, whereas the retention of HS expression in either of the two cellular compartments was sufficient to sustain prostate tissue regeneration. We conclude that HS preserves self-renewal of adult PrSCs by inhibiting TGFβ signaling and functions both in cis and in trans to maintain prostate homeostasis and to support prostate regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Houjian Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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6
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Kim HJ, Kim HS, Hong YH. Sulfatase 1 and sulfatase 2 as novel regulators of macrophage antigen presentation and phagocytosis. Yeungnam Univ J Med 2021; 38:326-336. [PMID: 34157797 PMCID: PMC8688788 DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2021.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is critical for the binding and signaling of ligands that mediate inflammation. Extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases regulate posttranslational sulfation levels and patterns of HSPGs. In this study, extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)-1 and Sulf-2, were evaluated for their expression and function in inflammatory cells and tissues. Methods Harvested human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, and murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for the evaluation of Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 expression. Sulf expression in inflammatory cells was examined in the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium by immunofluorescence staining. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were compared according to the expression state of Sulfs. Sulfs-knockdown macrophages and Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages were generated using small interfering RNAs and pcDNA3.1 plasmids for Sulf-1 and Sulf-2, respectively. Results Lymphocytes and monocytes showed weak Sulf expression, which remained unaffected by IL-1β. However, peritoneal macrophages showed increased expression of Sulfs upon stimulation with IL-1β. In human RA synovium, two-colored double immunofluorescent staining of Sulfs and CD68 revealed active upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages of inflamed tissues, but not in lymphocytes of lymphoid follicles. Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were dependent on the level of Sulf expression, suppressed in Sulfs-knockdown macrophages, and enhanced in Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages. Conclusion The results demonstrate that upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages occurs in response to inflammation, and Sulfs actively regulate the antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages as novel immune regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Je Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA University, CHA Gumi Medical Center, Gumi, Korea
| | - Hee-Sun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Hong
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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7
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Schlotawa L, Adang LA, Radhakrishnan K, Ahrens-Nicklas RC. Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency: A Disease Comprising Mucopolysaccharidosis, Sphingolipidosis, and More Caused by a Defect in Posttranslational Modification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3448. [PMID: 32414121 PMCID: PMC7279497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD, MIM #272200) is an ultra-rare disease comprising pathophysiology and clinical features of mucopolysaccharidosis, sphingolipidosis and other sulfatase deficiencies. MSD is caused by impaired posttranslational activation of sulfatases through the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) encoded by the sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) gene, which is mutated in MSD. FGE is a highly conserved, non-redundant ER protein that activates all cellular sulfatases by oxidizing a conserved cysteine in the active site of sulfatases that is necessary for full catalytic activity. SUMF1 mutations result in unstable, degradation-prone FGE that demonstrates reduced or absent catalytic activity, leading to decreased activity of all sulfatases. As the majority of sulfatases are localized to the lysosome, loss of sulfatase activity induces lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans and sulfatides and subsequent cellular pathology. MSD patients combine clinical features of all single sulfatase deficiencies in a systemic disease. Disease severity classifications distinguish cases based on age of onset and disease progression. A genotype- phenotype correlation has been proposed, biomarkers like excreted storage material and residual sulfatase activities do not correlate well with disease severity. The diagnosis of MSD is based on reduced sulfatase activities and detection of mutations in SUMF1. No therapy exists for MSD yet. This review summarizes the unique FGE/ sulfatase physiology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects in patients and their care and outlines future perspectives in MSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schlotawa
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Goettingen, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Laura A. Adang
- Division of Child Neurology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | | | - Rebecca C. Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics and Metabolism, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Kumari K, Das B, Adhya AK, Rath AK, Mishra SK. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals six contravened targets of EZH2 associated with breast cancer patient survival. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1974. [PMID: 30760814 PMCID: PMC6374476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Several pioneering work have established that apart from genetic alterations, epigenetic modifications contribute significantly in tumor progression. Remarkable role of EZH2 in cancer highlights the importance of identifying its targets. Although much emphasis has been placed in recent years in designing drugs and inhibitors targeting EZH2, less effort has been given in exploring its existing targets that will help in understanding the oncogenic role of EZH2 in turn which may provide a more stringent method of targeting EZH2. In the present study, we validated six direct targets of EZH2 that are GPNMB, PMEPA1, CoL5A1, VGLL4, POMT2 and SUMF1 associated with cancer related pathways. Upon EZH2 knockdown, more than two fold increase in the target gene expression was evident. CHIP-qPCR performed in both MCF-7 and MDA-MDA-231 confirmed the in-vivo binding of EZH2 on its identified target. Thirty invasive breast carcinoma cases with their adjacent normal tissues were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry in primary breast tumor tissue array showed tumor dependent expression of EZH2. Array of MERAV expression database revealed the strength of association of EZH2 with its target genes. Real time PCR performed with RNA extracted from breast tumor tissues further authenticated the existing negative correlation between EZH2 and its target genes. Pearson correlation coefficient & statistical significance computed using the matrix provided in the database strengthened the negative correlation between identified target genes and EZH2. KM plotter analysis showed improved relapse-free survival with increased expression of PMEPA1, POMT2, VGLL4 and SUMF1 in breast cancer patients indicating their therapeutic potential. While investigating the relevance of these target genes, different mutations of them were found in breast cancer patients. Seeking the clinical relevance of our study, following our recent publication that reports the role of EZH2 in nicotine-mediated breast cancer development and progression, we observed significant reduced expression of SUMF1 in breast cancer patient samples with smoking history in comparison to never-smoked patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Kumari
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Biswajit Das
- Tumor Microenvironment and Animal Models Laboratory, Department of Translational Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.,Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Amit K Adhya
- Department of Pathology, AIIMS, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Arabinda K Rath
- Hemalata Hospitals and Research Centre, Chandrashekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sandip K Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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9
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Dynamic Expression of Genes Involved in Proteoglycan/Glycosaminoglycan Metabolism during Skin Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:9873471. [PMID: 30228991 PMCID: PMC6136507 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9873471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are important for cell signaling and therefore for proper embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Expressions of genes involved in proteoglycan/glycosaminoglycan (GAG) metabolism and of genes coding for growth factors known to bind GAGs were analyzed during skin development by microarray analysis and real time quantitative PCR. GAG related genes were organized in six categories based on their role in GAG homeostasis, viz. (1) production of precursor molecules, (2) production of core proteins, (3) synthesis of the linkage region, (4) polymerization, (5) modification, and (6) degradation of the GAG chain. In all categories highly dynamic up- and downregulations were observed during skin development, including differential expression of GAG modifying isoenzymes, core proteins, and growth factors. In two mice models, one overexpressing heparanase and one lacking C5 epimerase, differential expression of only few genes was observed. Data show that during skin development a highly dynamic and complex expression of GAG-associated genes occurs. This likely reflects quantitative and qualitative changes in GAGs/proteoglycans, including structural fine tuning, which may be correlated with growth factor handling.
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10
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Chakraborty S, Ghosh Z. A systemic insight into astrocytoma biology across different grades. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4243-4255. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhumur Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Bose Institute Kolkata India
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11
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Papy-Garcia D, Albanese P. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans as key regulators of the mesenchymal niche of hematopoietic stem cells. Glycoconj J 2017; 34:377-391. [PMID: 28577070 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-017-9773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complex microenvironment that surrounds hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow niche involves different coordinated signaling pathways. The stem cells establish permanent interactions with distinct cell types such as mesenchymal stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts or endothelial cells and with secreted regulators such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors. These interactions are mediated through adhesion to extracellular matrix compounds also. All these signaling pathways are important for stem cell fates such as self-renewal, proliferation or differentiation, homing and mobilization, as well as for remodeling of the niche. Among these complex molecular cues, this review focuses on heparan sulfate (HS) structures and functions and on the role of enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and turnover. HS associated to core protein, constitute the superfamily of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all tissues. The key regulatory effects of major medullar HSPGs are described, focusing on their roles in the interactions between hematopoietic stem cells and their endosteal niche, and on their ability to interact with Heparin Binding Proteins (HBPs). Finally, according to the relevance of HS moieties effects on this complex medullar niche, we describe recent data that identify HS mimetics or sulfated HS signatures as new glycanic tools and targets, respectively, for hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cell based therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Papy-Garcia
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Patricia Albanese
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris Est, EA 4397 Université Paris Est Créteil, ERL CNRS 9215, F-94010, Créteil, France.
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12
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Appel MJ, Bertozzi CR. Formylglycine, a post-translationally generated residue with unique catalytic capabilities and biotechnology applications. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:72-84. [PMID: 25514000 PMCID: PMC4492166 DOI: 10.1021/cb500897w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Formylglycine (fGly) is a catalytically essential residue found almost exclusively in the active sites of type I sulfatases. Formed by post-translational oxidation of cysteine or serine side chains, this aldehyde-functionalized residue participates in a unique and highly efficient catalytic mechanism for sulfate ester hydrolysis. The enzymes that produce fGly, formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) and anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme (anSME), are as unique and specialized as fGly itself. FGE especially is structurally and mechanistically distinct, and serves the sole function of activating type I sulfatase targets. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanism by which fGly contributes to sulfate ester hydrolysis, the molecular details of fGly biogenesis by FGE and anSME, and finally, recent biotechnology applications of fGly beyond its natural catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason J. Appel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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FGF signalling restricts haematopoietic stem cell specification via modulation of the BMP pathway. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5588. [PMID: 25429520 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are produced during embryogenesis from the floor of the dorsal aorta. The localization of HSCs is dependent on the presence of instructive signals on the ventral side of the vessel. The nature of the extrinsic molecular signals that control the aortic haematopoietic niche is currently poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a novel requirement for FGF signalling in the specification of aortic haemogenic endothelium. Our results demonstrate that FGF signalling normally acts to repress BMP activity in the subaortic mesenchyme through transcriptional inhibition of bmp4, as well as through activation of two BMP antagonists, noggin2 and gremlin1a. Taken together, these findings demonstrate a key role for FGF signalling in establishment of the developmental HSC niche via its regulation of BMP activity in the subaortic mesenchyme. These results should help inform strategies to recapitulate the development of HSCs in vitro from pluripotent precursors.
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14
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Tarunina M, Hernandez D, Johnson CJ, Rybtsov S, Ramathas V, Jeyakumar M, Watson T, Hook L, Medvinsky A, Mason C, Choo Y. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells using a bead-based combinatorial screening method. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104301. [PMID: 25251366 PMCID: PMC4174505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, bead-based combinatorial screening method to determine optimal combinations of variables that direct stem cell differentiation to produce known or novel cell types having pre-determined characteristics. Here we describe three experiments comprising stepwise exposure of mouse or human embryonic cells to 10,000 combinations of serum-free differentiation media, through which we discovered multiple novel, efficient and robust protocols to generate a number of specific hematopoietic and neural lineages. We further demonstrate that the technology can be used to optimize existing protocols in order to substitute costly growth factors with bioactive small molecules and/or increase cell yield, and to identify in vitro conditions for the production of rare developmental intermediates such as an embryonic lymphoid progenitor cell that has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tarunina
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute of Stem cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Ramathas
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Watson
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Hook
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute of Stem cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yen Choo
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Progenitor Labs Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
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15
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Sindhava VJ, Scholz JL, Stohl W, Cancro MP. APRIL mediates peritoneal B-1 cell homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:120-7. [PMID: 24512739 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator) family cytokines and receptors play key roles in B-2 cell maturation and survival, but their importance for B-1 cells remains less clear. Here we use knockout mice to show that APRIL (A proliferation-inducing ligand), but not BLyS, plays a role in peritoneal B-1 cell maintenance. APRIL likely exerts its effects on peritoneal B-1 cells through binding to HSPG (heparan sulfate proteoglycans) rather than to the TACI (transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor) receptor. Finally, we show that peritoneal macrophages express high levels of APRIL message, and are a likely local source of the cytokine in this anatomic locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
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16
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Reijmers RM, Spaargaren M, Pals ST. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the control of B cell development and the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. FEBS J 2013; 280:2180-93. [PMID: 23419151 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have essential functions during embryonic development and throughout postnatal life. To exert these functions, they undergo a series of processing reactions by heparan-sulfate-modifying enzymes (HSMEs), which endows them with highly modified heparan sulfate (HS) domains that provide specific docking sites for a large number of bioactive molecules. The development and antigen-dependent differentiation of normal B lymphocytes, as well as the growth and progression of B-lineage malignancies, are orchestrated by an array of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines many of which display HS binding. As discussed in this review, tightly regulated HSPG expression is a requirement for normal B cell maturation, differentiation and function. In addition, the HSPG syndecan-1 functions as a versatile co-receptor for signals from the bone marrow microenvironment, essential for the survival of long-lived plasma cells and multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells. Targeting of HSMEs or HS chains on MM cells increases their sensitivity to drugs currently used in MM treatment, including bortezomib, lenalidomide or dexamethasone. Taken together, these findings render the HS biosynthetic machinery a promising target for MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier M Reijmers
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Ennemann EC, Radhakrishnan K, Mariappan M, Wachs M, Pringle TH, Schmidt B, Dierks T. Proprotein convertases process and thereby inactivate formylglycine-generating enzyme. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5828-39. [PMID: 23288839 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.405159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) post-translationally converts a specific cysteine in newly synthesized sulfatases to formylglycine (FGly). FGly is the key catalytic residue of the sulfatase family, comprising 17 nonredundant enzymes in human that play essential roles in development and homeostasis. FGE, a resident protein of the endoplasmic reticulum, is also secreted. A major fraction of secreted FGE is N-terminally truncated, lacking residues 34-72. Here we demonstrate that this truncated form is generated intracellularly by limited proteolysis mediated by proprotein convertase(s) (PCs) along the secretory pathway. The cleavage site is represented by the sequence RYSR(72)↓, a motif that is conserved in higher eukaryotic FGEs, implying important functionality. Residues Arg-69 and Arg-72 are critical because their mutation abolishes FGE processing. Furthermore, residues Tyr-70 and Ser-71 confer an unusual property to the cleavage motif such that endogenous as well as overexpressed FGE is only partially processed. FGE is cleaved by furin, PACE4, and PC5a. Processing is disabled in furin-deficient cells but fully restored upon transient furin expression, indicating that furin is the major protease cleaving FGE. Processing by endogenous furin occurs mostly intracellularly, although also extracellular processing is observed in HEK293 cells. Interestingly, the truncated form of secreted FGE no longer possesses FGly-generating activity, whereas the unprocessed form of secreted FGE is active. As always both forms are secreted, we postulate that furin-mediated processing of FGE during secretion is a physiological means of higher eukaryotic cells to regulate FGE activity upon exit from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva C Ennemann
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry I, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Abstract
The niche is a conserved regulator of stem cell quiescence and function. During aging, stem cell function declines. To what extent and by which means age-related changes within the niche contribute to this phenomenon are unknown. We demonstrate that the aged muscle stem cell niche, the muscle fiber, expresses FGF2 under homeostatic conditions, driving a subset of satellite cells to break quiescence and lose self-renewing capacity. We show that relatively dormant aged satellite cells robustly express Sprouty1 (spry1), an inhibitor of FGF signalling. Increasing FGF signalling in aged satellite cells under homeostatic conditions by removing spry1, results in the loss of quiescence, satellite cell depletion and diminished regenerative capacity. Conversely, reducing niche-derived FGF activity through inhibition of FGFR1 signalling or overexpression of spry1 in satellite cells prevents their depletion. These experiments identify an age-dependent change in the stem cell niche that directly influences stem cell quiescence and function.
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19
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Karus M, Denecke B, ffrench-Constant C, Wiese S, Faissner A. The extracellular matrix molecule tenascin C modulates expression levels and territories of key patterning genes during spinal cord astrocyte specification. Development 2011; 138:5321-31. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.067413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of astrocytes during the development of the mammalian spinal cord is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin C regulates the expression of key patterning genes during late embryonic spinal cord development, leading to a timely maturation of gliogenic neural precursor cells. We first show that tenascin C is expressed by gliogenic neural precursor cells during late embryonic development. The loss of tenascin C leads to a sustained generation and delayed migration of Fgfr3-expressing immature astrocytes in vivo. Consistent with an increased generation of astroglial cells, we documented an increased number of GFAP-positive astrocytes at later stages. Mechanistically, we could demonstrate an upregulation and domain shift of the patterning genes Nkx6.1 and Nkx2.2 in vivo. In addition, sulfatase 1, a known downstream target of Nkx2.2 in the ventral spinal cord, was also upregulated. Sulfatase 1 regulates growth factor signalling by cleaving sulphate residues from heparan sulphate proteoglycans. Consistent with this function, we observed changes in both FGF2 and EGF responsiveness of spinal cord neural precursor cells. Taken together, our data implicate Tnc in the regulation of proliferation and lineage progression of astroglial progenitors in specific domains of the developing spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karus
- Department for Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Multiple Sclerosis Society Translational Research Centre, Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Stefan Wiese
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Group for Molecular Cell Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department for Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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20
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Buono M, Visigalli I, Bergamasco R, Biffi A, Cosma MP. Sulfatase modifying factor 1–mediated fibroblast growth factor signaling primes hematopoietic multilineage development. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1902oia5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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