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Crosse EI, Binagui-Casas A, Gordon-Keylock S, Rybtsov S, Tamagno S, Olofsson D, Anderson RA, Medvinsky A. An interactive resource of molecular signalling in the developing human haematopoietic stem cell niche. Development 2023; 150:dev201972. [PMID: 37840454 PMCID: PMC10730088 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of definitive human haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from Carnegie Stage (CS) 14 to CS17 in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region is a tightly regulated process. Previously, we conducted spatial transcriptomic analysis of the human AGM region at the end of this period (CS16/CS17) and identified secreted factors involved in HSC development. Here, we extend our analysis to investigate the progression of dorso-ventral polarised signalling around the dorsal aorta over the entire period of HSC emergence. Our results reveal a dramatic increase in ventral signalling complexity from the CS13-CS14 transition, coinciding with the first appearance of definitive HSCs. We further observe stage-specific changes in signalling up to CS17, which may underpin the step-wise maturation of HSCs described in the mouse model. The data-rich resource is also presented in an online interface enabling in silico analysis of molecular interactions between spatially defined domains of the AGM region. This resource will be of particular interest for researchers studying mechanisms underlying human HSC development as well as those developing in vitro methods for the generation of clinically relevant HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie I. Crosse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anahi Binagui-Casas
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | | | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sara Tamagno
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Didrik Olofsson
- Omiqa Bioinformatics GmbH, Altensteinstraße 40, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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2
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O'Sullivan ED, Mylonas KJ, Xin C, Baird DP, Carvalho C, Docherty MH, Campbell R, Matchett KP, Waddell SH, Walker AD, Gallagher KM, Jia S, Leung S, Laird A, Wilflingseder J, Willi M, Reck M, Finnie S, Pisco A, Gordon-Keylock S, Medvinsky A, Boulter L, Henderson NC, Kirschner K, Chandra T, Conway BR, Hughes J, Denby L, Bonventre JV, Ferenbach DA. Indian Hedgehog release from TNF-activated renal epithelia drives local and remote organ fibrosis. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eabn0736. [PMID: 37256934 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abn0736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Progressive fibrosis is a feature of aging and chronic tissue injury in multiple organs, including the kidney and heart. Glioma-associated oncogene 1 expressing (Gli1+) cells are a major source of activated fibroblasts in multiple organs, but the links between injury, inflammation, and Gli1+ cell expansion and tissue fibrosis remain incompletely understood. We demonstrated that leukocyte-derived tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promoted Gli1+ cell proliferation and cardiorenal fibrosis through induction and release of Indian Hedgehog (IHH) from renal epithelial cells. Using single-cell-resolution transcriptomic analysis, we identified an "inflammatory" proximal tubular epithelial (iPT) population contributing to TNF- and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-induced IHH production in vivo. TNF-induced Ubiquitin D (Ubd) expression was observed in human proximal tubular cells in vitro and during murine and human renal disease and aging. Studies using pharmacological and conditional genetic ablation of TNF-induced IHH signaling revealed that IHH activated canonical Hedgehog signaling in Gli1+ cells, which led to their activation, proliferation, and fibrosis within the injured and aging kidney and heart. These changes were inhibited in mice by Ihh deletion in Pax8-expressing cells or by pharmacological blockade of TNF, NF-κB, or Gli1 signaling. Increased amounts of circulating IHH were associated with loss of renal function and higher rates of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Thus, IHH connects leukocyte activation to Gli1+ cell expansion and represents a potential target for therapies to inhibit inflammation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin D O'Sullivan
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Kidney Health Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Katie J Mylonas
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cuiyan Xin
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David P Baird
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Cyril Carvalho
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Marie-Helena Docherty
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ross Campbell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kylie P Matchett
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Scott H Waddell
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alexander D Walker
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kevin M Gallagher
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Siyang Jia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Steve Leung
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alexander Laird
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Julia Wilflingseder
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Willi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maximilian Reck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah Finnie
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Angela Pisco
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine. University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Luke Boulter
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kristina Kirschner
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre and MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bryan R Conway
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Laura Denby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joseph V Bonventre
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Ferenbach
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Renal Division and Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Li J, Glover JD, Zhang H, Peng M, Tan J, Mallick CB, Hou D, Yang Y, Wu S, Liu Y, Peng Q, Zheng SC, Crosse EI, Medvinsky A, Anderson RA, Brown H, Yuan Z, Zhou S, Xu Y, Kemp JP, Ho YYW, Loesch DZ, Wang L, Li Y, Tang S, Wu X, Walters RG, Lin K, Meng R, Lv J, Chernus JM, Neiswanger K, Feingold E, Evans DM, Medland SE, Martin NG, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Chen G, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Cheeseman M, Wang L, Jin L, Headon DJ, Wang S. Limb development genes underlie variation in human fingerprint patterns. Cell 2022; 185:95-112.e18. [PMID: 34995520 PMCID: PMC8740935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprints are of long-standing practical and cultural interest, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie their variation. Using genome-wide scans in Han Chinese cohorts, we identified 18 loci associated with fingerprint type across the digits, including a genetic basis for the long-recognized “pattern-block” correlations among the middle three digits. In particular, we identified a variant near EVI1 that alters regulatory activity and established a role for EVI1 in dermatoglyph patterning in mice. Dynamic EVI1 expression during human development supports its role in shaping the limbs and digits, rather than influencing skin patterning directly. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis identified 43 fingerprint-associated loci, with nearby genes being strongly enriched for general limb development pathways. We also found that fingerprint patterns were genetically correlated with hand proportions. Taken together, these findings support the key role of limb development genes in influencing the outcome of fingerprint patterning. GWAS identifies variants associated with fingerprint type across all digits Fingerprint-associated genes are strongly enriched for limb development functions Evi1 alters dermatoglyphs in mice by modulating limb rather than skin development Fingerprint patterns are genetically correlated with hand and finger proportions
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - James D Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Haiguo Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Meifang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dan Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Sijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Edie I Crosse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225326, PRC
| | - Shen Zhou
- Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai 200083, PRC
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart, Bellevue, WA 98006, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Y W Ho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danuta Z Loesch
- Psychology Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Wu
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruogu Meng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jonathan M Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200438, PRC.
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PRC.
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4
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Crosse E, binagui-Casas A, Chandra T, Gordon-Keylock S, Medvinsky A, Rybtsov S. 2006 – SPATIAL AND SINGLE CELL TRANSCRIPTOME MAPPING OF THE EARLY HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DEVELOPMENTAL NICHE. Exp Hematol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2022.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Jackson M, Fidanza A, Taylor AH, Rybtsov S, Axton R, Kydonaki M, Meek S, Burdon T, Medvinsky A, Forrester LM. Modulation of APLNR Signaling Is Required during the Development and Maintenance of the Hematopoietic System. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:727-740. [PMID: 33667414 PMCID: PMC8072025 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor (APLNR/AGTRLl1/APJ) marks a transient cell population during the differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from pluripotent stem cells, but its function during the production and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells is not clear. We generated an Aplnr-tdTomato reporter mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line and showed that HSPCs are generated exclusively from mesodermal cells that express Aplnr-tdTomato. HSPC production from mESCs was impaired when Aplnr was deleted, implying that this pathway is required for their production. To address the role of APLNR signaling in HSPC maintenance, we added APELIN ligands to ex vivo AGM cultures. Activation of the APLNR pathway in this system impaired the generation of long-term reconstituting HSPCs and appeared to drive myeloid differentiation. Our data suggest that the APLNR signaling is required for the generation of cells that give rise to HSCs, but that its subsequent downregulation is required for their maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melany Jackson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Antonella Fidanza
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - A Helen Taylor
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Richard Axton
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Maria Kydonaki
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stephen Meek
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute for Stem Cell Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Lesley M Forrester
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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6
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Fidanza A, Stumpf PS, Ramachandran P, Tamagno S, Babtie A, Lopez-Yrigoyen M, Taylor AH, Easterbrook J, Henderson BEP, Axton R, Henderson NC, Medvinsky A, Ottersbach K, Romanò N, Forrester LM. Single-cell analyses and machine learning define hematopoietic progenitor and HSC-like cells derived from human PSCs. Blood 2020; 136:2893-2904. [PMID: 32614947 PMCID: PMC7862875 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) develop in distinct waves at various anatomical sites during embryonic development. The in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) recapitulates some of these processes; however, it has proven difficult to generate functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). To define the dynamics and heterogeneity of HSPCs that can be generated in vitro from hPSCs, we explored single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in combination with single-cell protein expression analysis. Bioinformatics analyses and functional validation defined the transcriptomes of naïve progenitors and erythroid-, megakaryocyte-, and leukocyte-committed progenitors, and we identified CD44, CD326, ICAM2/CD9, and CD18, respectively, as markers of these progenitors. Using an artificial neural network that we trained on scRNAseq derived from human fetal liver, we identified a wide range of hPSC-derived HSPCs phenotypes, including a small group classified as HSCs. This transient HSC-like population decreased as differentiation proceeded, and was completely missing in the data set that had been generated using cells selected on the basis of CD43 expression. By comparing the single-cell transcriptome of in vitro-generated HSC-like cells with those generated within the fetal liver, we identified transcription factors and molecular pathways that can be explored in the future to improve the in vitro production of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Fidanza
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, Uniklinik Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Tamagno
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Babtie
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Martha Lopez-Yrigoyen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - A Helen Taylor
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Easterbrook
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Beth E P Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Axton
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Ottersbach
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Romanò
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley M Forrester
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Anderson RA, Medvinsky A. Vast Self-Renewal Potential of Human AGM Region HSCs Dramatically Declines in the Umbilical Cord Blood. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 15:811-816. [PMID: 32946804 PMCID: PMC7561509 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region during Carnegie stages (CS) 14-17. Although we previously reported that these HSCs can generate no less than 300 daughter HSCs, their actual number has never been established. Here, we show that a single human AGM region HSC can generate 600-1,600 functional daughter HSCs. The presence of HSCs in the CS 17 liver in one case gave us a unique opportunity to describe a reduction of HSC self-renewal potential after liver colonization. From a clinical perspective, the efficacy of long-term hematopoietic regeneration depends on HSC self-renewal capacity. We quantitatively show that this capacity dramatically declines in the umbilical cord blood compared with HSCs in the AGM region. A full appreciation of the vast regenerative potential of the first human embryo-derived HSCs sets a new bar for generation of clinically useful HSCs from pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK; Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga LV-1010, Latvia; School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK.
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8
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Crosse EI, Gordon-Keylock S, Rybtsov S, Binagui-Casas A, Felchle H, Nnadi NC, Kirschner K, Chandra T, Tamagno S, Webb DJ, Rossi F, Anderson RA, Medvinsky A. Multi-layered Spatial Transcriptomics Identify Secretory Factors Promoting Human Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development. Cell Stem Cell 2020; 27:822-839.e8. [PMID: 32946788 PMCID: PMC7671940 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first emerge in the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Studies of model organisms defined intersecting signaling pathways that converge to promote HSC emergence predominantly in the ventral domain of the dorsal aorta. Much less is known about mechanisms driving HSC development in humans. Here, to identify secreted signals underlying human HSC development, we combined spatial transcriptomics analysis of dorsoventral polarized signaling in the aorta with gene expression profiling of sorted cell populations and single cells. Our analysis revealed a subset of aortic endothelial cells with a downregulated arterial signature and a predicted lineage relationship with the emerging HSC/progenitor population. Analysis of the ventrally polarized molecular landscape identified endothelin 1 as an important secreted regulator of human HSC development. The obtained gene expression datasets will inform future studies on mechanisms of HSC development in vivo and on generation of clinically relevant HSCs in vitro. Spatial transcriptome profiling of the human HSC developmental niche Characterization of an HSC precursor population at single-cell resolution Cardiac EGF pathway is ventrally enriched next to developing IAHCs/HSCs Ventrally secreted endothelin promotes development of HSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Edie I Crosse
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | | | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anahi Binagui-Casas
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Hannah Felchle
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nneka C Nnadi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Kristina Kirschner
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden G61 1QH, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Sara Tamagno
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David J Webb
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Fiona Rossi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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9
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Büchler-Schäff M, Kaschutnig P, Thambyrajah R, Nadler W, Hanke S, Pfaffenholz S, Block M, Gräsel J, Kremer J, Bayindir-Buchhalter I, Chang W, Hills D, Harbottle R, Rösli C, Medvinsky A, Souyri M, Lacaud G, Milsom M. 3004 – IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL FUNCTIONAL MARKERS DURING THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL SPECIFICATION PROCESS. Exp Hematol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Senserrich J, Batsivari A, Rybtsov S, Gordon-Keylock S, Souilhol C, Buchholz F, Hills D, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Analysis of Runx1 Using Induced Gene Ablation Reveals Its Essential Role in Pre-liver HSC Development and Limitations of an In Vivo Approach. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 11:784-794. [PMID: 30208304 PMCID: PMC6135942 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop in the embryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and subsequently relocate to fetal liver. Runx1 transcription factor is essential for HSC development, but is largely dispensable for adult HSCs. Here, we studied tamoxifen-inducible Runx1 inactivation in vivo. Induction at pre-liver stages (up to embryonic day 10.5) reduced erythromyeloid progenitor numbers, but surprisingly did not block the appearance of Runx1-null HSCs in liver. By contrast, ex vivo analysis showed an absolute Runx1 dependency of HSC development in the AGM region. We found that, contrary to current beliefs, significant Cre-inducing tamoxifen activity persists in mouse blood for at least 72 hr after injection. This deferred recombination can hit healthy HSCs, which escaped early Runx1 ablation and result in appearance of Runx1-null HSCs in liver. Such extended recombination activity in vivo is a potential source of misinterpretation, particularly in analysis of dynamic developmental processes during embryogenesis. Runx1 ablation induced in vivo at the AGM stage yields null HSCs in fetal liver Controlled Runx1 ablation in cultured AGM region blocks HSC development Discrepancy is explained by persistence of Cre activity in vivo for at least 3 days Runx1 is essential at pre-liver stage of HSC development
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Senserrich
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Antoniana Batsivari
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | | | - Celine Souilhol
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - David Hills
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Suling Zhao
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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11
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Easterbrook J, Rybtsov S, Gordon-Keylock S, Ivanovs A, Taoudi S, Anderson RA, Medvinsky A. Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Development of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Early Human Embryo. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1056-1068. [PMID: 30956115 PMCID: PMC6525107 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) first emerge in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region in both mice and humans. An ex vivo culture approach has enabled recapitulation and analysis of murine HSC development. Knowledge of early human HSC development is hampered by scarcity of tissue: analysis of both CFU-C and HSC development in the human embryo is limited. Here, we characterized the spatial distribution and temporal kinetics of CFU-C development within early human embryonic tissues. We then sought to adapt the murine ex vivo culture system to recapitulate human HSC development. We show robust expansion of CFU-Cs and maintenance, but no significant expansion, of human HSCs in culture. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HSCs emerge predominantly in the middle section of the dorsal aorta in our culture system. We conclude that there are important differences between early mouse and human hematopoiesis, which currently hinder the quest to recapitulate human HSC development ex vivo. Ex vivo culture efficiently expands CFU-Cs derived from human embryonic tissue Human AGM-derived HSCs can be maintained in explant culture Human HSCs emerge predominantly in the middle section of the dorsal aorta
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Easterbrook
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sabrina Gordon-Keylock
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Andrejs Ivanovs
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK; Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga 1007, Latvia
| | - Samir Taoudi
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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12
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Buchtler S, Grill A, Hofmarksrichter S, Stöckert P, Schiechl-Brachner G, Rodriguez Gomez M, Neumayer S, Schmidbauer K, Talke Y, Klinkhammer BM, Boor P, Medvinsky A, Renner K, Castrop H, Mack M. Cellular Origin and Functional Relevance of Collagen I Production in the Kidney. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:1859-1873. [PMID: 29777019 PMCID: PMC6050926 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial fibrosis is associated with chronic renal failure. In addition to fibroblasts, bone marrow-derived cells and tubular epithelial cells have the capacity to produce collagen. However, the amount of collagen produced by each of these cell types and the relevance of fibrosis to renal function are unclear.Methods We generated conditional cell type-specific collagen I knockout mice and used (reversible) unilateral ureteral obstruction and adenine-induced nephropathy to study renal fibrosis and function.Results In these mouse models, hematopoietic, bone marrow-derived cells contributed to 38%-50% of the overall deposition of collagen I in the kidney. The influence of fibrosis on renal function was dependent on the type of damage. In unilateral ureteral obstruction, collagen production by resident fibroblasts was essential to preserve renal function, whereas in the chronic model of adenine-induced nephropathy, collagen production was detrimental to renal function.Conclusions Our data show that hematopoietic cells are a major source of collagen and that antifibrotic therapies need to be carefully considered depending on the type of disease and the underlying cause of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Buchtler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Grill
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Petra Stöckert
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Sophia Neumayer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schmidbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Talke
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Barbara M Klinkhammer
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Peter Boor
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Nephrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Renner
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
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13
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Redgrave RE, Tual-Chalot S, Davison BJ, Singh E, Hall D, Amirrasouli MM, Gilchrist D, Medvinsky A, Arthur HM. Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Require Endoglin for Paracrine-Mediated Angiogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 8:1287-1298. [PMID: 28494939 PMCID: PMC5425789 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials of stem cell therapy to treat ischemic heart disease primarily use heterogeneous stem cell populations. Small benefits occur via paracrine mechanisms that include stimulating angiogenesis, and increased understanding of these mechanisms would help to improve patient outcomes. Cardiosphere-derived-cells (CDCs) are an example of these heterogeneous stem cell populations, cultured from cardiac tissue. CDCs express endoglin, a co-receptor that binds specific transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family ligands, including bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9). In endothelial cells endoglin regulates angiogenic responses, and we therefore hypothesized that endoglin is required to promote the paracrine pro-angiogenic properties of CDCs. Cre/LoxP technology was used to genetically manipulate endoglin expression in CDCs, and we found that the pro-angiogenic properties of the CDC secretome are endoglin dependent both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, BMP9 pre-treatment of endoglin-depleted CDCs restores their pro-angiogenic paracrine properties. As BMP9 signaling is normally required to maintain endoglin expression, we propose that media containing BMP9 could be critical for therapeutic CDC preparation. It is essential to understand how stem cell populations generate paracrine benefit Endoglin is necessary for the pro-angiogenic properties of the CDC secretome Pro-angiogenic defects of endoglin-depleted CDCs can be rescued by BMP9
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Redgrave
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Benjamin J Davison
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Esha Singh
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Darroch Hall
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Muhammad M Amirrasouli
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Derek Gilchrist
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 3BZ, UK.
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14
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McGarvey AC, Rybtsov S, Souilhol C, Tamagno S, Rice R, Hills D, Godwin D, Rice D, Tomlinson SR, Medvinsky A. A molecular roadmap of the AGM region reveals BMPER as a novel regulator of HSC maturation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3731-3751. [PMID: 29093060 PMCID: PMC5716029 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through transcriptional profiling of the mouse AGM region, McGarvey et al. identify potential niche regulators of HSC development. They show a new function of BMPER in regulating HSC maturation, likely via its modulation of BMP signalling. In the developing embryo, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge from the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, but the molecular regulation of this process is poorly understood. Recently, the progression from E9.5 to E10.5 and polarity along the dorso-ventral axis have been identified as clear demarcations of the supportive HSC niche. To identify novel secreted regulators of HSC maturation, we performed RNA sequencing over these spatiotemporal transitions in the AGM region and supportive OP9 cell line. Screening several proteins through an ex vivo reaggregate culture system, we identify BMPER as a novel positive regulator of HSC development. We demonstrate that BMPER is associated with BMP signaling inhibition, but is transcriptionally induced by BMP4, suggesting that BMPER contributes to the precise control of BMP activity within the AGM region, enabling the maturation of HSCs within a BMP-negative environment. These findings and the availability of our transcriptional data through an accessible interface should provide insight into the maintenance and potential derivation of HSCs in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C McGarvey
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Céline Souilhol
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sara Tamagno
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ritva Rice
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Hills
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Duncan Godwin
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - David Rice
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon R Tomlinson
- Stem Cell Bioinformatics Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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15
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Ng ES, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Medvinsky A. Human haematopoietic stem cell development: from the embryo to the dish. Development 2017; 144:2323-2337. [PMID: 28676567 DOI: 10.1242/dev.134866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge during embryogenesis and give rise to the adult haematopoietic system. Understanding how early haematopoietic development occurs is of fundamental importance for basic biology and medical sciences, but our knowledge is still limited compared with what we know of adult HSCs and their microenvironment. This is particularly true for human haematopoiesis, and is reflected in our current inability to recapitulate the development of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells in vitro In this Review, we discuss what is known of human haematopoietic development: the anatomical sites at which it occurs, the different temporal waves of haematopoiesis, the emergence of the first HSCs and the signalling landscape of the haematopoietic niche. We also discuss the extent to which in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells recapitulates bona fide human developmental haematopoiesis, and outline some future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.,Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Ng
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Edouard G Stanley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew G Elefanty
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia .,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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16
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Batsivari A, Rybtsov S, Souilhol C, Binagui-Casas A, Hills D, Medvinsky A. Declined presentation understanding haematopoietic stem cell development through functional correlation of their proliferative status with the intra-aortic cluster architecture. Exp Hematol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.06.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Batsivari A, Rybtsov S, Souilhol C, Binagui-Casas A, Hills D, Zhao S, Travers P, Medvinsky A. Understanding Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development through Functional Correlation of Their Proliferative Status with the Intra-aortic Cluster Architecture. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:1549-1562. [PMID: 28479304 PMCID: PMC5469869 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region through a process of multi-step maturation and expansion. While proliferation of adult HSCs is implicated in the balance between self-renewal and differentiation, very little is known about the proliferation status of nascent HSCs in the AGM region. Using Fucci reporter mice that enable in vivo visualization of cell-cycle status, we detect increased proliferation during pre-HSC expansion followed by a slowing down of cycling once cells start to acquire a definitive HSC state, similar to fetal liver HSCs. We observe time-specific changes in intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters corresponding to HSC maturation stages. The proliferative architecture of the clusters is maintained in an orderly anatomical manner with slowly cycling cells at the base and more actively proliferating cells at the more apical part of the cluster, which correlates with c-KIT expression levels, thus providing an anatomical basis for the role of SCF in HSC maturation. Expansion of HSC precursors is accompanied by increased proliferation Final steps of HSC maturation are accompanied by decelerating proliferation Proliferative architecture of intra-aortic clusters is maintained during HSC development c-Kit expression levels correlate with the proliferative status of HSC precursors
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoniana Batsivari
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Anahi Binagui-Casas
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David Hills
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Suling Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Paul Travers
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK.
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18
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Ramasamy SK, Kusumbe AP, Schiller M, Zeuschner D, Bixel MG, Milia C, Gamrekelashvili J, Limbourg A, Medvinsky A, Santoro MM, Limbourg FP, Adams RH. Blood flow controls bone vascular function and osteogenesis. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13601. [PMID: 27922003 PMCID: PMC5150650 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While blood vessels play important roles in bone homeostasis and repair, fundamental aspects of vascular function in the skeletal system remain poorly understood. Here we show that the long bone vasculature generates a peculiar flow pattern, which is important for proper angiogenesis. Intravital imaging reveals that vessel growth in murine long bone involves the extension and anastomotic fusion of endothelial buds. Impaired blood flow leads to defective angiogenesis and osteogenesis, and downregulation of Notch signalling in endothelial cells. In aged mice, skeletal blood flow and endothelial Notch activity are also reduced leading to decreased angiogenesis and osteogenesis, which is reverted by genetic reactivation of Notch. Blood flow and angiogenesis in aged mice are also enhanced on administration of bisphosphonate, a class of drugs frequently used for the treatment of osteoporosis. We propose that blood flow and endothelial Notch signalling are key factors controlling ageing processes in the skeletal system. Formation of new blood vessels and bone is coupled. Here the authors show that blood flow represents a key regulator of angiogenesis and endothelial Notch signalling in the bone, and that reactivation of Notch signalling in the endothelium of aged mice rejuvenates the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravana K Ramasamy
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Research group Integrative Skeletal Physiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Anjali P Kusumbe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Research group Tissue and Tumor Microenvironments, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LY, UK
| | - Maria Schiller
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M Gabriele Bixel
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carlo Milia
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaba Gamrekelashvili
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Limbourg
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Research group Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Massimo M Santoro
- VIB Vesalius Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Florian P Limbourg
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf H Adams
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Easterbrook J, Gordon-Keylock S, Rybtsov S, Ivanovs A, Anderson R, Medvinsky A. Investigating haematopoiesis in the human embryo using an ex vivo culture system. Exp Hematol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Rybtsov S, Ivanovs A, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Concealed expansion of immature precursors underpins acute burst of adult HSC activity in foetal liver. Development 2016; 143:1284-9. [PMID: 27095492 PMCID: PMC4852516 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One day prior to mass emergence of haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the foetal liver at E12.5, the embryo contains only a few definitive HSCs. It is thought that the burst of HSC activity in the foetal liver is underpinned by rapid maturation of immature embryonic precursors of definitive HSCs, termed pre-HSCs. However, because pre-HSCs are not detectable by direct transplantations into adult irradiated recipients, the size and growth of this population, which represents the embryonic rudiment of the adult haematopoietic system, remains uncertain. Using a novel quantitative assay, we demonstrate that from E9.5 the pre-HSC pool undergoes dramatic growth in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region and by E11.5 reaches the size that matches the number of definitive HSCs in the E12.5 foetal liver. Thus, this study provides for the first time a quantitative basis for our understanding of how the large population of definitive HSCs emerges in the foetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh E16 4UU, UK
| | - Andrejs Ivanovs
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh E16 4UU, UK
| | - Suling Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh E16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh E16 4UU, UK
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21
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Souilhol C, Gonneau C, Lendinez JG, Batsivari A, Rybtsov S, Wilson H, Morgado-Palacin L, Hills D, Taoudi S, Antonchuk J, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Inductive interactions mediated by interplay of asymmetric signalling underlie development of adult haematopoietic stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10784. [PMID: 26952187 PMCID: PMC4786750 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, adult haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge preferentially in the ventral domain of the aorta in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. Several signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt, Shh and RA are implicated in this process, yet how these interact to regulate the emergence of HSCs has not previously been described in mammals. Using a combination of ex vivo and in vivo approaches, we report here that stage-specific reciprocal dorso-ventral inductive interactions and lateral input from the urogenital ridges are required to drive HSC development in the aorta. Our study strongly suggests that these inductive interactions in the AGM region are mediated by the interplay between spatially polarized signalling pathways. Specifically, Shh produced in the dorsal region of the AGM, stem cell factor in the ventral and lateral regions, and BMP inhibitory signals in the ventral tissue are integral parts of the regulatory system involved in the development of HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Souilhol
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Christèle Gonneau
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Javier G. Lendinez
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Antoniana Batsivari
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Lucia Morgado-Palacin
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - David Hills
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Samir Taoudi
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
- Cancer and Haematology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052 Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Suling Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
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22
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Economou C, Tsakiridis A, Wymeersch FJ, Gordon-Keylock S, Dewhurst RE, Fisher D, Medvinsky A, Smith AJH, Wilson V. Intrinsic factors and the embryonic environment influence the formation of extragonadal teratomas during gestation. BMC Dev Biol 2015; 15:35. [PMID: 26453549 PMCID: PMC4599726 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-015-0084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pluripotent cells are present in early embryos until the levels of the pluripotency regulator Oct4 drop at the beginning of somitogenesis. Elevating Oct4 levels in explanted post-pluripotent cells in vitro restores their pluripotency. Cultured pluripotent cells can participate in normal development when introduced into host embryos up to the end of gastrulation. In contrast, pluripotent cells efficiently seed malignant teratocarcinomas in adult animals. In humans, extragonadal teratomas and teratocarcinomas are most frequently found in the sacrococcygeal region of neonates, suggesting that these tumours originate from cells in the posterior of the embryo that either reactivate or fail to switch off their pluripotent status. However, experimental models for the persistence or reactivation of pluripotency during embryonic development are lacking. METHODS We manually injected embryonic stem cells into conceptuses at E9.5 to test whether the presence of pluripotent cells at this stage correlates with teratocarcinoma formation. We then examined the effects of reactivating embryonic Oct4 expression ubiquitously or in combination with Nanog within the primitive streak (PS)/tail bud (TB) using a transgenic mouse line and embryo chimeras carrying a PS/TB-specific heterologous gene expression cassette respectively. RESULTS Here, we show that pluripotent cells seed teratomas in post-gastrulation embryos. However, at these stages, induced ubiquitous expression of Oct4 does not lead to restoration of pluripotency (indicated by Nanog expression) and tumour formation in utero, but instead causes a severe phenotype in the extending anteroposterior axis. Use of a more restricted T(Bra) promoter transgenic system enabling inducible ectopic expression of Oct4 and Nanog specifically in the posteriorly-located primitive streak (PS) and tail bud (TB) led to similar axial malformations to those induced by Oct4 alone. These cells underwent induction of pluripotency marker expression in Epiblast Stem Cell (EpiSC) explants derived from somitogenesis-stage embryos, but no teratocarcinoma formation was observed in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that although pluripotent cells with teratocarcinogenic potential can be produced in vitro by the overexpression of pluripotency regulators in explanted somitogenesis-stage somatic cells, the in vivo induction of these genes does not yield tumours. This suggests a restrictive regulatory role of the embryonic microenvironment in the induction of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Economou
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Filip J Wymeersch
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sabrina Gordon-Keylock
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Robert E Dewhurst
- Drug Discovery Unit, Telethon Kids Institute, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA, 6872, Australia
| | - Dawn Fisher
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Andrew J H Smith
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Valerie Wilson
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, SCRM Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh bioQuarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Better insight into hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development in the human embryo and fetus is crucial for translational research. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Prashad et al. (2014) describe a novel surface marker for human fetal liver HSCs, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein GPI-80, that is functionally required for their self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK.
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24
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Gonzalez J, Lendinez JG, Souilhol C, Rybtsov S, Hills D, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Analysis of notch signalling activity during hematopoietic stem cell development. Exp Hematol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.06.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Naillat F, Yan W, Karjalainen R, Liakhovitskaia A, Samoylenko A, Xu Q, Sun Z, Shen B, Medvinsky A, Quaggin S, Vainio SJ. Identification of the genes regulated by Wnt-4, a critical signal for commitment of the ovary. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:163-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Abstract
In September 2014, over 100 scientists from around the globe gathered at Wotton House near London for the Company of Biologists' workshop 'From Stem Cells to Human Development'. The workshop covered diverse aspects of human development, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to differentiation of mature cell types of all three germ layers from pluripotent cells. In this Meeting Review, we summarise some of the exciting data presented at the workshop and draw together the main themes that emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Medvinsky
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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27
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Liakhovitskaia A, Rybtsov S, Smith T, Batsivari A, Rybtsova N, Rode C, de Bruijn M, Buchholz F, Gordon-Keylock S, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Runx1 is required for progression of CD41+ embryonic precursors into HSCs but not prior to this. Development 2014; 141:3319-23. [PMID: 25139854 PMCID: PMC4199125 DOI: 10.1242/dev.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Haematopoiesis in adult animals is maintained by haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which self-renew and can give rise to all blood cell lineages. The AGM region is an important intra-embryonic site of HSC development and a wealth of evidence indicates that HSCs emerge from the endothelium of the embryonic dorsal aorta and extra-embryonic large arteries. This, however, is a stepwise process that occurs through sequential upregulation of CD41 and CD45 followed by emergence of fully functional definitive HSCs. Although largely dispensable at later stages, the Runx1 transcription factor is crucially important during developmental maturation of HSCs; however, exact points of crucial involvement of Runx1 in this multi-step developmental maturation process remain unclear. Here, we have investigated requirements for Runx1 using a conditional reversible knockout strategy. We report that Runx1 deficiency does not preclude formation of VE-cad+CD45−CD41+ cells, which are phenotypically equivalent to precursors of definitive HSCs (pre-HSC Type I) but blocks transition to the subsequent CD45+ stage (pre-HSC Type II). These data emphasise that developmental progression of HSCs during a very short period of time is regulated by precise stage-specific molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liakhovitskaia
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Tom Smith
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Antoniana Batsivari
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Natalia Rybtsova
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Christina Rode
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Marella de Bruijn
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Suling Zhao
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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28
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Tarunina M, Hernandez D, Johnson CJ, Rybtsov S, Ramathas V, Jeyakumar M, Watson T, Hook L, Medvinsky A, Mason C, Choo Y. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells using a bead-based combinatorial screening method. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104301. [PMID: 25251366 PMCID: PMC4174505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a rapid, bead-based combinatorial screening method to determine optimal combinations of variables that direct stem cell differentiation to produce known or novel cell types having pre-determined characteristics. Here we describe three experiments comprising stepwise exposure of mouse or human embryonic cells to 10,000 combinations of serum-free differentiation media, through which we discovered multiple novel, efficient and robust protocols to generate a number of specific hematopoietic and neural lineages. We further demonstrate that the technology can be used to optimize existing protocols in order to substitute costly growth factors with bioactive small molecules and/or increase cell yield, and to identify in vitro conditions for the production of rare developmental intermediates such as an embryonic lymphoid progenitor cell that has not previously been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tarunina
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Hernandez
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute of Stem cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vidya Ramathas
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas Watson
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Hook
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine/Institute of Stem cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yen Choo
- Plasticell Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- Progenitor Labs Ltd, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Stevenage, United Kingdom
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29
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Rybtsov S, Batsivari A, Bilotkach K, Paruzina D, Senserrich J, Nerushev O, Medvinsky A. Tracing the origin of the HSC hierarchy reveals an SCF-dependent, IL-3-independent CD43(-) embryonic precursor. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:489-501. [PMID: 25241746 PMCID: PMC4266012 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) develop in the aorta gonad mesonephros (AGM) region in a stepwise manner. Type I pre-HSCs express CD41 but lack CD45 expression, which is subsequently upregulated in type II pre-HSCs prior to their maturation into definitive HSCs. Here, using ex vivo modeling of HSC development, we identify precursors of definitive HSCs in the trunk of the embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) mouse embryo. These precursors, termed here pro-HSCs, are less mature than type I and II pre-HSCs. Although pro-HSCs are CD41(+), they lack the CD43 marker, which is gradually upregulated in the developing HSC lineage. We show that stem cell factor (SCF), but not interleukin-3 (IL-3), is a major effector of HSC maturation during E9-E10. This study extends further the previously established hierarchical organization of the developing HSC lineage and presents it as a differentially regulated four-step process and identifies additional targets that could facilitate the generation of transplantable HSCs from pluripotent cells for clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Antoniana Batsivari
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Kateryna Bilotkach
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Daria Paruzina
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Jordi Senserrich
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Oleg Nerushev
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK.
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30
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Potts K, Sargeant T, Markham J, Shi W, Dawson C, Josefsson E, Liakhovitskaia A, Smyth G, Kile B, Medvinsky A, Alexander W, Hilton D, Taoudi S. Identification of diploid platelet-forming cells prior to the emergence of polyploidy megakaryocyte in the mouse embryo. Exp Hematol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.07.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Anderson R, Turner M, Medvinsky A. Identification of the niche and phenotype of the first human hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:449-56. [PMID: 24749070 PMCID: PMC3986508 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In various vertebrate species, the dorsal aorta (Ao) is the site of specification of adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It has been observed that the upregulation of essential hematopoietic transcription factors and the formation of specific intra-aortic hematopoietic cell clusters occur predominantly in the ventral domain of the Ao (AoV). In the mouse, the first HSCs emerge in the AoV. Here, we demonstrate that in the human embryo the first definitive HSCs also emerge asymmetrically and are localized to the AoV, which thus identifies a functional niche for developing human HSCs. Using magnetic cell separation and xenotransplantations, we show that the first human HSCs are CD34(+)VE-cadherin(+)CD45(+)C-KIT(+)THY-1(+)Endoglin(+)RUNX1(+)CD38(-/lo)CD45RA(-). This population harbors practically all committed hematopoietic progenitors and is underrepresented in the dorsal domain of the Ao (AoD) and urogenital ridges (UGRs). The present study provides a foundation for analysis of molecular mechanisms underpinning embryonic specification of human HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Marc L. Turner
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh EH17 7QT, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
- Corresponding author
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32
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Voronov D, Gromova A, Liu D, Zoukhri D, Medvinsky A, Meech R, Makarenkova HP. Transcription factors Runx1 to 3 are expressed in the lacrimal gland epithelium and are involved in regulation of gland morphogenesis and regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3115-25. [PMID: 23532528 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacrimal gland (LG) morphogenesis and repair are regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic factors (e.g., transcription factors) and extrinsic signals (e.g., soluble growth/signaling factors). Many of these interconnections remain poorly characterized. Runt-related (Runx) factors belong to a small family of heterodimeric transcription factors known to regulate lineage-specific proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. The purpose of this study was to define the expression pattern and the role of Runx proteins in LG development and regeneration. METHODS Expression of epithelial-restricted transcription factors in murine LG was examined using immunostaining, qRT-PCR, and RT(2)Profiler PCR microarrays. The role of Runx transcription factors in LG morphogenesis was studied using siRNA and ex vivo LG cultures. Expression of Runx transcription factors during LG regeneration was assessed using in vivo model of LG regeneration. RESULTS We found that Runx factors are expressed in the epithelial compartment of the LG; in particular, Runx1 was restricted to the epithelium with highest level of expression in ductal and centroacinar cells. Downregulation of Runx1 to 3 expression using Runx-specific siRNAs abolished LG growth and branching and our data suggest that Runx1, 2, and 3 are partially redundant in LG development. In siRNA-treated LG, reduction of branching correlated with reduction of epithelial proliferation, as well as expression of cyclin D1 and the putative epithelial progenitor cell marker cytokeratin-5. Runx1, Runx3, and cytokeratin-5 expression increased significantly in regenerating LG and there was modest increase in Runx2 expression during LG differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Runx1 and 2 are new markers of the LG epithelial lineage and Runx factors are important for normal LG morphogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Voronov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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33
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Tavares J, Formaglio P, Thiberge S, Mordelet E, Van Rooijen N, Medvinsky A, Ménard R, Amino R. Role of host cell traversal by the malaria sporozoite during liver infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:905-15. [PMID: 23610126 PMCID: PMC3646492 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria sporozoites cross the liver sinusoidal barrier, target Kupffer cells and endothelial cells with cell traversal inhibiting sporozoite clearance. Malaria infection starts when the sporozoite stage of the Plasmodium parasite is injected into the skin by a mosquito. Sporozoites are known to traverse host cells before finally invading a hepatocyte and multiplying into erythrocyte-infecting forms, but how sporozoites reach hepatocytes in the liver and the role of host cell traversal (CT) remain unclear. We report the first quantitative imaging study of sporozoite liver infection in rodents. We show that sporozoites can cross the liver sinusoidal barrier by multiple mechanisms, targeting Kupffer cells (KC) or endothelial cells and associated or not with the parasite CT activity. We also show that the primary role of CT is to inhibit sporozoite clearance by KC during locomotion inside the sinusoid lumen, before crossing the barrier. By being involved in multiple steps of the sporozoite journey from the skin to the final hepatocyte, the parasite proteins mediating host CT emerge as ideal antibody targets for vaccination against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
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34
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Anderson RA, Turner ML, Medvinsky A. Postmenstrual gestational age should be used with care in studies of early human hematopoietic development. Blood 2013; 121:3051-2. [PMID: 23580635 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-01-475673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Abstract
Intravital fluorescence microscopy is an invaluable tool to study a dynamic phenomenon through its direct observation in living organisms. This technique can combine qualitative and quantitative analysis and has been capital to address long-standing questions about Plasmodium biology. Beyond a descriptive view of the parasite life cycle, the possibility to image infection in transgenic animals in which a specific cell type, molecule or process is labeled opens new possibilities to study host cell-parasite interactions in cellular and molecular details. An additional layer of refinement can be achieved with the use of fluorescent knockout mutants (parasite, mice, or both) to dissect the molecular basis of the process of interest. Here, we present a basic protocol for imaging the sporozoite behavior in the liver, emphasizing the detection of the sporozoite's ability to traverse host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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36
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Abstract
The close association between hematopoietic and endothelial cells during embryonic development led to the proposal that they may originate from a common ancestor - the hemangioblast. Due to a lack of unique specific markers for in vivo cell fate tracking studies, evidence supporting this theory derives mainly from in vitro differentiation studies. Teixeira and colleagues describe a novel enhancer that drives specific eGFP expression in blood islands of the electroporated chick embryo, thereby presenting a tool potentially suitable for analysis of hemangioblast differentiation and development of blood islands. See research article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-213X/11/76
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gordon-Keylock
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
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37
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Welch L, Anderson RA, Turner ML, Medvinsky A. Highly potent human hematopoietic stem cells first emerge in the intraembryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2011. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1954oia5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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38
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Ivanovs A, Rybtsov S, Welch L, Anderson RA, Turner ML, Medvinsky A. Highly potent human hematopoietic stem cells first emerge in the intraembryonic aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2417-27. [PMID: 22042975 PMCID: PMC3256972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human HSCs appear first in the embryonic dorsal aorta, and only later in the yolk sac, liver, and placenta; a single human AGM region HSC can generate at least 300 daughter HSCs that are retransplantable into secondary recipient mice. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) emerge during embryogenesis and maintain hematopoiesis in the adult organism. Little is known about the embryonic development of human HSCs. We demonstrate that human HSCs emerge first in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, specifically in the dorsal aorta, and only later appear in the yolk sac, liver, and placenta. AGM region cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice provide long-term high level multilineage hematopoietic repopulation. Human AGM region HSCs, although present in low numbers, exhibit a very high self-renewal potential. A single HSC derived from the AGM region generates at least 300 daughter HSCs in primary recipients, which disseminate throughout the entire recipient bone marrow and are retransplantable. These findings highlight the vast regenerative potential of the earliest human HSCs and set a new standard for in vitro generation of HSCs from pluripotent stem cells for the purpose of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrejs Ivanovs
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland, UK
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39
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Rybtsov S, Sobiesiak M, Taoudi S, Souilhol C, Senserrich J, Liakhovitskaia A, Ivanovs A, Frampton J, Zhao S, Medvinsky A. Hierarchical organization and early hematopoietic specification of the developing HSC lineage in the AGM region. J Exp Med 2011; 208:1305-15. [PMID: 21624936 PMCID: PMC3173253 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20102419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aorta-gonad-mesonephros region plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development during mouse embryogenesis. The vascular endothelial cadherin⁺ CD45⁺ (VE-cad⁺CD45⁺) population contains the major type of immature pre-HSCs capable of developing into long-term repopulating definitive HSCs. In this study, we developed a new coaggregation culture system, which supports maturation of a novel population of CD45-negative (VE-cad⁺CD45⁻CD41⁺) pre-HSCs into definitive HSCs. The appearance of these pre-HSCs precedes development of the VE-cad⁺CD45⁺ pre-HSCs (termed here type I and type II pre-HSCs, respectively), thus establishing a hierarchical directionality in the developing HSC lineage. By labeling the luminal surface of the dorsal aorta, we show that both type I and type II pre-HSCs are distributed broadly within the endothelial and subendothelial aortic layers, in contrast to mature definitive HSCs which localize to the aortic endothelial layer. In agreement with expression of CD41 in pre-HSCs, in vivo CD41-Cre-mediated genetic tagging occurs in embryonic pre-HSCs and persists in all lymphomyeloid lineages of the adult animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Malgorzata Sobiesiak
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Hematology, Immunology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Clinic of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Samir Taoudi
- Molecular Medicine Division, Walter and Eliza Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Céline Souilhol
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jordi Senserrich
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Anna Liakhovitskaia
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrejs Ivanovs
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Jon Frampton
- Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK
| | - Suling Zhao
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Alexander Medvinsky
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Scotland, UK
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40
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Abstract
Definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) lie at the foundation of the adult hematopoietic system and provide an organism throughout its life with all blood cell types. Several tissues demonstrate hematopoietic activity at early stages of embryonic development, but which tissue is the primary source of these important cells and what are the early embryonic ancestors of definitive HSCs? Here, we review recent advances in the field of HSC research that have shed light on such questions, while setting them into a historical context, and discuss key issues currently circulating in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Medvinsky
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK.
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41
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Taylor E, Taoudi S, Medvinsky A. Hematopoietic stem cell activity in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region enhances after mid-day 11 of mouse development. Int J Dev Biol 2011; 54:1055-60. [PMID: 20711982 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.103152et] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The E11.5 aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region is a site of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development prior to colonisation of the embryonic liver. The generation of HSCs in the embryo starting from E11 is very rapid. Here, we have assessed hematopoietic development in the AGM region during E11 at precise somitic ages. Although the numbers of committed hematopoietic precursors fluctuate throughout the day, the repopulation activity in the AGM region noticeably increases from mid (44 s.p.) to end (48 s.p.) day 11 of gestation. While prior to mid day 11 two thirds of AGM regions contain no definitive HSCs, shortly prior to liver colonisation, all older day 11 embryos contain definitive HSC. Nevertheless, all E11 AGM regions even at early somitic stages have the capacity to expand numbers of definitive HSCs ex vivo. Quantitative anatomical analysis confirmed preferential localization of intra-aortic clusters (IACs) to the ventral domain of the dorsal aorta during entire day 11 of development. No clear correlation was established between IAC numbers and the presence of definitive HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Taylor
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, UK
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42
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Jakobsson L, Franco CA, Bentley K, Collins RT, Ponsioen B, Aspalter IM, Rosewell I, Busse M, Thurston G, Medvinsky A, Schulte-Merker S, Gerhardt H. Endothelial cells dynamically compete for the tip cell position during angiogenic sprouting. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:943-53. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Durand C, Jaffredo T, Medvinsky A. Developmental hematopoiesis - preface. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54:947-9. [PMID: 20711975 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.103146cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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44
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Liakhovitskaia A, Lana-Elola E, Stamateris E, Rice DP, van 't Hof RJ, Medvinsky A. The essential requirement for Runx1 in the development of the sternum. Dev Biol 2010; 340:539-46. [PMID: 20152828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Runx1 is highly expressed in chondroprogenitor and osteoprogenitor cells and in vitro experiments suggest that Runx1 is important in the early stages of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation. However, because Runx1 knockout mice are early embryonic lethal due to failure of hematopoiesis, the role of Runx1 in skeletogenesis remains unclear. We studied the role of Runx1 in skeletal development using a Runx1 reversible knockout mouse model. By crossing with Tie2-Cre deletor mice, Runx1 expression was selectively rescued in the endothelial and hematopoietic systems but not in the skeleton. Although Runx1(Re/Re) embryos survived until birth and had a generally normal skeleton, the development of mineralization in the sternum and some skull elements was significantly disrupted. In contrast to wild-type embryos, the sternum of E17.5 Runx1(Re/Re) embryos showed high levels of Sox-9 and collagen type II expression and lack of development of hypertrophic chondrocytes. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that, in contrast to the vertebrae and long bones, the sternum of wild-type embryos expresses high levels of Runx1, but not Runx2, the master regulator of skeletogenesis. Thus, although Runx1 is not essential for major skeletal development, it does play an essential role in the development of the sternum and some skull elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liakhovitskaia
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, UK
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45
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Xu Y, Yuan L, Mak J, Pardanaud L, Caunt M, Kasman I, Larrivée B, Del Toro R, Suchting S, Medvinsky A, Silva J, Yang J, Thomas JL, Koch AW, Alitalo K, Eichmann A, Bagri A. Neuropilin-2 mediates VEGF-C-induced lymphatic sprouting together with VEGFR3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:115-30. [PMID: 20065093 PMCID: PMC2812843 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200903137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
If neuropilin-2 and the growth factor VEGF-C don’t come together, lymphatic vessels don’t branch apart. Vascular sprouting is a key process-driving development of the vascular system. In this study, we show that neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), a transmembrane receptor for the lymphangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), plays an important role in lymphatic vessel sprouting. Blocking VEGF-C binding to Nrp2 using antibodies specifically inhibits sprouting of developing lymphatic endothelial tip cells in vivo. In vitro analyses show that Nrp2 modulates lymphatic endothelial tip cell extension and prevents tip cell stalling and retraction during vascular sprout formation. Genetic deletion of Nrp2 reproduces the sprouting defects seen after antibody treatment. To investigate whether this defect depends on Nrp2 interaction with VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and/or 3, we intercrossed heterozygous mice lacking one allele of these receptors. Double-heterozygous nrp2vegfr2 mice develop normally without detectable lymphatic sprouting defects. In contrast, double-heterozygote nrp2vegfr3 mice show a reduction of lymphatic vessel sprouting and decreased lymph vessel branching in adult organs. Thus, interaction between Nrp2 and VEGFR3 mediates proper lymphatic vessel sprouting in response to VEGF-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Xu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 833, 75005 Paris, France
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46
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Xu Y, Yuan L, Mak J, Pardanaud L, Caunt M, Kasman I, Larrivée B, del Toro R, Suchting S, Medvinsky A, Silva J, Yang J, Thomas JL, Koch AW, Alitalo K, Eichmann A, Bagri A. Neuropilin-2 mediates VEGF-C–induced lymphatic sprouting together with VEGFR3. J Exp Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1084/jem2071oia1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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47
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Aldskogius H, Berens C, Kanaykina N, Liakhovitskaia A, Medvinsky A, Sandelin M, Schreiner S, Wegner M, Hjerling-Leffler J, Kozlova EN. Regulation of boundary cap neural crest stem cell differentiation after transplantation. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1592-603. [PMID: 19544468 PMCID: PMC2733376 DOI: 10.1002/stem.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Success of cell replacement therapies for neurological disorders will depend largely on the optimization of strategies to enhance viability and control the developmental fate of stem cells after transplantation. Once transplanted, stem/progenitor cells display a tendency to maintain an undifferentiated phenotype or differentiate into inappropriate cell types. Gain and loss of function experiments have revealed key transcription factors which drive differentiation of immature stem/progenitor cells toward more mature stages and eventually to full differentiation. An attractive course of action to promote survival and direct the differentiation of transplanted stem cells to a specific cell type would therefore be to force expression of regulatory differentiation molecules in already transplanted stem cells, using inducible gene expression systems which can be controlled from the outside. Here, we explore this hypothesis by employing a tetracycline gene regulating system (Tet-On) to drive the differentiation of boundary cap neural crest stem cells (bNCSCs) toward a sensory neuron fate after transplantation. We induced the expression of the key transcription factor Runx1 in Sox10-expressing bNCSCs. Forced expression of Runx1 strongly increased transplant survival in the enriched neurotrophic environment of the dorsal root ganglion cavity, and was sufficient to guide differentiation of bNCSCs toward a nonpeptidergic nociceptive sensory neuron phenotype both in vitro and in vivo after transplantation. These findings suggest that exogenous activation of transcription factors expression after transplantation in stem/progenitor cell grafts can be a constructive approach to control their survival as well as their differentiation to the desired type of cell and that the Tet-system is a useful tool to achieve this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Aldskogius
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroanatomy, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Liakhovitskaia A, Gribi R, Stamateris E, Villain G, Jaffredo T, Wilkie R, Gilchrist D, Yang J, Ure J, Medvinsky A. Restoration of Runx1 expression in the Tie2 cell compartment rescues definitive hematopoietic stem cells and extends life of Runx1 knockout animals until birth. Stem Cells 2009; 27:1616-24. [PMID: 19544462 DOI: 10.1002/stem.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the runt homology domain transcription factor Runx1/AML1 fail to generate functional clonogenic hematopoietic cells and die in utero by embryonic day 12.5. We previously generated Runx1 reversible knockout mice, in which the Runx1 locus can be restored by Cre-mediated recombination. We show here that selective restoration of the Runx1 locus in the Tie2 cell compartment rescues clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors in early Runx1-null embryos and rescues lymphoid and myeloid lineages during fetal development. Furthermore, fetal liver cells isolated from reactivated Runx1 embryos are capable of long-term multilineage lymphomyeloid reconstitution of adult irradiated recipients, demonstrating the rescue of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. However, this rescue of the definitive hematopoietic hierarchy is not sufficient to rescue the viability of animals beyond birth, pointing to an essential role for Runx1 in other vital developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Liakhovitskaia
- Ontogeny of Haematopoietic Stem Cells Group, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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49
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Sheridan JM, Taoudi S, Medvinsky A, Blackburn CC. A novel method for the generation of reaggregated organotypic cultures that permits juxtaposition of defined cell populations. Genesis 2009; 47:346-51. [PMID: 19370754 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular reaggregation methods have been used to generate in vitro organotypic cultures as a means to elucidate the cellular and molecular requirements of organogenesis. However, reproducibility from experiment to experiment has remained problematic and furthermore, current protocols do not support reaggregation of many important tissues. Here, using the thymus as a model organ, we present a novel reaggregation method termed "compaction reaggregation" that offers improved kinetics of reaggregation and greatly improved efficiency. Using compaction reaggregation we have been able to reaggregate the aorta-gonad- mesonephros region, a tissue that previously proved refractory to commonly used reaggregation methods, enabling the study of hematopoietic stem cell emergence and expansion. Additionally, compaction reaggregation permits the juxtaposition of different cell layers within the aggregated structure thus providing the means to study inductive interactions between different cell populations in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Sheridan
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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50
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Stifani N, Freitas A, Liakhovitskaia A, Medvinsky A, Kania A, Stifani S. [P2.32]: Suppression of interneuron programs and maintenance of selected spinal motor neuron fates by the transcription factor AML1/Runx1. Int J Dev Neurosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.09.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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