1
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Shaban D, Najm N, Droin L, Nijnik A. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Fates and the Cellular Hierarchy of Mammalian Hematopoiesis: from Transplantation Models to New Insights from in Situ Analyses. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10782-8. [PMID: 39222178 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10782-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process that generates the cells of the blood and immune system from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and represents the system with the most rapid cell turnover in a mammalian organism. HSPC differentiation trajectories, their underlying molecular mechanisms, and their dysfunctions in hematologic disorders are the focal research questions of experimental hematology. While HSPC transplantations in murine models are the traditional tool in this research field, recent advances in genome editing and next generation sequencing resulted in the development of many fundamentally new approaches for the analyses of mammalian hematopoiesis in situ and at single cell resolution. The current review will cover many recent developments in this field in murine models, from the bulk lineage tracing studies of HSPC differentiation to the barcoding of individual HSPCs with Cre-recombinase, Sleeping Beauty transposase, or CRISPR/Cas9 tools, to map hematopoietic cell fates, together with their transcriptional and epigenetic states. We also address studies of the clonal dynamics of human hematopoiesis, from the tracing of HSPC clonal behaviours based on viral integration sites in gene therapy patients to the recent analyses of unperturbed human hematopoiesis based on naturally accrued mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial genomes. Such studies are revolutionizing our understanding of HSPC biology and hematopoiesis both under homeostatic conditions and in the response to various forms of physiological stress, reveal the mechanisms responsible for the decline of hematopoietic function with age, and in the future may advance the understanding and management of the diverse disorders of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Shaban
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 368 Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nay Najm
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 368 Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lucie Droin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 368 Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, 368 Bellini Life Sciences Complex, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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2
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Konkel JE, Cox JR, Wemyss K. Bite-sized immunology; damage and microbes educating immunity at the gingiva. Mucosal Immunol 2024:S1933-0219(24)00070-9. [PMID: 39038755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Immune cells residing at the gingiva experience diverse and unique signals, tailoring their functions to enable them to appropriately respond to immunological challenges and maintain tissue integrity. The gingiva, defined as the mucosal barrier that surrounds and supports the teeth, is the only barrier site completely transected by a hard structure, the tooth. The tissue is damaged in early life during tooth eruption and chronically throughout life by the process of mastication. This occurs alongside challenges typical of barrier sites, including exposure to invading pathogens, the local commensal microbial community and environmental antigens. This review will focus on the immune network safeguarding gingival integrity, which is far less understood than that resident at other barrier sites. A detailed understanding of the gingiva-resident immune network is vital as it is the site of the inflammatory disease periodontitis, the most common chronic inflammatory condition in humans which has well-known detrimental systemic effects. Furthering our understanding of how the immune populations within the gingiva develop, are tailored in health, and how this is dysregulated in disease would further the development of effective therapies for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Konkel
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Joshua R Cox
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kelly Wemyss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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3
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Wang Y, Morishima T, Sezaki M, Sato R, Nakato G, Fukuda S, Kobiyama K, Ishii KJ, Li Y, Takizawa H. Akkermansia muciniphila induces slow extramedullary hematopoiesis via cooperative IL-1R/TLR signals. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57485. [PMID: 37870318 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections can activate and mobilize hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from the bone marrow (BM) to the spleen, a process termed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Recent studies suggest that commensal bacteria regulate not only the host immune system but also hematopoietic homeostasis. However, the impact of gut microbes on hematopoietic pathology remains unclear. Here, we find that systemic single injections of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. m.), a mucin-degrading bacterium, rapidly activate BM myelopoiesis and slow but long-lasting hepato-splenomegaly, characterized by the expansion and differentiation of functional HSPCs, which we term delayed EMH. Mechanistically, delayed EMH triggered by A. m. is mediated entirely by the MYD88/TRIF innate immune signaling pathway, which persistently stimulates splenic myeloid cells to secrete interleukin (IL)-1α, and in turn, activates IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-expressing splenic HSPCs. Genetic deletion of Toll-like receptor-2 and -4 (TLR2/4) or IL-1α partially diminishes A. m.-induced delayed EMH, while inhibition of both pathways alleviates splenomegaly and EMH. Our results demonstrate that cooperative IL-1R- and TLR-mediated signals regulate commensal bacteria-driven EMH, which might be relevant for certain autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Morishima
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering, IRCMS, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Maiko Sezaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engineering, IRCMS, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Sato
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Gaku Nakato
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Atsugi, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukuda
- Gut Environmental Design Group, Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Atsugi, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
- Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhua Li
- Department of Hematology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Hitoshi Takizawa
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Stress, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging (CMHA), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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4
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Ng LG, Liu Z, Kwok I, Ginhoux F. Origin and Heterogeneity of Tissue Myeloid Cells: A Focus on GMP-Derived Monocytes and Neutrophils. Annu Rev Immunol 2023; 41:375-404. [PMID: 37126421 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-081022-113627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid cells are a significant proportion of leukocytes within tissues, comprising granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. With the identification of various myeloid cells that perform separate but complementary functions during homeostasis and disease, our understanding of tissue myeloid cells has evolved significantly. Exciting findings from transcriptomics profiling and fate-mapping mouse models have facilitated the identification of their developmental origins, maturation, and tissue-specific specializations. This review highlights the current understanding of tissue myeloid cells and the contributing factors of functional heterogeneity to better comprehend the complex and dynamic immune interactions within the healthy or inflamed tissue. Specifically, we discuss the new understanding of the contributions of granulocyte-monocyte progenitor-derived phagocytes to tissue myeloid cell heterogeneity as well as the impact of niche-specific factors on monocyte and neutrophil phenotype and function. Lastly, we explore the developing paradigm of myeloid cell heterogeneity during inflammation and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Guan Ng
- Shanghai Immune Therapy Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore; ,
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore; ,
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore; ,
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore
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5
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Identification of hematopoietic stem cells residing in the meninges of adult mice at steady state. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111592. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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6
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Suo C, Dann E, Goh I, Jardine L, Kleshchevnikov V, Park JE, Botting RA, Stephenson E, Engelbert J, Tuong ZK, Polanski K, Yayon N, Xu C, Suchanek O, Elmentaite R, Domínguez Conde C, He P, Pritchard S, Miah M, Moldovan C, Steemers AS, Mazin P, Prete M, Horsfall D, Marioni JC, Clatworthy MR, Haniffa M, Teichmann SA. Mapping the developing human immune system across organs. Science 2022; 376:eabo0510. [PMID: 35549310 PMCID: PMC7612819 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell genomics studies have decoded the immune-cell composition of several human prenatal organs but were limited in understanding the developing immune system as a distributed network across tissues. We profiled nine prenatal tissues combining single-cell RNA sequencing, antigen-receptor sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics to reconstruct the developing human immune system. This revealed the late acquisition of immune effector functions by myeloid and lymphoid cell subsets and the maturation of monocytes and T cells prior to peripheral tissue seeding. Moreover, we uncovered system-wide blood and immune cell development beyond primary hematopoietic organs, characterized human prenatal B1 cells, and shed light on the origin of unconventional T cells. Our atlas provides both valuable data resources and biological insights that will facilitate cell engineering, regenerative medicine, and disease understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenqu Suo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Paediatrics, Cambridge University Hospitals, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma Dann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Issac Goh
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Laura Jardine
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Haematology Department, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Jong-Eun Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Rachel A Botting
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Justin Engelbert
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Krzysztof Polanski
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nadav Yayon
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Chuan Xu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasa Elmentaite
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peng He
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sophie Pritchard
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohi Miah
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Corina Moldovan
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Pavel Mazin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin Prete
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dave Horsfall
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Molecular Immunity Unit, University of Cambridge Department of Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.,Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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Wemyss K, Konkel JE. Gingival monocytes: Lessons from other barriers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 145:106194. [PMID: 35276370 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other non-lymphoid tissues monocytes comprise a large proportion of mononuclear phagocytes present within the gingiva. Their functions and fate remain poorly understood. The oral mucosa faces challenges common to all barrier surfaces, including constant exposure to antigens and the resident commensal bacteria, but also experiences ongoing mechanical damage from mastication. Gingiva monocytes may therefore possess both myeloid functions observed at other barrier sites, such as hypo-responsiveness to bacterial stimulation, and distinctive functions tailored by their unique environment. In this review, we discuss the establishment and function of monocytes and macrophages at several mucosal tissues, and posit potential functions of monocytes within the gingiva tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Wemyss
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Division of infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Joanne E Konkel
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Division of infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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8
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Osaki J, Yamazaki S, Hikita A, Hoshi K. Hematopoietic progenitor cells specifically induce a unique immune response in dental pulp under conditions of systemic inflammation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08904. [PMID: 35198771 PMCID: PMC8842015 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth are exposed to various stimuli, including bacterial, thermal, and physical stimuli. Therefore, immune cells present in the normal dental pulp and the immune response to these stimuli have been studied. However, the relationship between systemic inflammation, such as that induced by viral infection, and changes occurring in dental pulp is not well known. This study aimed to investigate the immunological and hematological responses to systemic inflammation in dental pulp. Poly(I:C), a toll-like receptor 3 agonist, was injected into mice every two days to simulate a systemic inflammatory state in which type I interferon (IFN–I) was produced. The untreated normal state was defined as a steady state, and the states of acute and chronic inflammation were defined according to the period of administration. Changes in the abundance and dynamics of hematopoietic and immune cells in dental pulp, bone marrow and peripheral blood were quantitatively investigated in the steady state and under conditions of inflammation induced by IFN-l. We found that dental pulp in the steady state contained only a few hematopoietic cells, but a greater variety of immune cells than previously reported. B cells were also found in the steady state. An increase in multipotent progenitor cell levels was observed in the dental pulp during both acute and chronic inflammation. The increased multipotent progenitor cells in the dental pulp during acute inflammation tended to differentiate into the myeloid lineage. On the other hand, there was an influx of B cells into the dental pulp during chronic inflammation. These results revealed that a unique immune response is induced in the dental pulp by systemic inflammation, which would lead to a significant change in the perspective of dentists on the utility of dental pulp in the management of systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Osaki
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.,Laboratory of Stem Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hikita
- Department of Tissue Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Tissue Engineering, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.,Department of Oral-maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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9
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Zbinden A, Canté-Barrett K, Pike-Overzet K, Staal FJT. Stem Cell-Based Disease Models for Inborn Errors of Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010108. [PMID: 35011669 PMCID: PMC8750661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSCs) to reconstitute myeloid and lymphoid lineages combined with their self-renewal capacity hold enormous promises for gene therapy as a viable treatment option for a number of immune-mediated diseases, most prominently for inborn errors of immunity (IEI). The current development of such therapies relies on disease models, both in vitro and in vivo, which allow the study of human pathophysiology in great detail. Here, we discuss the current challenges with regards to developmental origin, heterogeneity and the subsequent implications for disease modeling. We review models based on induced pluripotent stem cell technology and those relaying on use of adult hHSCs. We critically review the advantages and limitations of current models for IEI both in vitro and in vivo. We conclude that existing and future stem cell-based models are necessary tools for developing next generation therapies for IEI.
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10
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Mende N, Laurenti E. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells outside the bone marrow: where, when, and why. Exp Hematol 2021; 104:9-16. [PMID: 34687807 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) is the primary site of adult blood production, hosting the majority of all hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Rare HSPCs are also found outside of the BM at steady state. In times of large hematopoietic demand or BM failure, substantial production of mature blood cells from HSPCs can occur in a number of tissues, in a process termed extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH). Over the past decades, our understanding of BM hematopoiesis has advanced drastically. In contrast there has been very little focus on the study of extramedullary HSPC pools and their contributions to blood production. Here we summarize what is currently known about extramedullary HSPCs and EMH in mice and humans. We describe the evidence of existing extramedullary HSPC pools at steady state, then discuss their role in the hematopoietic stress response. We highlight that although EMH in humans is much less pronounced and likely physiologically distinct to that in mice, it can be informative about premalignant and malignant changes. Finally, we reflect on the open questions in the field and on whether a better understanding of EMH, particularly in humans, may have relevant clinical implications for hematological and nonhematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Mende
- Department of Haematology and Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elisa Laurenti
- Department of Haematology and Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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