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Aburto MR, Cryan JF. Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 21:222-247. [PMID: 38355758 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Crosstalk between gut and brain has long been appreciated in health and disease, and the gut microbiota is a key player in communication between these two distant organs. Yet, the mechanisms through which the microbiota influences development and function of the gut-brain axis remain largely unknown. Barriers present in the gut and brain are specialized cellular interfaces that maintain strict homeostasis of different compartments across this axis. These barriers include the gut epithelial barrier, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. Barriers are ideally positioned to receive and communicate gut microbial signals constituting a gateway for gut-microbiota-brain communication. In this Review, we focus on how modulation of these barriers by the gut microbiota can constitute an important channel of communication across the gut-brain axis. Moreover, barrier malfunction upon alterations in gut microbial composition could form the basis of various conditions, including often comorbid neurological and gastrointestinal disorders. Thus, we should focus on unravelling the molecular and cellular basis of this communication and move from simplistic framing as 'leaky gut'. A mechanistic understanding of gut microbiota modulation of barriers, especially during critical windows of development, could be key to understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María R Aburto
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Dong TS, Mayer E. Advances in Brain-Gut-Microbiome Interactions: A Comprehensive Update on Signaling Mechanisms, Disorders, and Therapeutic Implications. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:1-13. [PMID: 38336171 PMCID: PMC11126987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The complex, bidirectional interactions between the brain, the gut, and the gut microbes are best referred to as the brain gut microbiome system. Animal and clinical studies have identified specific signaling mechanisms within this system, with gut microbes communicating to the brain through neuronal, endocrine, and immune pathways. The brain, in turn, modulates the composition and function of the gut microbiota through the autonomic nervous system, regulating gut motility, secretion, permeability, and the release of hormones impacting microbial gene expression. Perturbations at any level of these interactions can disrupt the intricate balance, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of intestinal, metabolic, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. Understanding these interactions and their underlying mechanisms holds promise for identifying biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic targets, and for developing more effective treatment strategies for these complex disorders. Continued research will advance our knowledge of this system, with the potential for improved understanding and management of a wide range of disorders. This review provides an update on the current state of knowledge regarding this system, with a focus on recent advancements and emerging research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien S Dong
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emeran Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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3
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Mackie PM, Koshy J, Bhogade M, Hammoor T, Hachmeister W, Lloyd GM, Paterno G, Bolen M, Tansey MG, Giasson BI, Khoshbouei H. Complement C1q-dependent engulfment of alpha-synuclein induces ENS-resident macrophage exhaustion and accelerates Parkinson's-like gut pathology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563832. [PMID: 37961460 PMCID: PMC10634831 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of misfolded α-synuclein (αsyn) in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is found in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. It is hypothesized that ENS synucleinopathy contributes to both the pathogenesis and non-motor morbidity in Parkinson's Disease (PD), but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that shape enteric histopathology and dysfunction are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that ENS-resident macrophages, which play a critical role in maintaining ENS homeostasis, initially respond to enteric neuronal αsyn pathology by upregulating machinery for complement-mediated engulfment. Pharmacologic depletion of ENS-macrophages or genetic deletion of C1q enhanced enteric neuropathology. Conversely, C1q deletion ameliorated gut dysfunction, indicating that complement partially mediates αsyn-induced gut dysfunction. Internalization of αsyn led to increased endo-lysosomal stress that resulted in macrophage exhaustion and temporally correlated with the progression of ENS pathology. These novel findings highlight the importance of enteric neuron-macrophage interactions in removing toxic protein aggregates that putatively shape the earliest stages of PD in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Mackie
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - J Koshy
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - M Bhogade
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - T Hammoor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - W Hachmeister
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - G M Lloyd
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - G Paterno
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - M Bolen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - M G Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Department of Neurology and Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, 32610
| | - B I Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
| | - H Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine. Gainesville, FL, 32610
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4
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Santorella E, Balsbaugh JL, Ge S, Saboori P, Baker D, Pachter JS. Proteomic interrogation of the meninges reveals the molecular identities of structural components and regional distinctions along the CNS axis. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:74. [PMID: 37858244 PMCID: PMC10588166 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it remains unclear whether the meninges vary along the neuroaxis. Hence, studies were carried-out to elucidate the protein composition and structural organization of brain and spinal cord meninges in normal, adult Biozzi ABH mice. First, shotgun, bottom-up proteomics was carried-out. Prominent proteins at both brain and spinal levels included Type II collagen and Type II keratins, representing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cytoskeletal categories, respectively. While the vast majority of total proteins detected was shared between both meningeal locales, more were uniquely detected in brain than in spine. This pattern was also seen when total proteins were subdivided by cellular compartment, except in the case of the ECM category where brain and spinal meninges each had near equal number of unique proteins, and Type V and type III collagen registered exclusively in the spine. Quantitative analysis revealed differential expression of several collagens and cytoskeletal proteins between brain and spinal meninges. High-resolution immunofluorescence and immunogold-scanning electronmicroscopy on sections from whole brain and spinal cord - still encased within bone -identified major proteins detected by proteomics, and highlighted their association with cellular and extracellular elements of variously shaped arachnoid trabeculae. Western blotting aligned with the proteomic and immunohistological analyses, reinforcing differential appearance of proteins in brain vs spinal meninges. Results could reflect regional distinctions in meninges that govern protective and/or neuroimmune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Santorella
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Jeremy L Balsbaugh
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Center for Open Research Resources & Equipment, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Parisa Saboori
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, 10071, USA
| | - David Baker
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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Liang S, Jin F, Jia C. Editorial: The effect of gut microbiota on the brain structure and function. Front Integr Neurosci 2023; 17:1226664. [PMID: 37483652 PMCID: PMC10356552 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2023.1226664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
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Seo DO, O’Donnell D, Jain N, Ulrich JD, Herz J, Li Y, Lemieux M, Cheng J, Hu H, Serrano JR, Bao X, Franke E, Karlsson M, Meier M, Deng S, Desai C, Dodiya H, Lelwala-Guruge J, Handley SA, Kipnis J, Sisodia SS, Gordon JI, Holtzman DM. ApoE isoform- and microbiota-dependent progression of neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy. Science 2023; 379:eadd1236. [PMID: 36634180 PMCID: PMC9901565 DOI: 10.1126/science.add1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tau-mediated neurodegeneration is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Primary tauopathies are characterized by pathological tau accumulation and neuronal and synaptic loss. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the progression of tau-mediated neurodegeneration, and emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota regulates neuroinflammation in an APOE genotype-dependent manner. However, evidence of a causal link between the microbiota and tau-mediated neurodegeneration is lacking. In this study, we characterized a genetically engineered mouse model of tauopathy expressing human ApoE isoforms reared under germ-free conditions or after perturbation of their gut microbiota with antibiotics. Both of these manipulations reduced gliosis, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration in a sex- and ApoE isoform-dependent manner. The findings reveal mechanistic and translationally relevant interrelationships between the microbiota, neuroinflammation, and tau-mediated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-oh Seo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - David O’Donnell
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Nimansha Jain
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Yuhao Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Mackenzie Lemieux
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Jiye Cheng
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Javier R. Serrano
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Xin Bao
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Emily Franke
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Maria Karlsson
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Martin Meier
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Su Deng
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Chandani Desai
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Hemraj Dodiya
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Janaki Lelwala-Guruge
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Scott A. Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - Sangram S. Sisodia
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey I. Gordon
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
- Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. USA
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Li H, Hu M, Huang Z, Wang Y, Xu Y, Deng J, Zhu M, Feng W, Xu X. A single-cell atlas reveals the heterogeneity of meningeal immunity in a mouse model of Methyl CpG binding protein 2 deficiency. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1056447. [PMID: 36703978 PMCID: PMC9871622 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) is a DNA methylation reader protein. Mutations in MeCP2 are the major cause of Rett syndrome (RTT). Increasing evidence has shown that dysregulated immunity and chronic subclinical inflammation are linked to MeCP2 deficiency and contribute to RTT development and deterioration. The meninges surrounding the central nervous system (CNS) contain a wide repertoire of immune cells that participate in immune surveillance within the CNS and influence various brain functions; however, the characterization and role of meningeal immunity in CNS with MeCP2 deficiency remain poorly addressed. Here, we used single-cell sequencing to profile Mecp2-deficient meningeal immune cells from the dura mater, which has been reported to contain the most meningeal immune cells during homeostasis. Data showed that the meninges of Mecp2-null mice contained the same diverse immune cell populations as control mice and showed an up-regulation of immune-related processes. B cell populations were greater in Mecp2-null mice than in control mice, and the expression of genes encoding for immunoglobulins was remarkably higher. Mecp2-deficient meninges also contained more cytotoxic CD8+ T cells than control meninges. With increased interferon-γ transcription in T and natural killer cells, meningeal macrophages showed decreased suppression and increased activity in Mecp2-deficienct mice. Together, these findings provide novel insights into meningeal immunity, which is a less studied aspect of neuroimmune interactions in Mecp2-mutated diseases, and offer an essential resource for comparative analyses and data exploration to better understand the functional role of meningeal immunity in RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
| | - Meixin Hu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuxi Huang
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxin Deng
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Feng
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Huiping Li, ; Weijun Feng, ; Xiu Xu,
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Mechanisms of Autoimmune Cell in DA Neuron Apoptosis of Parkinson's Disease: Recent Advancement. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:7965433. [PMID: 36567855 PMCID: PMC9771667 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7965433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that manifests as motor and nonmotor symptoms due to the selective loss of midbrain DArgic (DA) neurons. More and more studies have shown that pathological reactions initiated by autoimmune cells play an essential role in the progression of PD. Autoimmune cells exist in the brain parenchyma, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges; they are considered inducers of neuroinflammation and regulate the immune in the human brain in PD. For example, T cells can recognize α-synuclein presented by antigen-presenting cells to promote neuroinflammation. In addition, B cells will accelerate the apoptosis of DA neurons in the case of PD-related gene mutations. Activation of microglia and damage of DA neurons even form the self-degeneration cycle to deteriorate PD. Numerous autoimmune cells have been considered regulators of apoptosis, α-synuclein misfolding and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy, and neuroinflammation of DA neurons in PD. The evidence is mounting that autoimmune cells promote DA neuron apoptosis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the regulation and function of B cell, T cell, and microglia as well as NK cell in PD pathogenesis, focusing on DA neuron apoptosis to understand the disease better and propose potential target identification for the treatment in the early stages of PD. However, there are still some limitations in our work, for example, the specific mechanism of PD progression caused by autoimmune cells in mitochondrial dysfunction, ferroptosis, and autophagy has not been clarified in detail, which needs to be summarized in further work.
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Leffler J, Trend S, Hart PH, French MA. Epstein-Barr virus infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in gut-associated lymphoid tissue to drive the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Clin Transl Immunology 2022; 11:e1418. [PMID: 36325491 PMCID: PMC9621333 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, B-cell dysfunction, gut dysbiosis, and environmental and genetic risk factors, including female sex. A disease model incorporating all these factors remains elusive. Here, we hypothesise that EBV-infected memory B cells (MBCs) migrate to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) through EBV-induced expression of LPAM-1, where they are subsequently activated by gut microbes and/or their products resulting in EBV reactivation and compartmentalised anti-EBV immune responses. These responses involve marginal zone (MZ) B cells that activate CD4+ T-cell responses, via HLA-DRB1, which promote downstream B-cell differentiation towards CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs, as well as conventional MBCs. Intrinsic expression of low-affinity B-cell receptors (BCRs) by MZ B cells and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs promotes polyreactive BCR/antibody responses against EBV proteins (e.g. EBNA-1) that cross-react with central nervous system (CNS) autoantigens (e.g. GlialCAM). EBV protein/autoantigen-specific CD11c+/T-bet+ MBCs migrate to the meningeal immune system and CNS, facilitated by their expression of CXCR3, and induce cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses against CNS autoantigens amplified by BAFF, released from EBV-infected MBCs. An increased abundance of circulating IgA+ MBCs, observed in MS patients, might also reflect GALT-derived immune responses, including disease-enhancing IgA antibody responses against EBV and gut microbiota-specific regulatory IgA+ plasma cells. Female sex increases MZ B-cell and CD11c+/T-bet+ MBC activity while environmental risk factors affect gut dysbiosis. Thus, EBV infection, B-cell dysfunction and other risk factors converge in GALT to generate aberrant B-cell responses that drive pathogenic T-cell responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Leffler
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Stephanie Trend
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational ScienceUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Prue H Hart
- Telethon Kids InstituteUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Martyn A French
- School of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia,Immunology DivisionPathWest Laboratory MedicinePerthWAAustralia
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10
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Abstract
It is important to understand the microbial features of the cerebral thrombus and its clinical relevance in stroke patients, of which data were scarce. We aimed to investigate the microbial features of cerebral thrombi retrieved via thrombectomy in stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) and their correlations with 3-month mortality. In a prospective cohort study, thrombus samples were collected during mechanical thrombectomy in LVO stroke patients with successful revascularization at a tertiary hospital. Oral, fecal, and isolated plasma samples were collected within 12 h of admission. The microbial compositions of all samples were compared using 16S rRNA gene amplicon next-generation sequencing. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect bacteria in thrombus samples. The primary outcome was 3-month mortality. Perioperative adverse events (AEs) within 48 h were also recorded. Bacterial DNA was detected in 96.2% of thrombus samples from 104 patients, and clusters of bacterial signals were seen in the thrombi with FISH. Compared with fecal and oral samples, the thrombus microbiota was mainly characterized by excessive enrichment of Proteobacteria, mainly originating from plasma. The bacterial concentrations, dominant bacteria, and distribution patterns differed in thrombi obtained from cardioembolic and large-artery atherosclerotic strokes. Higher abundances of Acinetobacter and Enterobacteriaceae were associated with a higher risk of perioperative AEs, and a higher abundance of Acinetobacter was independently associated with a higher risk of 90-day mortality. This study demonstrated the presence of bacteria in cerebral thrombi retrieved with thrombectomy in LVO strokes, with some bacteria associated with patients’ prognoses.
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