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Hussain MT, Stanfield BA, Bernstein DI. Small Animal Models to Study Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:1037. [PMID: 39066200 PMCID: PMC11281376 DOI: 10.3390/v16071037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide. They are known to cause a variety of diseases including genital herpes, meningitis, encephalitis, cold sores and herpes stromal keratitis. The seropositive rate for HSV-1 is around 90%, whereas for HSV-2 it remains around 20-25% for the general adult population. The infections caused by these viruses remain difficult to study because a large proportion of infected individuals are asymptomatic. Furthermore, given the neurotropic characteristics of the virus, studies aimed at understanding the complex pathogenesis in humans is difficult. As a result, animal models have been developed to understand several characteristics of HSV biology, pathogenesis, disease and host responses to infection. These models are also commonly used as the first evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. There are several well-established animal models to study infection with HSV, including mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. Variables within the animal models depend on the species of animal, route of infection, viral strain, dosage, etc. This review aims at summarizing the most commonly used animal models to study HSV pathogenesis and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Tanveer Hussain
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Brent A. Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David I. Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Seyfizadeh N, Kalbermatter D, Imhof T, Ries M, Müller C, Jenner L, Blumenschein E, Yendrzheyevskiy A, Grün F, Moog K, Eckert D, Engel R, Diebolder P, Chami M, Krauss J, Schaller T, Arndt M. Development of a highly effective combination monoclonal antibody therapy against Herpes simplex virus. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:56. [PMID: 38807208 PMCID: PMC11134845 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infections with Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 or -2 usually present as mild chronic recurrent disease, however in rare cases can result in life-threatening conditions with a large spectrum of pathology. Monoclonal antibody therapy has great potential especially to treat infections with virus resistant to standard therapies. HDIT101, a humanized IgG targeting HSV-1/2 gB was previously investigated in phase 2 clinical trials. The aim of this study was to develop a next-generation therapy by combining different antiviral monoclonal antibodies. METHODS A lymph-node derived phage display library (LYNDAL) was screened against recombinant gB from Herpes simplex virus (HSV) -1 and HDIT102 scFv was selected for its binding characteristics using bio-layer interferometry. HDIT102 was further developed as fully human IgG and tested alone or in combination with HDIT101, a clinically tested humanized anti-HSV IgG, in vitro and in vivo. T-cell stimulating activities by antigen-presenting cells treated with IgG-HSV immune complexes were analyzed using primary human cells. To determine the epitopes, the cryo-EM structures of HDIT101 or HDIT102 Fab bound to HSV-1F as well as HSV-2G gB protein were solved at resolutions < 3.5 Å. RESULTS HDIT102 Fab showed strong binding to HSV-1F gB with Kd of 8.95 × 10-11 M and to HSV-2G gB with Kd of 3.29 × 10-11 M. Neutralization of cell-free virus and inhibition of cell-to-cell spread were comparable between HDIT101 and HDIT102. Both antibodies induced internalization of gB from the cell surface into acidic endosomes by binding distinct epitopes in domain I of gB and compete for binding. CryoEM analyses revealed the ability to form heterogenic immune complexes consisting of two HDIT102 and one HDIT101 Fab bound to one gB trimeric molecule. Both antibodies mediated antibody-dependent phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells which stimulated autologous T-cell activation. In vivo, the combination of HDIT101 and HDIT102 demonstrated synergistic effects on survival and clinical outcome in immunocompetent BALB/cOlaHsd mice. CONCLUSION This biochemical and immunological study showcases the potential of an effective combination therapy with two monoclonal anti-gB IgGs for the treatment of HSV-1/2 induced disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Seyfizadeh
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - David Kalbermatter
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, Basel, CH - 4056, Switzerland
- Present address: University of Bern, Institute of Anatomy, Balzerstrasse 2, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Imhof
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Moritz Ries
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Christian Müller
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Leonie Jenner
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | | | | | - Frank Grün
- Vanudis GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Kevin Moog
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Daniel Eckert
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Ronja Engel
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Philipp Diebolder
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Present address: Bio-Rad AbD Serotec GmbH, Anna-Sigmund-Str. 5, Neuried, 82061, Germany
| | - Mohamed Chami
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, Basel, CH - 4056, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany
| | - Michaela Arndt
- Heidelberg ImmunoTherapeutics GmbH, Max-Jarecki Str. 21, Heidelberg, 69115, Germany.
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Slein MD, Backes IM, Garland CR, Kelkar NS, Leib DA, Ackerman ME. Effector functions are required for broad and potent protection of neonatal mice with antibodies targeting HSV glycoprotein D. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101417. [PMID: 38350452 PMCID: PMC10897633 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Multiple failed herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine candidates induce robust neutralizing antibody (Ab) responses in clinical trials, raising the hypothesis that Fc-domain-dependent effector functions may be critical for protection. While neonatal HSV (nHSV) infection results in mortality and lifelong neurological morbidity in humans, it is uncommon among neonates with a seropositive birthing parent, supporting the hypothesis that Ab-based therapeutics could protect neonates from HSV. We therefore investigated the mechanisms of monoclonal Ab (mAb)-mediated protection in a mouse model of nHSV infection. For a panel of glycoprotein D (gD)-specific mAbs, neutralization and effector functions contributed to nHSV-1 protection. In contrast, effector functions alone were sufficient to protect against nHSV-2, exposing a functional dichotomy between virus types consistent with vaccine trial results. Effector functions are therefore crucial for protection by these gD-specific mAbs, informing effective Ab and vaccine design and demonstrating the potential of polyfunctional Abs as therapeutics for nHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Slein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Iara M Backes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Callaghan R Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Natasha S Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David A Leib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Campbell ESB, Goens MM, Cao W, Thompson B, Susta L, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. Recent Advancements in AAV-Vectored Immunoprophylaxis in the Nonhuman Primate Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2223. [PMID: 37626720 PMCID: PMC10452516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important treatment modalities for preventing and treating infectious diseases, especially for those lacking prophylactic vaccines or effective therapies. Recent advances in mAb gene cloning from naturally infected or immunized individuals has led to the development of highly potent human mAbs against a wide range of human and animal pathogens. While effective, the serum half-lives of mAbs are quite variable, with single administrations usually resulting in short-term protection, requiring repeated doses to maintain therapeutic concentrations for extended periods of time. Moreover, due to their limited time in circulation, mAb therapies are rarely given prophylactically; instead, they are generally administered therapeutically after the onset of symptoms, thus preventing mortality, but not morbidity. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have an established record of high-efficiency in vivo gene transfer in a variety of animal models and humans. When delivered to post-mitotic tissues such as skeletal muscle, brain, and heart, or to organs in which cells turn over slowly, such as the liver and lungs, AAV vector genomes assume the form of episomal concatemers that direct transgene expression, often for the lifetime of the cell. Based on these attributes, many research groups have explored AAV-vectored delivery of highly potent mAb genes as a strategy to enable long-term expression of therapeutic mAbs directly in vivo following intramuscular or intranasal administration. However, clinical trials in humans and studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) indicate that while AAVs are a powerful and promising platform for vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), further optimization is needed to decrease anti-drug antibody (ADA) and anti-capsid antibody responses, ultimately leading to increased serum transgene expression levels and improved therapeutic efficacy. The following review will summarize the current landscape of AAV VIP in NHP models, with an emphasis on vector and transgene design as well as general delivery system optimization. In addition, major obstacles to AAV VIP, along with implications for clinical translation, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie M. Goens
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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McMillen CM, Chapman NS, Hoehl RM, Skvarca LB, Schwarz MM, Handal LS, Crowe JE, Hartman AL. A highly potent human neutralizing antibody prevents vertical transmission of Rift Valley fever virus in a rat model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4507. [PMID: 37495594 PMCID: PMC10372071 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40187-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that circulates in livestock and humans in Africa and the Middle East. Outbreaks lead to high rates of miscarriages in domesticated livestock. Women are also at risk of vertical virus transmission and late-term miscarriages. MAb RVFV-268 is a highly potent recombinant neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that targets RVFV. Here we show that mAb RVFV-268 reduces viral replication in rat placenta explant cultures and prevents vertical transmission in a rat model of congenital RVF. Passive transfer of mAb RVFV-268 from mother to fetus occurs as early as 6 h after administration and persists through 24 h. Administering mAb RVFV-268 2 h prior to RVFV challenge or 24 h post-challenge protects the dams and offspring from RVFV infection. These findings support mAb RVFV-268 as a pre- and post-infection treatment to subvert RVFV infection and vertical transmission, thus protecting the mother and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M McMillen
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Vaccine Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathaniel S Chapman
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan M Hoehl
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Vaccine Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B Skvarca
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Magee-Womens Hospital, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Madeline M Schwarz
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Vaccine Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Laura S Handal
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Amy L Hartman
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Vaccine Research, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Van Wagoner N, Qushair F, Johnston C. Genital Herpes Infection: Progress and Problems. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2023; 37:351-367. [PMID: 37105647 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Genital herpes (GH) is a sexually transmitted infection causing recurrent, self-limited genital, buttock, and thigh ulcerations. Symptoms range from unrecognized or mild to severe with frequent recurrences. Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) type-1 or type-2 cause GH. HSV establishes latency in sacral ganglia and causes lifelong infection. Viral reactivation leads to genital ulceration or asymptomatic shedding which may lead to transmission. HSV infection during pregnancy can cause fulminant hepatitis and neonatal transmission. Severe and atypical manifestations are seen in immunocompromised people. Guanosine analogs treat symptoms and prevent recurrences, shedding, and transmission. Novel preventive and therapeutic strategies are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Van Wagoner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, VH 102A, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Fuad Qushair
- University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Christine Johnston
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 325 9th Avenue Box 359928, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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Rghei AD, Yates JGE, Lopes JA, Zhan X, Guilleman MM, Pei Y, van Lieshout LP, Santry LA, Bridle BW, Karimi K, Thompson B, Susta L, Crowe JE, Wootton SK. Antibody-based protection against respiratory syncytial virus in mice and their offspring through vectored immunoprophylaxis. Gene Ther 2023:10.1038/s41434-023-00385-2. [PMID: 36732618 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes acute lower respiratory tract infections, with potential lower respiratory tract infections, which can be particularly problematic in infants and the elderly. There are no approved vaccines for RSV. The current standard of care for high-risk individuals is monthly administration of palivizumab, a humanized murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the RSV fusion protein. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of mAbs has previously led to sustained expression of therapeutic concentrations of mAbs in several animal models, representing an alternative to repetitive passive administration. Intramuscular (IM) administration of AAV6.2FF expressing RSV antibodies, palivizumab or hRSV90, resulted in high concentrations of human (h)IgG1 mAbs in the serum and at various mucosal surfaces, while intranasal administration limited hIgG expression to the respiratory tract. IM administration of AAV6.2FF-hRSV90 or AAV6.2FF-palivizumab in a murine model provided sterilizing immunity against challenge with RSV A2. Evidence of maternal passive transfer of vectorized hRSV90 was detected in both murine and ovine models, with circulating mAbs providing sterilizing immunity in mouse progeny. Finally, addition of a "kill switch" comprised of LoxP sites flanking the mAb genes resulted in diminished serum hIgG after AAV-DJ-mediated delivery of Cre recombinase to the same muscle group that was originally transduced with the AAV-mAb vector. The ability of this AAV-mAb system to mediate robust, sustained mAb expression for maternal transfer to progeny in murine and ovine models emphasizes the potential of this platform for use as an alternative prophylactic vaccine for protection against neonatal infections, particularly in high-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira D Rghei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jacob G E Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jordyn A Lopes
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Xuiaoyan Zhan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-0417, USA
| | - Matthew M Guilleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Lisa A Santry
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Khalil Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232-0417, USA
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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