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Berd D. Portrait of an autologous cancer vaccine: Then and now. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2172925. [PMID: 36755486 PMCID: PMC10012894 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2172925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Active immunotherapy of cancer with therapeutic vaccines has been the subject of experimental and clinical studies for at least 50 years. Our approach has employed 1) autologous, human cancer cells because of extensive evidence that tumor rejection antigens may differ between multiple tumors of the same histology; 2) the immunopotentiating drug, cyclophosphamide; and 3) haptens, particularly dinitrophenyl. Multiple clinical trials in 455 patients with melanoma and ovarian cancer have shown that administration of haptenized vaccines at the proper dosage-schedule regularly induces T cell-mediated immunity to autologous tumor cells as measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity. Moreover, the vaccine causes changes in the tumor site suggestive of an immune reaction, including inflammation and infiltration with CD8+ T lymphocytes that are activated and produce cytokines. The T cell response is oligoclonal, and dominant Vβ families differ between patients. Studies of measurable metastases show clinically important tumor regression. Commercial development of this technology is clearly feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Berd
- Biovaxys Technology Corp, Etobicoke, ON, Canada
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HENLE G, HARRIS S, HENLE W. The reactivity of various human sera with mumps complement fixation antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 88:133-47. [PMID: 18871883 PMCID: PMC2135801 DOI: 10.1084/jem.88.1.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human sera taken at various stages of mumps have been analyzed in regard to their reactivity with two serologically distinct complement fixation antigens which were derived from the infected chick embryo. Antibodies to the soluble or S antigen appear earlier in the disease and, as a rule, reach high levels before antibodies against the virus-bound or V antigen commence to rise. In early convalescence, both antibodies reach high levels. Subsequently antibodies against the S antigen decrease usually at a faster rate than those against V, so that after a period of several years, frequently only anti-V may be left. These findings were found helpful in diagnostic procedures. The use of both the V and S antigens has permitted the early diagnosis of manifestations of mumps in the absence of parotitis, such as meningoencephalitis, since the finding of high levels of anti-S and of low titers of, or no, anti-V is considered diagnostically significant for the first few days of illness. For the determination of resistance the use of the V antigen appears more useful. Following vaccination or skin testing, antibodies against both antigens may develop; those against V increase more regularly and to higher titers than those against S.
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DRAKE ME, WARD C, STOKES J, HENLE W, MEDAIRY GC, MANGOLD F, HENLE G. Studies on the agent of infectious hepatitis. III. The effect of skin tests for infectious hepatitis on the incidence of the disease in a closed institution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 95:231-9. [PMID: 14927787 PMCID: PMC2212072 DOI: 10.1084/jem.95.3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
At the onset of an epidemic in a closed institution about one-fourth of the inmates were skin-tested. During the year following the skin test, 5 cases of hepatitis with jaundice were recorded among 320 skin-tested individuals with unknown histories, one in the 144 skin test-positive, and 4 in the 176 skin test-negative subjects. In contrast 112 cases occurred among the 825 non-skin-tested individuals. Thus, the incidence of jaundice in the skin-tested group was 1.6 per cent as against 13.6 per cent in the non-skin-tested individuals. Possible explanations for this observation have been discussed.
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Callaghan JT, Petersen BH, Smith WC, Epinette WW, Ransburg RC. Delayed hypersensitivity to mumps antigen in humans. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1983; 26:102-10. [PMID: 6347480 DOI: 10.1016/0090-1229(83)90178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-one subjects, preselected for mumps sensitivity, were entered into a double-blind protocol to standardize Mumps Skin Test Antigen. Four lots of mumps antigen selected on the basis of in vitro potency tests were used. Four other antigens, Histoplasmin, Dermatophytin-O, Dermatophytin, and fluid tetanus toxoid were also tested; positive reactions for these four antigens occurred in 48, 68, 25, and 43% of individuals, respectively. The mumps lots exhibited delayed hypersensitivity with positivity ranging from 63 to 67% at 20 CFU/ml and 77 to 84% at 80 CFU/ml in the acceptable lots. Side effects were primarily local and minor in nature. Mumps Skin Test Antigen is a useful measure of the integrity of the immune system, but lacks complete specificity because of local dermal factors.
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Abstract
Immunological skin tests are one of the major methods used for the assessment of one's immune status. A review of the literature clearly reveals that there is no uniform methods for the administration and interpretation of skin tests. Without uniformity, it is obvious that data are not comparable. Contradictory conclusions may be reached from the same skin test data, depending upon the method of interpretation used. Precedent, rather than rationale, has often determined the method of interpretation. There are studies which suggest that slight induration or erythema, often considered negative, are significant immunologic events. The various methods of skin test administration and interpretation are reviewed. Recommendations for application and interpretation are presented so that uniformity may exist.
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Fulginiti VA. Controversies in current immunization policy and practices: one physician's viewpoint. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN PEDIATRICS 1976; 6:3-25. [PMID: 782794 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-9380(76)80001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunization offers the best available method preventing diseases which exact huge tolls in terms of comfort, life and economic stability of humans. However, immunization is a mixed blessing because of unavoidable risks to recipients of almost any biologic product. Only by careful attention to the balance of risks between an immunization procedure and its corresponding disease will we achieve a rational, sound and appropriate policy and practice. This report details the author's analysis and opinion concerning some current controversies in immunization policy and practice. The reader is cautioned that the report represents one viewpoint; others report differing or even contradictory interpretations of the data presented, leading to different or even opposing views. The purpose of this report will be ably served if the reader considers the data himself (herself) and reaches an independent, informed opinion.
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Dufour FD, Arce MA, St Geme JW. Correlation between the potency of mumps virus skin test antigen and cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. J Pediatr 1972; 81:742-6. [PMID: 5074351 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(72)80095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Aase JM, Noren GR, Reddy DV, Geme JW. Mumps-virus infection in pregnant women and the immunologic response of their offspring. N Engl J Med 1972; 286:1379-82. [PMID: 5030022 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197206292862603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Grossgebauer K. Hypersensitivity to influenza virus preparations, vaccines, and egg proteins measured in rabbit pyrogen test. Arch Virol 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01241914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brunell PA, Brickman A, O'Hare D, Steinberg S. Ineffectiveness of isolation of patients as a method of preventing the spread of mumps. Failure of the mumps skin-test antigen to predict immune status. N Engl J Med 1968; 279:1357-61. [PMID: 5697527 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196812192792502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Marmor MF, Barnett EV. Cutaneous anergy without systemic disease. A syndrome associated with mucocutaneous fungal infection. Am J Med 1968; 44:979-89. [PMID: 4172913 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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St Geme JW, Noren GR, Adams P. Proposed embryopathic relation between mumps virus and primary endocardial fibroelastosis. N Engl J Med 1966; 275:339-47. [PMID: 5947546 DOI: 10.1056/nejm196608182750701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Yamamoto Y. A re-evaluation of the skin test of herpes simplex virus. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1966; 10:67-77. [PMID: 4289633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1966.tb00293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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MILLIAN SJ, MILLER DG, SCHAEFFER M. Viral complement-fixing antibody in patients with Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, reticulum cell sarcoma and chronic lymphatic leukemia. Cancer 1965; 18:674-8. [PMID: 14297463 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(196506)18:6<674::aid-cncr2820180604>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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ASHIHARA Y, KONO R. Studies on the skin test for mumps. I. Comparative evaluation of various skin test antigens. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1957; 1:163-70. [PMID: 13549127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1957.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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GLASGOW LA, MORGAN HR. Studies of delayed hypersensitivity in vitro. II. Delayed hypersensitivity in experimental mumps virus infections. J Exp Med 1957; 106:45-52. [PMID: 13439114 PMCID: PMC2136728 DOI: 10.1084/jem.106.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs experimentally infected with mumps virus develop a delayed, hypersensitive skin reaction following the intradermal injection of heat-inactivated mumps virus. This in vivo hypersensitivity is accompanied by a state of cellular hypersensitivity which can be demonstrated in vitro by the addition of mumps viral antigen to cultures of splenic macrophages, following which they become less motile and undergo lysis. These observations support the hypothesis that the state of hypersensitivity which develops early in mumps virus infections may have a role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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HOLOWACH J, THURSTON DL, BECKER B. Congenital defects in infants following mumps during pregnancy; a review of the literature and a report of chorioretinitis due to fetal infection. J Pediatr 1957; 50:689-94. [PMID: 13417036 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(57)80306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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KONO R, ASHIHARA Y. STUDIES ON THE SKIN TEST FOR MUMPS. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 1957; 1:171-6. [PMID: 13549128 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1957.tb00024.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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QUINN EL, BUNCH DC, YAGLE EM. The mumps skin test and complement fixation test as a diagnostic aid in sarcoidosis. J Invest Dermatol 1955; 24:595-8. [PMID: 13242893 DOI: 10.1038/jid.1955.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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LIPPELT H, MULLER F. [Research on the problem of mumps immunity]. ARCHIV FUR DIE GESAMTE VIRUSFORSCHUNG 1955; 6:76-91. [PMID: 14388683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SIEGERT R, HAUSSMANN HG. [Serodiagnosis of central nervous mumps manifestations without parotitis]. J Mol Med (Berl) 1954; 32:455-60. [PMID: 13164276 DOI: 10.1007/bf01466971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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FRIOU GJ. A study of the cutaneous reactions to oidiomycin, trichophytin, and mumps skin test antigens in patients with sarcoidosis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 1952; 24:533-9. [PMID: 14951400 PMCID: PMC2599282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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