1
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Lin G, Rennie M, Adeeko A, Scarlata S. The role of calcium in neuronal membrane tension and synaptic plasticity. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:937-945. [PMID: 38533899 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Calcium is a primary second messenger that plays a role in cellular functions including growth, movement and responses to drugs. The role that calcium plays in mediating communication between neurons by synaptic vesicle release is well established. This review focuses on the dependence of the physical properties of neuronal plasma membranes on calcium levels. After describing the key features of synaptic plasticity, we summarize the general role of calcium in cell function and the signaling pathways responsible for intracellular increase in calcium levels. We then present findings showing that increases in intracellular calcium levels cause neurites to contract and break synaptic connections by changes in membrane tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, U.S.A
| | - Madison Rennie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, U.S.A
| | - Ayobami Adeeko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, U.S.A
| | - Suzanne Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Rd., Worcester, MA 01609, U.S.A
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2
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Velasco CD, Santarella-Mellwig R, Schorb M, Gao L, Thorn-Seshold O, Llobet A. Microtubule depolymerization contributes to spontaneous neurotransmitter release in vitro. Commun Biol 2023; 6:488. [PMID: 37147475 PMCID: PMC10163034 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are key to multiple neuronal functions involving the transport of organelles, however, their relationship to neurotransmitter release is still unresolved. Here, we show that microtubules present in the presynaptic compartment of cholinergic autaptic synapses are dynamic. To investigate how the balance between microtubule growth and shrinkage affects neurotransmission we induced synchronous microtubule depolymerization by photoactivation of the chemical inhibitor SBTub3. The consequence was an increase in spontaneous neurotransmitter release. An analogous effect was obtained by dialyzing the cytosol with Kif18A, a plus-end-directed kinesin with microtubule depolymerizing activity. Kif18A also inhibited the refilling of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles during high frequency stimulation. The action of Kif18A was associated to one order of magnitude increases in the numbers of exo-endocytic pits and endosomes present in the presynaptic terminal. An enhancement of spontaneous neurotransmitter release was also observed when neurons were dialyzed with stathmin-1, a protein with a widespread presence in the nervous system that induces microtubule depolymerization. Taken together, these results support that microtubules restrict spontaneous neurotransmitter release as well as promote the replenishment of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia D Velasco
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel Santarella-Mellwig
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schorb
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Oliver Thorn-Seshold
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, 81377, Germany
| | - Artur Llobet
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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3
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Shrestha AP, Saravanakumar A, Konadu B, Madireddy S, Gibert Y, Vaithianathan T. Embryonic Hyperglycemia Delays the Development of Retinal Synapses in a Zebrafish Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179693. [PMID: 36077087 PMCID: PMC9456524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic hyperglycemia negatively impacts retinal development, leading to abnormal visual behavior, altered timing of retinal progenitor differentiation, decreased numbers of retinal ganglion cells and Müller glia, and vascular leakage. Because synaptic disorganization is a prominent feature of many neurological diseases, the goal of the current work was to study the potential impact of hyperglycemia on retinal ribbon synapses during embryonic development. Our approach utilized reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence labeling to compare the transcription of synaptic proteins and their localization in hyperglycemic zebrafish embryos, respectively. Our data revealed that the maturity of synaptic ribbons was compromised in hyperglycemic zebrafish larvae, where altered ribeye expression coincided with the delay in establishing retinal ribbon synapses and an increase in the immature synaptic ribbons. Our results suggested that embryonic hyperglycemia disrupts retinal synapses by altering the development of the synaptic ribbon, which can lead to visual defects. Future studies using zebrafish models of hyperglycemia will allow us to study the underlying mechanisms of retinal synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek P. Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Ambalavanan Saravanakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Program in Biology, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN 38112, USA
| | - Bridget Konadu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Saivikram Madireddy
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yann Gibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-901-448-2786
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4
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Peña-Ortega F, Robles-Gómez ÁA, Xolalpa-Cueva L. Microtubules as Regulators of Neural Network Shape and Function: Focus on Excitability, Plasticity and Memory. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060923. [PMID: 35326374 PMCID: PMC8946818 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal microtubules (MTs) are complex cytoskeletal protein arrays that undergo activity-dependent changes in their structure and function as a response to physiological demands throughout the lifespan of neurons. Many factors shape the allostatic dynamics of MTs and tubulin dimers in the cytosolic microenvironment, such as protein–protein interactions and activity-dependent shifts in these interactions that are responsible for their plastic capabilities. Recently, several findings have reinforced the role of MTs in behavioral and cognitive processes in normal and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the bidirectional relationships between MTs dynamics, neuronal processes, and brain and behavioral states. The outcomes of manipulating the dynamicity of MTs by genetic or pharmacological approaches on neuronal morphology, intrinsic and synaptic excitability, the state of the network, and behaviors are heterogeneous. We discuss the critical position of MTs as responders and adaptative elements of basic neuronal function whose impact on brain function is not fully understood, and we highlight the dilemma of artificially modulating MT dynamics for therapeutic purposes.
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5
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Gomis Perez C, Dudzinski NR, Rouches M, Landajuela A, Machta B, Zenisek D, Karatekin E. Rapid propagation of membrane tension at retinal bipolar neuron presynaptic terminals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl4411. [PMID: 34985955 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl4411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular activities, such as cell migration, cell division, phagocytosis, and exo-endocytosis, generate and are regulated by membrane tension gradients. Membrane tension gradients drive membrane flows, but there is controversy over how rapidly plasma membrane flow can relax tension gradients. Here, we show that membrane tension can propagate rapidly or slowly, spanning orders of magnitude in speed, depending on the cell type. In a neuronal terminal specialized for rapid synaptic vesicle turnover, membrane tension equilibrates within seconds. By contrast, membrane tension does not propagate in neuroendocrine adrenal chromaffin cells secreting catecholamines. Stimulation of exocytosis causes a rapid, global decrease in the synaptic terminal membrane tension, which recovers slowly due to endocytosis. Thus, membrane flow and tension equilibration may be adapted to distinct membrane recycling requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomis Perez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Natasha R Dudzinski
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mason Rouches
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ane Landajuela
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Machta
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - David Zenisek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erdem Karatekin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris F-75006, France
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6
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Energy matters: presynaptic metabolism and the maintenance of synaptic transmission. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 23:4-22. [PMID: 34782781 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic activity imposes large energy demands that are met by local adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. ATP drives action potentials, supports synapse assembly and remodelling, and fuels synaptic vesicle filling and recycling, thus sustaining synaptic transmission. Given their polarized morphological features - including long axons and extensive branching in their terminal regions - neurons face exceptional challenges in maintaining presynaptic energy homeostasis, particularly during intensive synaptic activity. Recent studies have started to uncover the mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in activity-dependent and energy-sensitive regulation of presynaptic energetics, or 'synaptoenergetics'. These conceptual advances have established the energetic regulation of synaptic efficacy and plasticity as an exciting research field that is relevant to a range of neurological disorders associated with bioenergetic failure and synaptic dysfunction.
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7
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Bridging Cyanobacteria to Neurodegenerative Diseases: A New Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds against Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060343. [PMID: 34208482 PMCID: PMC8235772 DOI: 10.3390/md19060343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a drawback in society given the ageing population. Dementias are the most prevalent NDs, with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) representing around 70% of all cases. The current pharmaceuticals for AD are symptomatic and with no effects on the progression of the disease. Thus, research on molecules with therapeutic relevance has become a major focus for the scientific community. Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic prokaryotes rich in biomolecules with confirmed activity in pathologies such as cancer, and with feasible potential in NDs such as AD. In this review, we aimed to compile the research works focused in the anti-AD potential of cyanobacteria, namely regarding the inhibition of the enzyme β-secretase (BACE1) as a fundamental enzyme in the generation of β-amyloid (Aβ), the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) lead to an increase in the availability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as phenomena associated with neurodegeneration mechanisms.
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8
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Waites C, Qu X, Bartolini F. The synaptic life of microtubules. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:113-123. [PMID: 33873059 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, control of microtubule dynamics is required for multiple homeostatic and regulated activities. Over the past few decades, a great deal has been learned about the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in axonal and dendritic transport, with a broad impact on neuronal health and disease. However, significantly less attention has been paid to the importance of microtubule dynamics in directly regulating synaptic function. Here, we review emerging literature demonstrating that microtubules enter synapses and control central aspects of synaptic activity, including neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. The pleiotropic effects caused by a dysfunctional synaptic microtubule cytoskeleton may thus represent a key point of vulnerability for neurons and a primary driver of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Waites
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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9
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Parato J, Bartolini F. The microtubule cytoskeleton at the synapse. Neurosci Lett 2021; 753:135850. [PMID: 33775740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In neurons, microtubules (MTs) provide routes for transport throughout the cell and structural support for dendrites and axons. Both stable and dynamic MTs are necessary for normal neuronal functions. Research in the last two decades has demonstrated that MTs play additional roles in synaptic structure and function in both pre- and postsynaptic elements. Here, we review current knowledge of the functions that MTs perform in excitatory and inhibitory synapses, as well as in the neuromuscular junction and other specialized synapses, and discuss the implications that this knowledge may have in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Parato
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, 630 West 168(th)Street, P&S 15-421, NY, NY, 10032, United States; SUNY Empire State College, Department of Natural Sciences, 177 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, United States
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Columbia University Medical Center, Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, 630 West 168(th)Street, P&S 15-421, NY, NY, 10032, United States.
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10
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Bruno SR, Anathy V. Lung epithelial endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial 3D ultrastructure: a new frontier in lung diseases. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:291-300. [PMID: 33598824 PMCID: PMC7889473 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has long been appreciated that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, organelles important for regular cell function and survival, also play key roles in pathogenesis of various lung diseases, including asthma, fibrosis, and infections. Alterations in processes regulated within these organelles, including but not limited to protein folding in the ER and oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria, are important in disease pathogenesis. In recent years it has also become increasingly apparent that organelle structure dictates function. It is now clear that organelles must maintain precise organization and localization for proper function. Newer microscopy capabilities have allowed the scientific community to reveal, via 3D imaging, that the structure of these organelles and their interactions with each other are a main component of regulating function and, therefore, effects on the disease state. In this review, we will examine how 3D imaging through techniques could allow advancements in knowledge of how the ER and mitochondria function and the roles they may play in lung epithelia in progression of lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra R Bruno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Larner College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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11
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Liao LS, Chen Y, Mo ZY, Hou C, Su GF, Liang H, Chen ZF. Ni(ii), Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes with the 1-trifluoroethoxyl-2,9,10-trimethoxy-7-oxoaporphine ligand simultaneously target microtubules and mitochondria for cancer therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Complexes 1–3 display potent anticancer activity against T-24 cell by disrupting mitochondria and microtubules. Furthermore, complex 1 exhibits almost same tumor growth inhibition activity in T-24 xenograft mouse model as cisplatin and paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Shan Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zu-Yu Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Cheng Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
| | - Zhen-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004
- China
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12
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Mukherjee A, Katiyar R, Dembla E, Dembla M, Kumar P, Belkacemi A, Jung M, Beck A, Flockerzi V, Schwarz K, Schmitz F. Disturbed Presynaptic Ca 2+ Signaling in Photoreceptors in the EAE Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. iScience 2020; 23:101830. [PMID: 33305185 PMCID: PMC7711289 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease caused by an auto-reactive immune system. Recent studies also demonstrated synapse dysfunctions in MS patients and MS mouse models. We previously observed decreased synaptic vesicle exocytosis in photoreceptor synapses in the EAE mouse model of MS at an early, preclinical stage. In the present study, we analyzed whether synaptic defects are associated with altered presynaptic Ca2+ signaling. Using high-resolution immunolabeling, we found a reduced signal intensity of Cav-channels and RIM2 at active zones in early, preclinical EAE. In line with these morphological alterations, depolarization-evoked increases of presynaptic Ca2+ were significantly smaller. In contrast, basal presynaptic Ca2+ was elevated. We observed a decreased expression of Na+/K+-ATPase and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2 (PMCA2), but not PMCA1, in photoreceptor terminals of EAE mice that could contribute to elevated basal Ca2+. Thus, complex Ca2+ signaling alterations contribute to synaptic dysfunctions in photoreceptors in early EAE. Less Cav-channels and RIM2 at the active zones of EAE photoreceptor synapses Decreased depolarization-evoked Ca2+-responses in EAE photoreceptor synapses Elevated basal, resting Ca2+ levels in preclinical EAE photoreceptor terminals Decreased expression of PMCA2 and Na+/K+-ATPase in EAE photoreceptor synapses
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Rashmi Katiyar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Ekta Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Mayur Dembla
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Anouar Belkacemi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jung
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beck
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Veit Flockerzi
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Karin Schwarz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Frank Schmitz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Neuroanatomy, Saarland University, Medical School, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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13
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Qu X, Kumar A, Blockus H, Waites C, Bartolini F. Activity-Dependent Nucleation of Dynamic Microtubules at Presynaptic Boutons Controls Neurotransmission. Curr Biol 2019; 29:4231-4240.e5. [PMID: 31813605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Control of microtubule (MT) nucleation and dynamics is critical for neuronal function. Whether MT nucleation is regulated at presynaptic boutons and influences overall presynaptic activity remains unknown. By visualizing MT plus-end dynamics at individual excitatory en passant boutons in axons of cultured hippocampal neurons and in hippocampal slices expressing EB3-EGFP and vGlut1-mCherry, we found that dynamic MTs preferentially grow from presynaptic boutons, show biased directionality in that they are almost always oriented toward the distal tip of the axon, and can be induced by neuronal activity. Silencing of γ-tubulin expression reduced presynaptic MT nucleation, and depletion of either HAUS1 or HAUS7-augmin subunits increased the percentage of retrograde comets initiated at boutons, indicating that γ-tubulin and augmin are required for activity-dependent de novo nucleation of uniformly distally oriented dynamic MTs. We analyzed the dynamics of a wide range of axonal organelles as well as synaptic vesicles (SVs) relative to vGlut1+ stable presynaptic boutons in a time window during which MT nucleation at boutons is promoted upon induction of neuronal activity, and we found that γ-tubulin-dependent presynaptic MT nucleation controls bidirectional (SV) interbouton transport and regulates evoked SV exocytosis. Hence, en passant boutons act as hotspots for activity-dependent de novo MT nucleation, which controls neurotransmission by providing dynamic tracks for bidirectional delivery of SVs between sites of neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Atul Kumar
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Heike Blockus
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, 3227 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Clarissa Waites
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168(th) Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Reshetniak S, Rizzoli SO. Interrogating Synaptic Architecture: Approaches for Labeling Organelles and Cytoskeleton Components. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2019; 11:23. [PMID: 31507402 PMCID: PMC6716447 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic transmission has been studied for decades, as a fundamental step in brain function. The structure of the synapse, and its changes during activity, turned out to be key aspects not only in the transfer of information between neurons, but also in cognitive processes such as learning and memory. The overall synaptic morphology has traditionally been studied by electron microscopy, which enables the visualization of synaptic structure in great detail. The changes in the organization of easily identified structures, such as the presynaptic active zone, or the postsynaptic density, are optimally studied via electron microscopy. However, few reliable methods are available for labeling individual organelles or protein complexes in electron microscopy. For such targets one typically relies either on combination of electron and fluorescence microscopy, or on super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. This review focuses on approaches and techniques used to specifically reveal synaptic organelles and protein complexes, such as cytoskeletal assemblies. We place the strongest emphasis on methods detecting the targets of interest by affinity binding, and we discuss the advantages and limitations of each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Reshetniak
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Molecular Biology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Institute for Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration (BIN), University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Taraska JW. A primer on resolving the nanoscale structure of the plasma membrane with light and electron microscopy. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:974-985. [PMID: 31253697 PMCID: PMC6683668 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201812227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taraska reviews the imaging methods that are being used to understand the structure of the plasma membrane at the molecular level. The plasma membrane separates a cell from its external environment. All materials and signals that enter or leave the cell must cross this hydrophobic barrier. Understanding the architecture and dynamics of the plasma membrane has been a central focus of general cellular physiology. Both light and electron microscopy have been fundamental in this endeavor and have been used to reveal the dense, complex, and dynamic nanoscale landscape of the plasma membrane. Here, I review classic and recent developments in the methods used to image and study the structure of the plasma membrane, particularly light, electron, and correlative microscopies. I will discuss their history and use for mapping the plasma membrane and focus on how these tools have provided a structural framework for understanding the membrane at the scale of molecules. Finally, I will describe how these studies provide a roadmap for determining the nanoscale architecture of other organelles and entire cells in order to bridge the gap between cellular form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Taraska
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Hoshi H, Sato F. The morphological characterization of orientation-biased displaced large-field ganglion cells in the central part of goldfish retina. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:243-261. [PMID: 28921532 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina has about 30 subtypes of ganglion cells. Each ganglion cell receives synaptic inputs from specific types of bipolar and amacrine cells ramifying at the same depth of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), each of which is thought to process a specific aspect of visual information. Here, we identified one type of displaced ganglion cell in the goldfish retina which had a large and elongated dendritic field. As a population, all of these ganglion cells were oriented in the horizontal axis and perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis of the goldfish eye in the central part of retina. This ganglion cell has previously been classified as Type 1.2. However, the circuit elements which synapse with this ganglion cell are not yet characterized. We found that this displaced ganglion cell was directly tracer-coupled only with homologous ganglion cells at sites containing Cx35/36 puncta. We further illustrated that the processes of dopaminergic neurons often terminated next to intersections between processes of ganglion cells, close to where dopamine D1 receptors were localized. Finally, we showed that Mb1 ON bipolar cells had ribbon synapses in the axonal processes passing through the IPL and made ectopic synapses with this displaced ganglion cell that stratified into stratum 1 of the IPL. These results suggest that the displaced ganglion cell may synapse with both Mb1 cells using ectopic ribbon synapses and OFF cone bipolar cells with regular ribbon synapses in the IPL to function in both scotopic and photopic light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Hoshi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Sato
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Song L, Yu A, Murray K, Cortopassi G. Bipolar cell reduction precedes retinal ganglion neuron loss in a complex 1 knockout mouse model. Brain Res 2016; 1657:232-244. [PMID: 28027875 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency causes Leber's hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, and optic neuropathies are common in many inherited mitochondrial diseases. How mitochondrial defects pathomechanistically trigger optic neuropathy remains unclear. We observe that complex 1-deficient Ndufs4-/- mice present with acute vision loss around p30, and this vision loss is coincident with an 'inflammatory wave'. In order to understand what causes the inflammatory wave we explored retinal pathology that occurs from p20-p30. The results indicated that in the period p20-p30 in Ndufs4-/- retinas, there is: significant reduction in bipolar cells, RGC dendritic atrophy, reduced PSD95, increased oxidative stress as manifested by increased 4HNE, HO1 and Cuzn-SOD, increased mitochondrial biogenesis and increased apoptosis. These precede the major induction of 'inflammatory wave' at p30 shown previously, but occur earlier than frank RGC loss at p42. In general, complex 1 deficiency in retina triggers oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction that causes death of the most sensitive cells, including bipolar cells and their synaptic contacts and amacrine cells in the early period, 20-24days. The early death of these cells is the likely precursor to the sharp rise in inflammatory molecules that occurs at day 30 and coincides with vision loss, and greatly precedes the death of RGCs that occurs at p42. These data suggest that metabolic antioxidant support of the most sensitive cells in the retina, or anti-inflammatory suppression of the consequences of their death, are both rational strategies for mitochondrial blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Song
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Alfred Yu
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Karl Murray
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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Bodaleo FJ, Gonzalez-Billault C. The Presynaptic Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Lessons from Drosophila Fragile X Syndrome and Hereditary Spastic Paraplegias. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:60. [PMID: 27504085 PMCID: PMC4958632 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of the nervous system to generate neuronal networks relies on the establishment and maintenance of synaptic contacts. Synapses are composed of functionally different presynaptic and postsynaptic compartments. An appropriate synaptic architecture is required to provide the structural basis that supports synaptic transmission, a process involving changes in cytoskeletal dynamics. Actin microfilaments are the main cytoskeletal components present at both presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals in glutamatergic synapses. However, in the last few years it has been demonstrated that microtubules (MTs) transiently invade dendritic spines, promoting their maturation. Nevertheless, the presence and functions of MTs at the presynaptic site are still a matter of debate. Early electron microscopy (EM) studies revealed that MTs are present in the presynaptic terminals of the central nervous system (CNS) where they interact with synaptic vesicles (SVs) and reach the active zone. These observations have been reproduced by several EM protocols; however, there is empirical heterogeneity in detecting presynaptic MTs, since they appear to be both labile and unstable. Moreover, increasing evidence derived from studies in the fruit fly neuromuscular junction proposes different roles for MTs in regulating presynaptic function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarize the main findings that support the presence and roles of MTs at presynaptic terminals, integrating descriptive and biochemical analyses, and studies performed in invertebrate genetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe J Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO)Santiago, Chile; The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, NovatoCA, USA
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ZHANG XIUJUAN, WU CHANGLI, XIONG WEI, CHEN CHUNLING, LI RONG, ZHOU GUANGJI. Knockdown of p54nrb inhibits migration, invasion and TNF-α release of human acute monocytic leukemia THP1 cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3742-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Graffe M, Zenisek D, Taraska JW. A marginal band of microtubules transports and organizes mitochondria in retinal bipolar synaptic terminals. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2015. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.2102oia145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Adler EM. Of bipolar cell synapses, light-activated K+ channels, and substrate binding to DAT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 146:1-2. [PMID: 26123193 PMCID: PMC4485023 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201511449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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