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Nelson TS, Duran P, Calderon-Rivera A, Gomez K, Loya-Lopez S, Khanna R. Mouse models of non-dystrophic and dystrophic myotonia exhibit nociplastic pain-like behaviors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.19.599732. [PMID: 38948724 PMCID: PMC11212949 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.19.599732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Pain is a prominent and debilitating symptom in myotonic disorders, yet its physiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study assessed preclinical pain-like behavior in murine models of pharmacologically induced myotonia and myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). In both myotonia congenita and DM1, impairment of the CLCN1 gene, which encodes skeletal muscle voltage-gated CLC-1 chloride channels, reduces chloride ion conductance in skeletal muscle cells, leading to prolonged muscle excitability and delayed relaxation after contraction. We used the CLC-1 antagonist anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC) at intraperitoneal doses of 30 or 60 mg/kg and HSA LR20b DM1 mice to model CLC-1-induced myotonia. Our experimental approach included in vivo pain behavioral testing, ex vivo calcium imaging, and whole-cell current-clamp electrophysiology in mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. A single injection of 9-AC induced myotonia in mice, which persisted for several hours and resulted in long-lasting allodynic pain-like behavior. Similarly, HSA LR20b mice exhibited both allodynia and hyperalgesia. Despite these pain-like behaviors, DRG neurons did not show signs of hyperexcitability in either myotonic model. These findings suggest that myotonia induces nociplastic pain-like behavior in preclinical rodents, likely through central sensitization mechanisms rather than peripheral sensitization. This study provides insights into the pathophysiology of pain in myotonic disorders and highlights the potential of using myotonic mouse models to explore pain mechanisms and assess novel analgesics. Future research should focus on the central mechanisms involved in myotonia-induced pain and develop targeted therapies to alleviate this significant clinical burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McKnight Brain Institute, and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Paz Duran
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Aida Calderon-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McKnight Brain Institute, and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kimberly Gomez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McKnight Brain Institute, and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Santiago Loya-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McKnight Brain Institute, and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McKnight Brain Institute, and Pain and Addiction Therapeutics (PATH) Collaboratory, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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2
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Butenko O, Jensen SM, Fillié-Grijpma YE, Verpalen R, Verschuuren JJ, van der Maarel SM, Huijbers MG, Plomp JJ. Change of voltage-gated sodium channel repertoire in skeletal muscle of a MuSK myasthenia gravis mouse model. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:3292-3308. [PMID: 38650308 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Muscle-specific kinase myasthenia gravis (MuSK MG) is caused by autoantibodies against MuSK in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). MuSK MG patients have fluctuating, fatigable skeletal muscle weakness, in particular of bulbar muscles. Severity differs greatly between patients, in spite of comparable autoantibody levels. One explanation for inter-patient and inter-muscle variability in sensitivity might be variations in compensatory muscle responses. Previously, we developed a passive transfer mouse model for MuSK MG. In preliminary ex vivo experiments, we observed that muscle contraction of some mice, in particular those with milder myasthenia, had become partially insensitive to inhibition by μ-Conotoxin-GIIIB, a blocker of skeletal muscle NaV1.4 voltage-gated sodium channels. We hypothesised that changes in NaV channel expression profile, possibly co-expression of (μ-Conotoxin-GIIIB insensitive) NaV1.5 type channels, might lower the muscle fibre's firing threshold and facilitate neuromuscular synaptic transmission. To test this hypothesis, we here performed passive transfer in immuno-compromised mice, using 'high', 'intermediate' and 'low' dosing regimens of purified MuSK MG patient IgG4. We compared myasthenia levels, μ-Conotoxin-GIIIB resistance and muscle fibre action potential characteristics and firing thresholds. High- and intermediate-dosed mice showed clear, progressive myasthenia, not seen in low-dosed animals. However, diaphragm NMJ electrophysiology demonstrated almost equal myasthenic severities amongst all regimens. Nonetheless, low-dosed mouse diaphragms showed a much higher degree of μ-Conotoxin-GIIIB resistance. This was not explained by upregulation of Scn5a (the NaV1.5 gene), lowered muscle fibre firing thresholds or histologically detectable upregulated NaV1.5 channels. It remains to be established which factors are responsible for the observed μ-Conotoxin-GIIIB insensitivity and whether the NaV repertoire change is compensatory beneficial or a bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Butenko
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stine Marie Jensen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robyn Verpalen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J Verschuuren
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maartje G Huijbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J Plomp
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Cerchiara AG, Imbrici P, Quarta R, Cristiano E, Boccanegra B, Caputo E, Wells DJ, Cappellari O, De Luca A. Ion channels as biomarkers of altered myogenesis in myofiber precursors of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1534:130-144. [PMID: 38517756 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Myogenesis is essential for skeletal muscle formation, growth, and regeneration and can be altered in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked disorder due to the absence of the cytoskeletal protein dystrophin. Ion channels play a pivotal role in muscle differentiation and interact with the dystrophin complex. To investigate ion channel involvement in myogenesis in dystrophic settings, we performed electrophysiological characterization of two immortalized mouse cell lines, wild-type (WT) H2K-2B4 and the dystrophic (DYS) H2K-SF1, and measured gene expression of differentiation markers and ion channels. Inward and outward currents/density increased as differentiation progressed in both WT and DYS cells. However, day-11 DYS cells showed higher (27%) inward current density with an increased expression ratio of Scn5a/Scn4a and decreased (48%) barium-sensitive outward current compared to WT. Furthermore, day-11 DYS cells showed more positive resting membrane potential (+10 mV) and lower membrane capacitance (50%) compared to WT. DYS cells also had reduced Myog and Myf5 expression at days 6 and 11. Overall, ion channel profile and myogenesis appeared altered in DYS cells. These results are a first step in validating ion channels as potential drug targets to ameliorate muscle degeneration in DMD settings and as differentiation biomarkers in innovative platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Quarta
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Enrica Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Brigida Boccanegra
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Erika Caputo
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Dominic J Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Ornella Cappellari
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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4
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Skov M, Ruijs TQ, Grønnebæk TS, Skals M, Riisager A, Winther JB, Dybdahl KLT, Findsen A, Morgen JJ, Huus N, Broch-Lips M, Nielsen OB, de Cuba CMKE, Heuberger JAAC, de Kam ML, Tannemaat M, Verschuuren JJGM, Knutsen LJS, Kelly NM, Jensen KG, Arnold WD, Burghes AH, Olesen C, Bold J, Petersen TK, Quiroz JA, Hutchison J, Chin ER, Groeneveld GJ, Pedersen TH. The ClC-1 chloride channel inhibitor NMD670 improves skeletal muscle function in rat models and patients with myasthenia gravis. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk9109. [PMID: 38507469 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk9109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disease that results in compromised transmission of electrical signals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) from motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers. As a result, patients with MG have reduced skeletal muscle function and present with symptoms of severe muscle weakness and fatigue. ClC-1 is a skeletal muscle specific chloride (Cl-) ion channel that plays important roles in regulating neuromuscular transmission and muscle fiber excitability during intense exercise. Here, we show that partial inhibition of ClC-1 with an orally bioavailable small molecule (NMD670) can restore muscle function in rat models of MG and in patients with MG. In severely affected MG rats, ClC-1 inhibition enhanced neuromuscular transmission, restored muscle function, and improved mobility after both single and prolonged administrations of NMD670. On this basis, NMD670 was progressed through nonclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology studies, leading to approval for testing in clinical studies. After successfully completing phase 1 single ascending dose in healthy volunteers, NMD670 was tested in patients with MG in a randomized, placebo-controlled, single-dose, three-way crossover clinical trial. The clinical trial evaluated safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of NMD670 in 12 patients with mild MG. NMD670 had a favorable safety profile and led to clinically relevant improvements in the quantitative myasthenia gravis (QMG) total score. This translational study spanning from single muscle fiber recordings to patients provides proof of mechanism for ClC-1 inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach in MG and supports further development of NMD670.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Skov
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Titia Q Ruijs
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne Skals
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anders Riisager
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | | | - Anders Findsen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jeanette J Morgen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nete Huus
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Martin Broch-Lips
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ole B Nielsen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Catherine M K E de Cuba
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Lars J S Knutsen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nicholas M Kelly
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Klaus G Jensen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - William D Arnold
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, 1030 Hitt St, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Arthur H Burghes
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 1060 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 395 W. 12(th) Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claus Olesen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jane Bold
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas K Petersen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jorge A Quiroz
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - John Hutchison
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Eva R Chin
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Geert J Groeneveld
- Centre for Human Drug Research, 2333 CL Leiden, Netherlands
- Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZA Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Thomas H Pedersen
- NMD Pharma A/S, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Alle 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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5
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Cisco LA, Sipple MT, Edwards KM, Thornton CA, Lueck JD. Verapamil mitigates chloride and calcium bi-channelopathy in a myotonic dystrophy mouse model. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e173576. [PMID: 38165038 PMCID: PMC10760957 DOI: 10.1172/jci173576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) involves misregulated alternative splicing for specific genes. We used exon or nucleotide deletion to mimic altered splicing of genes central to muscle excitation-contraction coupling in mice. Mice with forced skipping of exon 29 in the CaV1.1 calcium channel combined with loss of ClC-1 chloride channel function displayed markedly reduced lifespan, whereas other combinations of splicing mimics did not affect survival. The Ca2+/Cl- bi-channelopathy mice exhibited myotonia, weakness, and impairment of mobility and respiration. Chronic administration of the calcium channel blocker verapamil rescued survival and improved force generation, myotonia, and respiratory function. These results suggest that Ca2+/Cl- bi-channelopathy contributes to muscle impairment in DM1 and is potentially mitigated by common clinically available calcium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles A. Thornton
- Department of Neurology
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - John D. Lueck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology
- Department of Neurology
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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6
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Kwon HC, Fairclough RH, Chen TY. Biophysical and Pharmacological Insights to CLC Chloride Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 283:1-34. [PMID: 35768555 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The CLC family encompasses two functional categories of transmembrane proteins: chloride conducting channels and proton-chloride antiporters. All members in this chloride channel/transporter family consist of two identical protein subunits, and each subunit forms an independent ion-transport pathway, a structural architecture known as "double barrel." These CLC proteins serve biological functions ranging from membrane excitability and cell volume regulation to acidification of endosomes. Despite their ubiquitous expression, physiological significance, and resolved molecular structures of some of the family members, the mechanisms governing these molecules' biophysical functions are still not completely settled. However, a series of functional and structural studies have brought insights into interesting questions related to these proteins. This chapter explores the functional peculiarities underlying CLC channels aided by information observed from the chloride-proton antiporters in the CLC family. The overall structural features of these CLC proteins will be presented, and the biophysical functions will be addressed. Finally, the mechanism of pharmacological agents that interact with CLC channels will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwoi Chan Kwon
- Center for Neuroscience and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Fairclough
- Department of Neurology and the Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tsung-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, and Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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7
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Renaud JM, Ørtenblad N, McKenna MJ, Overgaard K. Exercise and fatigue: integrating the role of K +, Na + and Cl - in the regulation of sarcolemmal excitability of skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2345-2378. [PMID: 37584745 PMCID: PMC10615939 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations in K+ have long been considered a key factor in skeletal muscle fatigue. However, the exercise-induced changes in K+ intra-to-extracellular gradient is by itself insufficiently large to be a major cause for the force decrease during fatigue unless combined to other ion gradient changes such as for Na+. Whilst several studies described K+-induced force depression at high extracellular [K+] ([K+]e), others reported that small increases in [K+]e induced potentiation during submaximal activation frequencies, a finding that has mostly been ignored. There is evidence for decreased Cl- ClC-1 channel activity at muscle activity onset, which may limit K+-induced force depression, and large increases in ClC-1 channel activity during metabolic stress that may enhance K+ induced force depression. The ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel) is also activated during metabolic stress to lower sarcolemmal excitability. Taking into account all these findings, we propose a revised concept in which K+ has two physiological roles: (1) K+-induced potentiation and (2) K+-induced force depression. During low-moderate intensity muscle contractions, the K+-induced force depression associated with increased [K+]e is prevented by concomitant decreased ClC-1 channel activity, allowing K+-induced potentiation of sub-maximal tetanic contractions to dominate, thereby optimizing muscle performance. When ATP demand exceeds supply, creating metabolic stress, both KATP and ClC-1 channels are activated. KATP channels contribute to force reductions by lowering sarcolemmal generation of action potentials, whilst ClC-1 channel enhances the force-depressing effects of K+, thereby triggering fatigue. The ultimate function of these changes is to preserve the remaining ATP to prevent damaging ATP depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Renaud
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Rd., Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Michael J McKenna
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Sport Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China
| | - Kristian Overgaard
- Exercise Biology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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8
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Brenes O, Pusch M, Morales F. ClC-1 Chloride Channel: Inputs on the Structure-Function Relationship of Myotonia Congenita-Causing Mutations. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2622. [PMID: 37892996 PMCID: PMC10604815 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonia congenita is a hereditary muscle disease mainly characterized by muscle hyperexcitability, which leads to a sustained burst of discharges that correlates with the magnitude and duration of involuntary aftercontractions, muscle stiffness, and hypertrophy. Mutations in the chloride voltage-gated channel 1 (CLCN1) gene that encodes the skeletal muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) are responsible for this disease, which is commonly known as myotonic chloride channelopathy. The biophysical properties of the mutated channel have been explored and analyzed through in vitro approaches, providing important clues to the general function/dysfunction of the wild-type and mutated channels. After an exhaustive search for CLCN1 mutations, we report in this review more than 350 different mutations identified in the literature. We start discussing the physiological role of the ClC-1 channel in skeletal muscle functioning. Then, using the reported functional effects of the naturally occurring mutations, we describe the biophysical and structural characteristics of the ClC-1 channel to update the knowledge of the function of each of the ClC-1 helices, and finally, we attempt to point out some patterns regarding the effects of mutations in the different helices and loops of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Brenes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica;
- Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias (CIN), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
| | - Michael Pusch
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - Fernando Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud (INISA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 11501-2060, Costa Rica
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9
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Arnold WD, Clark BC. Neuromuscular junction transmission failure in aging and sarcopenia: The nexus of the neurological and muscular systems. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101966. [PMID: 37270145 PMCID: PMC10847753 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenia, or age-related decline in muscle form and function, exerts high personal, societal, and economic burdens when untreated. Integrity and function of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), as the nexus between the nervous and muscular systems, is critical for input and dependable neural control of muscle force generation. As such, the NMJ has long been a site of keen interest in the context of skeletal muscle function deficits during aging and in the context of sarcopenia. Historically, changes of NMJ morphology during aging have been investigated extensively but primarily in aged rodent models. Aged rodents have consistently shown features of NMJ endplate fragmentation and denervation. Yet, the presence of NMJ changes in older humans remains controversial, and conflicting findings have been reported. This review article describes the physiological processes involved in NMJ transmission, discusses the evidence that supports NMJ transmission failure as a possible contributor to sarcopenia, and speculates on the potential of targeting these defects for therapeutic development. The technical approaches that are available for assessment of NMJ transmission, whether each approach has been applied in the context of aging and sarcopenia, and the associated findings are summarized. Like morphological studies, age-related NMJ transmission deficits have primarily been studied in rodents. In preclinical studies, isolated synaptic electrophysiology recordings of endplate currents or potentials have been mostly used, and paradoxically, have shown enhancement, rather than failure, with aging. Yet, in vivo assessment of single muscle fiber action potential generation using single fiber electromyography and nerve-stimulated muscle force measurements show evidence of NMJ failure in aged mice and rats. Together these findings suggest that endplate response enhancement may be a compensatory response to post-synaptic mechanisms of NMJ transmission failure in aged rodents. Possible, but underexplored, mechanisms of this failure are discussed including the simplification of post-synaptic folding and altered voltage-gated sodium channel clustering or function. In humans, there is limited clinical data that has selectively investigated single synaptic function in the context of aging. If sarcopenic older adults turn out to exhibit notable impairments in NMJ transmission (this has yet to be examined but based on available evidence appears to be plausible) then these NMJ transmission defects present a well-defined biological mechanism and offer a well-defined pathway for clinical implementation. Investigation of small molecules that are currently available clinically or being testing clinically in other disorders may provide a rapid route for development of interventions for older adults impacted by sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Arnold
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri System, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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10
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Álvarez-Abril MC, García-Alcover I, Colonques-Bellmunt J, Garijo R, Pérez-Alonso M, Artero R, López-Castel A. Natural Compound Boldine Lessens Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 Phenotypes in DM1 Drosophila Models, Patient-Derived Cell Lines, and HSA LR Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9820. [PMID: 37372969 PMCID: PMC10298378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a complex rare disorder characterized by progressive muscle dysfunction, involving weakness, myotonia, and wasting, but also exhibiting additional clinical signs in multiple organs and systems. Central dysregulation, caused by an expansion of a CTG trinucleotide repeat in the DMPK gene's 3' UTR, has led to exploring various therapeutic approaches in recent years, a few of which are currently under clinical trial. However, no effective disease-modifying treatments are available yet. In this study, we demonstrate that treatments with boldine, a natural alkaloid identified in a large-scale Drosophila-based pharmacological screening, was able to modify disease phenotypes in several DM1 models. The most significant effects include consistent reduction in nuclear RNA foci, a dynamic molecular hallmark of the disease, and noteworthy anti-myotonic activity. These results position boldine as an attractive new candidate for therapy development in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irma García-Alcover
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
| | | | - Raquel Garijo
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
| | - Manuel Pérez-Alonso
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rubén Artero
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo López-Castel
- Valentia BioPharma S.L., 46980 Paterna, Spain (R.A.)
- Human Translational Genomics Group, Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Spain
- Incliva Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Cisco LA, Sipple MT, Edwards KM, Thornton CA, Lueck JD. Combinatorial chloride and calcium channelopathy in myotonic dystrophy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.29.542752. [PMID: 37398406 PMCID: PMC10312834 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.29.542752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) involves misregulated alternative splicing for specific genes. We used exon or nucleotide deletion to mimic altered splicing of genes central to muscle excitation-contraction coupling processes in mice. Mice with forced-skipping of exon 29 in CaV1.1 calcium channel combined with loss of ClC-1 chloride channel function showed a markedly reduced lifespan, whereas other combinations of splicing mimics did not affect survival. The Ca2+/Cl- bi-channelopathy mice exhibited myotonia, weakness, and impairment of mobility and respiration. Chronic administration of the calcium channel blocker verapamil rescued survival and improved force generation, myotonia, and respiratory function. These results suggest that Ca2+/Cl- bi-channelopathy contributes to muscle impairment in DM1 and is potentially mitigated by common clinically available calcium channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A. Cisco
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Matthew T. Sipple
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katherine M. Edwards
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Charles A. Thornton
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John D. Lueck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Wang J, Rindom E, Groennebaek T, Sieljacks P, Jakobsgaard JE, Farup J, Vissing K, Pedersen TH, de Paoli FV. Six weeks of high-load resistance and low-load blood flow restricted training increase Na/K-ATPase sub-units α2 and β1 equally, but does not alter ClC-1 abundance in untrained human skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:25-36. [PMID: 37014477 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Contractile function of skeletal muscle relies on the ability of muscle fibers to trigger and propagate action potentials (APs). These electrical signals are created by transmembrane ion transport through ion channels and membrane transporter systems. In this regard, the Cl- ion channel 1 (ClC-1) and the Na+/K--ATPase (NKA) are central for maintaining ion homeostasis across the sarcolemma during intense contractile activity. Therefore, this randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the changes in ClC-1 and specific NKA subunit isoform expression in response to six weeks (18 training sessions) of high-load resistance exercise (HLRE) and low-load blood flow restricted resistance exercise (BFRRE), respectively. HLRE was conducted as 4 sets of 12 repetitions of knee extensions performed at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (RM), while BFRRE was conducted as 4 sets of knee extensions at 30% of 1RM performed to volitional fatigue. Furthermore, the potential associations between protein expression and contractile performance were investigated. We show that muscle ClC-1 abundance was not affected by either exercise modality, whereas NKA subunit isoforms [Formula: see text]2 and [Formula: see text]1 increased equally by appx. 80-90% with BFRRE (p < 0.05) and 70-80% with HLRE (p < 0.05). No differential impact between exercise modalities was observed. At baseline, ClC-1 protein expression correlated inversely with dynamic knee extensor strength (r=-0.365, p = 0.04), whereas no correlation was observed between NKA subunit content and contractile performance at baseline. However, training-induced changes in NKA [Formula: see text]2 subunit (r = 0.603, p < 0.01) and [Formula: see text]1 subunit (r = 0.453, p < 0.05) correlated with exercise-induced changes in maximal voluntary contraction. These results suggest that the initial adaptation to resistance-based exercise does not involve changes in ClC-1 abundance in untrained skeletal muscle, and that increased content of NKA subunits may facilitate increases in maximal force production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wang
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emil Rindom
- Department of Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Groennebaek
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Sieljacks
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jean Farup
- Department of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé, Building 1163, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Vissing
- Section for Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thomas Holm Pedersen
- Department of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé, Building 1163, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Frank Vincenzo de Paoli
- Department of Biomedicine - Physiology, Aarhus University, Ole Worms Allé, Building 1163, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark.
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13
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Duran-Urriago A, Marzen S. Not so optimal: The evolution of mutual information in potassium voltage-gated channels. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0264424. [PMID: 36735679 PMCID: PMC9897580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium voltage-gated (Kv) channels need to detect and respond to rapidly changing ionic concentrations in their environment. With an essential role in regulating electric signaling, they would be expected to be optimal sensors that evolved to predict the ionic concentrations. To explore these assumptions, we use statistical mechanics in conjunction with information theory to model how animal Kv channels respond to changes in potassium concentrations in their environment. By measuring mutual information in representative Kv channel types across a variety of environments, we find two things. First, under weak conditions, there is a gating charge that maximizes mutual information with the environment. Second, as Kv channels evolved, they have moved towards decreasing mutual information with the environment. This either suggests that Kv channels do not need to act as sensors of their environment or that Kv channels have other functionalities that interfere with their role as sensors of their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Marzen
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Pitzer, Scripps, and Claremont McKenna Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Morris CE, Wheeler JJ, Joos B. The Donnan-dominated resting state of skeletal muscle fibers contributes to resilience and longevity in dystrophic fibers. J Gen Physiol 2022; 154:212743. [PMID: 34731883 PMCID: PMC8570295 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked dystrophin-minus muscle-wasting disease. Ion homeostasis in skeletal muscle fibers underperforms as DMD progresses. But though DMD renders these excitable cells intolerant of exertion, sodium overloaded, depolarized, and spontaneously contractile, they can survive for several decades. We show computationally that underpinning this longevity is a strikingly frugal, robust Pump-Leak/Donnan (P-L/D) ion homeostatic process. Unlike neurons, which operate with a costly “Pump-Leak–dominated” ion homeostatic steady state, skeletal muscle fibers operate with a low-cost “Donnan-dominated” ion homeostatic steady state that combines a large chloride permeability with an exceptionally small sodium permeability. Simultaneously, this combination keeps fiber excitability low and minimizes pump expenditures. As mechanically active, long-lived multinucleate cells, skeletal muscle fibers have evolved to handle overexertion, sarcolemmal tears, ischemic bouts, etc.; the frugality of their Donnan dominated steady state lets them maintain the outsized pump reserves that make them resilient during these inevitable transient emergencies. Here, P-L/D model variants challenged with DMD-type insult/injury (low pump-strength, overstimulation, leaky Nav and cation channels) show how chronic “nonosmotic” sodium overload (observed in DMD patients) develops. Profoundly severe DMD ion homeostatic insult/injury causes spontaneous firing (and, consequently, unwanted excitation–contraction coupling) that elicits cytotoxic swelling. Therefore, boosting operational pump-strength and/or diminishing sodium and cation channel leaks should help extend DMD fiber longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Morris
- Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Center for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Béla Joos
- Center for Neural Dynamics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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15
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Chen L, Hassani Nia F, Stauber T. Ion Channels and Transporters in Muscle Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13615. [PMID: 34948411 PMCID: PMC8703453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations on ion channels in muscle tissues have mainly focused on physiological muscle function and related disorders, but emerging evidence supports a critical role of ion channels and transporters in developmental processes, such as controlling the myogenic commitment of stem cells. In this review, we provide an overview of ion channels and transporters that influence skeletal muscle myoblast differentiation, cardiac differentiation from pluripotent stem cells, as well as vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation. We highlight examples of model organisms or patients with mutations in ion channels. Furthermore, a potential underlying molecular mechanism involving hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and a series of calcium signaling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingye Chen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fatemeh Hassani Nia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
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16
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Zampieri S, Sandri M, Cheatwood JL, Balaraman RP, Anderson LB, Cobb BA, Latour CD, Hockerman GH, Kern H, Sartori R, Ravara B, Merigliano S, Da Dalt G, Davie JK, Kohli P, Pond AL. The ERG1A K + Channel Is More Abundant in Rectus abdominis Muscle from Cancer Patients Than that from Healthy Humans. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101879. [PMID: 34679577 PMCID: PMC8534910 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potassium channel encoded by the ether-a-gogo-related gene 1A (erg1a) has been detected in the atrophying skeletal muscle of mice experiencing either muscle disuse or cancer cachexia and further evidenced to contribute to muscle deterioration by enhancing ubiquitin proteolysis; however, to our knowledge, ERG1A has not been reported in human skeletal muscle. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, using immunohistochemistry, we detect ERG1A immunofluorescence in human Rectus abdominis skeletal muscle sarcolemma. Further, using single point brightness data, we report the detection of ERG1A immunofluorescence at low levels in the Rectus abdominis muscle sarcolemma of young adult humans and show that it trends toward greater levels (10.6%) in healthy aged adults. Interestingly, we detect ERG1A immunofluorescence at a statistically greater level (53.6%; p < 0.05) in the skeletal muscle of older cancer patients than in age-matched healthy adults. Importantly, using immunoblot, we reveal that lower mass ERG1A protein is 61.5% (p < 0.05) more abundant in the skeletal muscle of cachectic older adults than in healthy age-matched controls. Additionally, we report that the ERG1A protein is detected in a cultured human rhabdomyosarcoma line that may be a good in vitro model for the study of ERG1A in muscle. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that ERG1A is detected more abundantly in the atrophied skeletal muscle of cancer patients, suggesting it may be related to muscle loss in humans as it has been shown to be in mice experiencing muscle atrophy as a result of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.Z.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (G.D.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Joseph L. Cheatwood
- Anatomy Department, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62902, USA; (J.L.C.); (L.B.A.); (B.A.C.)
| | - Rajesh P. Balaraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (R.P.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Luke B. Anderson
- Anatomy Department, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62902, USA; (J.L.C.); (L.B.A.); (B.A.C.)
| | - Brittan A. Cobb
- Anatomy Department, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62902, USA; (J.L.C.); (L.B.A.); (B.A.C.)
| | - Chase D. Latour
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Gregory H. Hockerman
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Purdue University School of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Helmut Kern
- Physiko-und Rheumatherapie GmbH, 3100 St. Poelten, Austria;
| | - Roberta Sartori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Barbara Ravara
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.Z.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (G.D.D.)
| | - Stefano Merigliano
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.Z.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (G.D.D.)
| | - Gianfranco Da Dalt
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy; (S.Z.); (B.R.); (S.M.); (G.D.D.)
| | - Judith K. Davie
- Biochemistry Department, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62902, USA;
| | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (R.P.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Amber L. Pond
- Anatomy Department, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62902, USA; (J.L.C.); (L.B.A.); (B.A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Hostrup M, Cairns SP, Bangsbo J. Muscle Ionic Shifts During Exercise: Implications for Fatigue and Exercise Performance. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1895-1959. [PMID: 34190344 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise causes major shifts in multiple ions (e.g., K+ , Na+ , H+ , lactate- , Ca2+ , and Cl- ) during muscle activity that contributes to development of muscle fatigue. Sarcolemmal processes can be impaired by the trans-sarcolemmal rundown of ion gradients for K+ , Na+ , and Ca2+ during fatiguing exercise, while changes in gradients for Cl- and Cl- conductance may exert either protective or detrimental effects on fatigue. Myocellular H+ accumulation may also contribute to fatigue development by lowering glycolytic rate and has been shown to act synergistically with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to compromise cross-bridge function. In addition, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release function is severely affected by fatiguing exercise. Skeletal muscle has a multitude of ion transport systems that counter exercise-related ionic shifts of which the Na+ /K+ -ATPase is of major importance. Metabolic perturbations occurring during exercise can exacerbate trans-sarcolemmal ionic shifts, in particular for K+ and Cl- , respectively via metabolic regulation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP ) and the chloride channel isoform 1 (ClC-1). Ion transport systems are highly adaptable to exercise training resulting in an enhanced ability to counter ionic disturbances to delay fatigue and improve exercise performance. In this article, we discuss (i) the ionic shifts occurring during exercise, (ii) the role of ion transport systems in skeletal muscle for ionic regulation, (iii) how ionic disturbances affect sarcolemmal processes and muscle fatigue, (iv) how metabolic perturbations exacerbate ionic shifts during exercise, and (v) how pharmacological manipulation and exercise training regulate ion transport systems to influence exercise performance in humans. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1895-1959, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simeon Peter Cairns
- SPRINZ, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Jehasse K, Jacquerie K, de Froidmont A, Lemoine C, Grisar T, Stouffs K, Lakaye B, Seutin V. Functional analysis of the F337C mutation in the CLCN1 gene associated with dominant myotonia congenita reveals an alteration of the macroscopic conductance and voltage dependence. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1588. [PMID: 33507632 PMCID: PMC8077071 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myotonia congenita (MC) is a common channelopathy affecting skeletal muscle and which is due to pathogenic variants within the CLCN1 gene. Various alterations in the function of the channel have been reported and we here illustrate a novel one. Methods A patient presenting the symptoms of myotonia congenita was shown to bear a new heterozygous missense variant in exon 9 of the CLCN1 gene (c.1010 T > G, p.(Phe337Cys)). Confocal imaging and patch clamp recordings of transiently transfected HEK293 cells were used to functionally analyze the effect of this variant on channel properties. Results Confocal imaging showed that the F337C mutant incorporated as well as the WT channel into the plasma membrane. However, in patch clamp, we observed a smaller conductance for F337C at −80 mV. We also found a marked reduction of the fast gating component in the mutant channels, as well as an overall reduced voltage dependence. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of a mixed alteration in the biophysical properties of hClC‐1 consisting of a reduced conductance at resting potential and an almost abolished voltage dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jehasse
- Laboratory of NeurophysiologyGIGA InstituteLiegeBelgium
| | - Kathleen Jacquerie
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceLiège UniversityLiègeBelgium
| | | | | | - Thierry Grisar
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of NeurogenesisGIGA InstituteLiègeBelgium
| | - Katrien Stouffs
- Neurogenetics Research GroupVrije Universiteit Brussel (VUBUniversitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Reproduction and GeneticsBrusselsBelgium
| | - Bernard Lakaye
- Laboratory of Molecular Regulation of NeurogenesisGIGA InstituteLiègeBelgium
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19
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Kwon HC, Yu Y, Fairclough RH, Chen TY. Proton-dependent inhibition, inverted voltage activation, and slow gating of CLC-0 Chloride Channel. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240704. [PMID: 33362212 PMCID: PMC7757909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC-0, a prototype Cl- channel in the CLC family, employs two gating mechanisms that control its ion-permeation pore: fast gating and slow gating. The negatively-charged sidechain of a pore glutamate residue, E166, is known to be the fast gate, and the swinging of this sidechain opens or closes the pore of CLC-0 on the millisecond time scale. The other gating mechanism, slow gating, operates with much slower kinetics in the range of seconds to tens or even hundreds of seconds, and it is thought to involve still-unknown conformational rearrangements. Here, we find that low intracellular pH (pHi) facilitates the closure of the CLC-0’s slow gate, thus generating current inhibition. The rate of low pHi-induced current inhibition increases with intracellular H+ concentration ([H+]i)—the time constants of current inhibition by low pHi = 4.5, 5.5 and 6 are roughly 0.1, 1 and 10 sec, respectively, at room temperature. In comparison, the time constant of the slow gate closure at pHi = 7.4 at room temperature is hundreds of seconds. The inhibition by low pHi is significantly less prominent in mutants favoring the slow-gate open state (such as C212S and Y512A), further supporting the fact that intracellular H+ enhances the slow-gate closure in CLC-0. A fast inhibition by low pHi causes an apparent inverted voltage-dependent activation in the wild-type CLC-0, a behavior similar to those in some channel mutants such as V490W in which only membrane hyperpolarization can open the channel. Interestingly, when V490W mutation is constructed in the background of C212S or Y512A mutation, the inverted voltage-dependent activation disappears. We propose that the slow kinetics of CLC-0’s slow-gate closure may be due to low [H+]i rather than due to the proposed large conformational change of the channel protein. Our results also suggest that the inverted voltage-dependent opening observed in some mutant channels may result from fast closure of the slow gate by the mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwoi Chan Kwon
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Yawei Yu
- BMCDB Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Fairclough
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- BMCDB Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tsung-Yu Chen
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- BMCDB Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Rodrigues DDJ, Damasceno AD, Araújo CETD, Torelli SR, Fonseca LGH, Delfiol DJZ, Oliveira-Filho JPD, Araújo-Júnior JP, Borges AS. Hereditary myotonia in American Bulldog associated with a novel frameshift mutation in the CLCN1 gene. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:991-998. [PMID: 33246886 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary myotonia (HM) is a genetic disorder that occurs due to mutations in the chloride channel and results in delayed relaxation of the skeletal muscles. HM has been described in 12 dog breeds, and in five of them, molecular studies of this disorder were performed and mutations in the CLCN1 gene were described. In this study, an affected American Bulldog with HM clinically characterized by muscle hypertrophy, myotonic discharges, and nondystrophic myotonia with a "warm-up" phenomenon was evaluated, and the candidate canine CLCN1 gene was sequenced. The molecular analysis revealed a frameshift mutation NM_001003124.2:c.436_437insCTCT that resulted in a frameshift and a premature stop codon NP_001003124.1:pTyr146SerfsTer49 . Two aberrant alternative CLCN1 transcripts were observed in an affected dog, the expected transcript with the 4 bp insertion, NM_001003124.2:r.436_437insctct, and an unexpected transcript containing parts of intron 6 in addition to the insertion in exon 4, NM_001003124.2:[r.436_437insctct;r.774_775ins79]. In conclusion, the frameshift mutation in the CLCN1 gene is associated with autosomal recessive HM in American Bulldog and this study constitutes the first description of the disease in this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane de Jesus Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Adilson Donizeti Damasceno
- School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil. Rodovia Goiânia, km 8 s/n Campus - Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
| | - César Erineudo Tavares de Araújo
- University Center UNILEAO, Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, Brazil. Av. Maria Letícia Leite Pereira s/n, Lagoa Seca - Cidade Universitária, Juazeiro do Norte, CE 63040-405, Brazil
| | - Sandra Regina Torelli
- CALE - Animal Surgery and Specialized Diagnostic Laboratory, Jundiaí, São Paulo, Brazil, Rua Itália, 106 - Jardim Bonfiglioli, Jundiaí, SP 13207-280, Brazil
| | - Luine Gabriela Hilário Fonseca
- Self-employed Veterinary, Catalão, Goiás, Brazil, Rua Paraná, 330 - Nossa senhora de Fátima, Catalão, GO 75709-240, Brazil
| | - Diego José Zanzarini Delfiol
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Av. Mato Grosso, 3289 - Bloco 2S - Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG 38405-314, Brazil
| | - José Paes de Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo-Júnior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Alameda das Tecomarias, s/n - Chácara Capão Bonito, Botucatu, SP 18607-440, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Secorun Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Maurício Corrêa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil.
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21
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Jeon SJ, Ham J, Park CS, Lee B. Susceptibility of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice with Cereblon gene knockout. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32843131 PMCID: PMC7526979 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.9.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by unpredictable seizures,
which are bursts of electrical activity that tempo-rarily affect the brain.
Cereblon (CRBN), a DCAFs (DDB1 and
CUL4associated factors),
is a well-established protein associated with human mental retardation. Being a
substrate receptor of the cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) 4 complex, CRBN
mediates ubiquitination of several substrates and conducts multiple biological
processes. In the central nervous system, the large-conductance
Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel, which is the
substrate of CRBN, is an important regulator of epilepsy. Despite the functional
role and importance of CRBN in the brain, di-rect injection of
pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) to induce seizures in CRBN knock-out mice has not been
challenged. In this study, we investigated the effect of PTZ in CRBN knock-out
mice. Here, we demonstrate that, compared with WT mice, CRBN knock-out mice do
not show the intensification of seizures by PTZ induction. Moreover,
electroencephalography recordings were also performed in the brains of both WT
and CRBN knockout mice to identify the absence of significant differences in the
pattern of seizure activities. Consistently, immunoblot analysis for validating
the protein level of the CRL4 complex containing CRBN (CRL4Crbn) in
the mouse brain was carried out. Taken together, we found that the deficiency of
CRBN does not affect PTZ-induced seizure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Je Jeon
- School of Life Sciences and Integrated Institute of Biomedical Research (IIBR), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Jinsil Ham
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chul-Seung Park
- School of Life Sciences and Integrated Institute of Biomedical Research (IIBR), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Boreom Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering (BMSE), Institute of Integrated Technology (IIT), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Korea
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22
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Watanabe D, Wada M. Fatigue‐induced change in T‐system excitability and its major cause in rat fast‐twitch skeletal muscle
in vivo. J Physiol 2020; 598:5195-5211. [DOI: 10.1113/jp279574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masanobu Wada
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
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23
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Miranda DR, Reed E, Jama A, Bottomley M, Ren H, Rich MM, Voss AA. Mechanisms of altered skeletal muscle action potentials in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C218-C232. [PMID: 32432924 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00153.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) patients suffer from progressive and debilitating motor dysfunction for which only palliative treatment is currently available. Previously, we discovered reduced skeletal muscle Cl- channel (ClC-1) and inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir) currents in R6/2 HD transgenic mice. To further investigate the role of ClC-1 and Kir currents in HD skeletal muscle pathology, we measured the effect of reduced ClC-1 and Kir currents on action potential (AP) repetitive firing in R6/2 mice using a two-electrode current clamp. We found that R6/2 APs had a significantly lower peak amplitude, depolarized maximum repolarization, and prolonged decay time compared with wild type (WT). Of these differences, only the maximum repolarization was accounted for by the reduction in ClC-1 and Kir currents, indicating the presence of additional ion channel defects. We found that both KV1.5 and KV3.4 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in R6/2 skeletal muscle compared with WT, which explains the prolonged decay time of R6/2 APs. Overall, we found that APs in WT and R6/2 muscle significantly and progressively change during activity to maintain peak amplitude despite buildup of Na+ channel inactivation. Even with this resilience, the persistently reduced peak amplitude of R6/2 APs is expected to result in earlier fatigue and may help explain the motor impersistence experienced by HD patients. This work lays the foundation to link electrical changes to force generation defects in R6/2 HD mice and to examine the regulatory events controlling APs in WT muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Miranda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Eric Reed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Abdulrahman Jama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Michael Bottomley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Hongmei Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Mark M Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
| | - Andrew A Voss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio
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24
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Conte E, Fonzino A, Cibelli A, De Benedictis V, Imbrici P, Nicchia GP, Pierno S, Camerino GM. Changes in Expression and Cellular Localization of Rat Skeletal Muscle ClC-1 Chloride Channel in Relation to Age, Myofiber Phenotype and PKC Modulation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:714. [PMID: 32499703 PMCID: PMC7243361 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ClC-1 chloride channel 1 is important for muscle function as it stabilizes resting membrane potential and helps to repolarize the membrane after action potentials. We investigated the contribution of ClC-1 to adaptation of skeletal muscles to needs induced by the different stages of life. We analyzed the ClC-1 gene and protein expression as well as mRNA levels of protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and theta involved in ClC-1 modulation, in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of rats in all stage of life. The cellular localization of ClC-1 in relation to age was also investigated. Our data show that during muscle development ClC-1 expression differs according to phenotype. In fast-twitch EDL muscles ClC-1 expression increased 10-fold starting at 7 days up to 8 months of life. Conversely, in slow-twitch SOL muscles ClC-1 expression remained constant until 33 days of life and subsequently increased fivefold to reach the adult value. Aging induced a downregulation of gene and protein ClC-1 expression in both muscle types analyzed. The mRNA of PKC-theta revealed the same trend as ClC-1 except in old age, whereas the mRNA of PKC-alpha increased only after 2 months of age. Also, we found that the ClC-1 is localized in both membrane and cytoplasm, in fibers of 12-day-old rats, becoming perfectly localized on the membrane in 2-month-old rats. This study could represent a point of comparison helpful for the identification of accurate pharmacological strategies for all the pathological situations in which ClC-1 protein is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cibelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vito De Benedictis
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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25
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Zhao C, Tang D, Huang H, Tang H, Yang Y, Yang M, Luo Y, Tao H, Tang J, Zhou X, Shi X. Myotonia congenita and periodic hypokalemia paralysis in a consanguineous marriage pedigree: Coexistence of a novel CLCN1 mutation and an SCN4A mutation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233017. [PMID: 32407401 PMCID: PMC7224471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonia congenita and hypokalemic periodic paralysis type 2 are both rare genetic channelopathies caused by mutations in the CLCN1 gene encoding voltage-gated chloride channel CLC-1 and the SCN4A gene encoding voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.4. The patients with concomitant mutations in both genes manifested different unique symptoms from mutations in these genes separately. Here, we describe a patient with myotonia and periodic paralysis in a consanguineous marriage pedigree. By using whole-exome sequencing, a novel F306S variant in the CLCN1 gene and a known R222W mutation in the SCN4A gene were identified in the pedigree. Patch clamp analysis revealed that the F306S mutant reduced the opening probability of CLC-1 and chloride conductance. Our study expanded the CLCN1 mutation database. We emphasized the value of whole-exome sequencing for differential diagnosis in atypical myotonic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - DongFang Tang
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Intensive Care Unit, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huai Tao
- Depatment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianguang Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (XLS)
| | - Xiaoliu Shi
- Department of Medical Genetics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (XLS)
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26
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Altamura C, Desaphy JF, Conte D, De Luca A, Imbrici P. Skeletal muscle ClC-1 chloride channels in health and diseases. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:961-975. [PMID: 32361781 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 1970, the study of the pathomechanisms underlying myotonia in muscle fibers isolated from myotonic goats highlighted the importance of chloride conductance for skeletal muscle function; 20 years later, the human ClC-1 chloride channel has been cloned; last year, the crystal structure of human protein has been solved. Over the years, the efforts of many researchers led to significant advances in acknowledging the role of ClC-1 in skeletal muscle physiology and the mechanisms through which ClC-1 dysfunctions lead to impaired muscle function. The wide spectrum of pathophysiological conditions associated with modification of ClC-1 activity, either as the primary cause, such as in myotonia congenita, or as a secondary adaptive mechanism in other neuromuscular diseases, supports the idea that ClC-1 is relevant to preserve not only for skeletal muscle excitability, but also for skeletal muscle adaptation to physiological or harmful events. Improving this understanding could open promising avenues toward the development of selective and safe drugs targeting ClC-1, with the aim to restore normal muscle function. This review summarizes the most relevant research on ClC-1 channel physiology, associated diseases, and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-Francois Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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27
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Skitchenko RK, Usoltsev D, Uspenskaya M, Kajava AV, Guskov A. Census of halide-binding sites in protein structures. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:3064-3071. [PMID: 32022861 PMCID: PMC7214031 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Halides are negatively charged ions of halogens, forming fluorides (F−), chlorides (Cl−), bromides (Br−) and iodides (I−). These anions are quite reactive and interact both specifically and non-specifically with proteins. Despite their ubiquitous presence and important roles in protein function, little is known about the preferences of halides binding to proteins. To address this problem, we performed the analysis of halide–protein interactions, based on the entries in the Protein Data Bank. Results We have compiled a pipeline for the quick analysis of halide-binding sites in proteins using the available software. Our analysis revealed that all of halides are strongly attracted by the guanidinium moiety of arginine side chains, however, there are also certain preferences among halides for other partners. Furthermore, there is a certain preference for coordination numbers in the binding sites, with a correlation between coordination numbers and amino acid composition. This pipeline can be used as a tool for the analysis of specific halide–protein interactions and assist phasing experiments relying on halides as anomalous scatters. Availability and implementation All data described in this article can be reproduced via complied pipeline published at https://github.com/rostkick/Halide_sites/blob/master/README.md. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmitrii Usoltsev
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Mayya Uspenskaya
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Institute BioEngineering, ITMO University, Saint-Petersburg 197101, Russia.,Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Universite Montpellier, Montpellier 34293, France
| | - Albert Guskov
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, the Netherlands
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28
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Jeng CJ, Fu SJ, You CY, Peng YJ, Hsiao CT, Chen TY, Tang CY. Defective Gating and Proteostasis of Human ClC-1 Chloride Channel: Molecular Pathophysiology of Myotonia Congenita. Front Neurol 2020; 11:76. [PMID: 32117034 PMCID: PMC7026490 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent ClC-1 chloride channel, whose open probability increases with membrane potential depolarization, belongs to the superfamily of CLC channels/transporters. ClC-1 is almost exclusively expressed in skeletal muscles and is essential for stabilizing the excitability of muscle membranes. Elucidation of the molecular structures of human ClC-1 and several CLC homologs provides important insight to the gating and ion permeation mechanisms of this chloride channel. Mutations in the human CLCN1 gene, which encodes the ClC-1 channel, are associated with a hereditary skeletal muscle disease, myotonia congenita. Most disease-causing CLCN1 mutations lead to loss-of-function phenotypes in the ClC-1 channel and thus increase membrane excitability in skeletal muscles, consequently manifesting as delayed relaxations following voluntary muscle contractions in myotonic subjects. The inheritance pattern of myotonia congenita can be autosomal dominant (Thomsen type) or recessive (Becker type). To date over 200 myotonia-associated ClC-1 mutations have been identified, which are scattered throughout the entire protein sequence. The dominant inheritance pattern of some myotonia mutations may be explained by a dominant-negative effect on ClC-1 channel gating. For many other myotonia mutations, however, no clear relationship can be established between the inheritance pattern and the location of the mutation in the ClC-1 protein. Emerging evidence indicates that the effects of some mutations may entail impaired ClC-1 protein homeostasis (proteostasis). Proteostasis of membrane proteins comprises of biogenesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), trafficking to the surface membrane, and protein turn-over at the plasma membrane. Maintenance of proteostasis requires the coordination of a wide variety of different molecular chaperones and protein quality control factors. A number of regulatory molecules have recently been shown to contribute to post-translational modifications of ClC-1 and play critical roles in the ER quality control, membrane trafficking, and peripheral quality control of this chloride channel. Further illumination of the mechanisms of ClC-1 proteostasis network will enhance our understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of myotonia congenita, and may also bring to light novel therapeutic targets for skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by myotonia and other pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ju Fu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying You
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jheng Peng
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tsung Hsiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Chen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Chih-Yung Tang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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29
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Morales F, Pusch M. An Up-to-Date Overview of the Complexity of Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Myotonic Channelopathies. Front Neurol 2020; 10:1404. [PMID: 32010054 PMCID: PMC6978732 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic disorders are inherited neuromuscular diseases divided into dystrophic myotonias and non-dystrophic myotonias (NDM). The latter is a group of dominant or recessive diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding ion channels that participate in the generation and control of the skeletal muscle action potential. Their altered function causes hyperexcitability of the muscle membrane, thereby triggering myotonia, the main sign in NDM. Mutations in the genes encoding voltage-gated Cl− and Na+ channels (respectively, CLCN1 and SCN4A) produce a wide spectrum of phenotypes, which differ in age of onset, affected muscles, severity of myotonia, degree of hypertrophy, and muscle weakness, disease progression, among others. More than 200 CLCN1 and 65 SCN4A mutations have been identified and described, but just about half of them have been functionally characterized, an approach that is likely extremely helpful to contribute to improving the so-far rather poor clinical correlations present in NDM. The observed poor correlations may be due to: (1) the wide spectrum of symptoms and overlapping phenotypes present in both groups (Cl− and Na+ myotonic channelopathies) and (2) both genes present high genotypic variability. On the one hand, several mutations cause a unique and reproducible phenotype in most patients. On the other hand, some mutations can have different inheritance pattern and clinical phenotypes in different families. Conversely, different mutations can be translated into very similar phenotypes. For these reasons, the genotype-phenotype relationships in myotonic channelopathies are considered complex. Although the molecular bases for the clinical variability present in myotonic channelopathies remain obscure, several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the variability, which include: (a) differential allelic expression; (b) trans-acting genetic modifiers; (c) epigenetic, hormonal, or environmental factors; and (d) dominance with low penetrance. Improvements in clinical tests, the recognition of the different phenotypes that result from particular mutations and the understanding of how a mutation affects the structure and function of the ion channel, together with genetic screening, is expected to improve clinical correlation in NDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Morales
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, Universidad de Costa, San José, Costa Rica
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30
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Metzger S, Dupont C, Voss AA, Rich MM. Central Role of Subthreshold Currents in Myotonia. Ann Neurol 2019; 87:175-183. [PMID: 31725924 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is generally thought that muscle excitability is almost exclusively controlled by currents responsible for generation of action potentials. We propose that smaller ion channel currents that contribute to setting the resting potential and to subthreshold fluctuations in membrane potential can also modulate excitability in important ways. These channels open at voltages more negative than the action potential threshold and are thus termed subthreshold currents. As subthreshold currents are orders of magnitude smaller than the currents responsible for the action potential, they are hard to identify and easily overlooked. Discovery of their importance in regulation of excitability opens new avenues for improved therapy for muscle channelopathies and diseases of the neuromuscular junction. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:175-183.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Metzger
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Chris Dupont
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Andrew A Voss
- Department of Biology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
| | - Mark M Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH
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31
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Stanley CE, Mauss AS, Borst A, Cooper RL. The Effects of Chloride Flux on Drosophila Heart Rate. Methods Protoc 2019; 2:mps2030073. [PMID: 31443492 PMCID: PMC6789470 DOI: 10.3390/mps2030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approaches are sought after to regulate ionotropic and chronotropic properties of the mammalian heart. Electrodes are commonly used for rapidly exciting cardiac tissue and resetting abnormal pacing. With the advent of optogenetics and the use of tissue-specific expression of light-activated channels, cardiac cells cannot only be excited but also inhibited with ion-selective conductance. As a proof of concept for the ability to slow down cardiac pacing, anion-conducting channelrhodopsins (GtACR1/2) and the anion pump halorhodopsin (eNpHR) were expressed in hearts of larval Drosophila and activated by light. Unlike body wall muscles in most animals, the equilibrium potential for Cl− is more positive as compared to the resting membrane potential in larval Drosophila. As a consequence, upon activating the two forms of GtACR1 and 2 with low light intensity the heart rate increased, likely due to depolarization and opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. However, with very intense light activation the heart rate ceases, which may be due to Cl– shunting to the reversal potential for chloride. Activating eNpHR hyperpolarizes body wall and cardiac muscle in larval Drosophila and rapidly decreases heart rate. The decrease in heart rate is related to light intensity. Intense light activation of eNpHR stops the heart from beating, whereas lower intensities slowed the rate. Even with upregulation of the heart rate with serotonin, the pacing of the heart was slowed with light. Thus, regulation of the heart rate in Drosophila can be accomplished by activating anion-conducting channelrhodopsins using light. These approaches are demonstrated in a genetically amenable insect model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Stanley
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA
| | - Alex S Mauss
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Borst
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Robin L Cooper
- Department of Biology, Center for Muscle Biology. University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA.
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32
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Valdivieso ÁG, Santa‐Coloma TA. The chloride anion as a signalling effector. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1839-1856. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel G. Valdivieso
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
| | - Tomás A. Santa‐Coloma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical SciencesPontifical Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
- The National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) Buenos Aires 1107 Argentina
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33
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Wang K, Preisler SS, Zhang L, Cui Y, Missel JW, Grønberg C, Gotfryd K, Lindahl E, Andersson M, Calloe K, Egea PF, Klaerke DA, Pusch M, Pedersen PA, Zhou ZH, Gourdon P. Structure of the human ClC-1 chloride channel. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000218. [PMID: 31022181 PMCID: PMC6483157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ClC-1 protein channels facilitate rapid passage of chloride ions across cellular membranes, thereby orchestrating skeletal muscle excitability. Malfunction of ClC-1 is associated with myotonia congenita, a disease impairing muscle relaxation. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of human ClC-1, uncovering an architecture reminiscent of that of bovine ClC-K and CLC transporters. The chloride conducting pathway exhibits distinct features, including a central glutamate residue ("fast gate") known to confer voltage-dependence (a mechanistic feature not present in ClC-K), linked to a somewhat rearranged central tyrosine and a narrower aperture of the pore toward the extracellular vestibule. These characteristics agree with the lower chloride flux of ClC-1 compared with ClC-K and enable us to propose a model for chloride passage in voltage-dependent CLC channels. Comparison of structures derived from protein studied in different experimental conditions supports the notion that pH and adenine nucleotides regulate ClC-1 through interactions between the so-called cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) domains and the intracellular vestibule ("slow gating"). The structure also provides a framework for analysis of mutations causing myotonia congenita and reveals a striking correlation between mutated residues and the phenotypic effect on voltage gating, opening avenues for rational design of therapies against ClC-1-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Liying Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanxiang Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julie Winkel Missel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Grønberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamil Gotfryd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kirstine Calloe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pascal F. Egea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dan Arne Klaerke
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Michael Pusch
- Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Z. Hong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pontus Gourdon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Dupont C, Denman KS, Hawash AA, Voss AA, Rich MM. Treatment of myotonia congenita with retigabine in mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 315:52-59. [PMID: 30738808 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with myotonia congenita suffer from muscle stiffness caused by muscle hyperexcitability. Although loss-of-function mutations in the ClC-1 muscle chloride channel have been known for 25 years to cause myotonia congenita, this discovery has led to little progress on development of therapy. Currently, treatment is primarily focused on reducing hyperexcitability by blocking Na+ current. However, other approaches such as increasing K+ currents might also be effective. For example, the K+ channel activator retigabine, which opens KCNQ channels, is effective in treating epilepsy because it causes hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential in neurons. In this study, we found that retigabine greatly reduced the duration of myotonia in vitro. Detailed study of its mechanism of action revealed that retigabine had no effect on any of the traditional measures of muscle excitability such as resting potential, input resistance or the properties of single action potentials. Instead it appears to shorten myotonia by activating K+ current during trains of action potentials. Retigabine also greatly reduced the severity of myotonia in vivo, which was measured using a muscle force transducer. Despite its efficacy in vivo, retigabine did not improve motor performance of mice with myotonia congenita. There are a number of potential explanations for the lack of motor improvement in vivo including central nervous system side effects. Nonetheless, the striking effectiveness of retigabine on muscle itself suggests that activating potassium currents is an effective method to treat disorders of muscle hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dupont
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Kirsten S Denman
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Ahmed A Hawash
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Andrew A Voss
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Mark M Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.
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Becker's myotonia: novel mutations and clinical variability in patients born to consanguineous parents. Acta Neurol Belg 2018; 118:567-572. [PMID: 29480456 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-018-0893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Myotonia congenita is an inherited muscle disease present from childhood that is characterized by impaired muscle relaxation after contraction resulting in muscle stiffness; moreover, skeletal striated muscle groups may be involved. Myotonia congenita occurs due to chloride (Cl) channel mutations that reduce the stabilizing Cl conductance, and it is caused by mutations in the CLCN1 gene. This paper describes four patients from two different healthy consanguineous Turkish families with muscle stiffness and easy fatigability. A genetic investigation was performed. Mutation analyses showed a homozygous p.Tyr150* (c.450C > A) mutation in patients 1, 2 and 3 and a homozygous p.Leu159Cysfs*11 (c.475delC) mutation in patient 4 in the CLCN1 gene. These mutations have never been reported before and in silico analyses showed that the mutations were disease causing. They may be predicted to cause nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Our data expand the spectrum of CLCN1 mutations and provide insights for genotype-phenotype correlations of myotonia congenita.
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Morris CE. Cytotoxic Swelling of Sick Excitable Cells - Impaired Ion Homeostasis and Membrane Tension Homeostasis in Muscle and Neuron. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2018; 81:457-496. [PMID: 30243439 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
When they become simultaneously leaky to both Na+ and Cl-, excitable cells are vulnerable to potentially lethal cytotoxic swelling. Swelling ensues in spite of an isosmotic milieu because the entering ions add osmolytes to the cytoplasm's high concentration of impermeant anionic osmolytes. An influx of osmotically-obliged water is unavoidable. A cell that cannot stanch at least one the leaks will succumb to death by Donnan effect. "Sick excitable cells" are those injured through ischemia, trauma, inflammation, hyperactivity, genetically-impaired membrane skeletons and other insults, all of which foster bleb-damage to regions of the plasma membrane. Nav channels resident in damaged membrane exhibit left-shifted kinetics; the corresponding Nav window conductance constitutes a Na+-leak. In cortical neurons, sustained depolarization to ∼-20mV elicits a sustained lethal gCl. Underlying Vrest in skeletal muscle is a constitutively active gCl; not surprisingly therefore, dystrophic muscle fibers, which are prone to bleb damage and which exhibit Nav-leak and Na+-overload, are prone to cytotoxic swelling. To restore viability in cytotoxically swelling neurons and muscle, the imperative of fully functional ion homeostasis is well-recognized. However, as emphasized here, in a healthy excitable cell, fully functional membrane tension homeostasis is also imperative. ATPase-pumps keep plasma membrane batteries charged, and ATPase-motor proteins maintain membrane tone. In sick excitable cells, neither condition prevails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Morris
- Senior Scientist Emeritus, Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Thomassen M, Hostrup M, Murphy RM, Cromer BA, Skovgaard C, Gunnarsson TP, Christensen PM, Bangsbo J. Abundance of ClC-1 chloride channel in human skeletal muscle: fiber type specific differences and effect of training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:470-478. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01042.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cl− channel protein 1 (ClC-1) may be important for excitability and contractility in skeletal muscle, but ClC-1 abundance has not been examined in human muscle. The aim of the present study was to examine ClC-1 abundance in human skeletal muscle, including fiber type specific differences and the effect of exercise training. A commercially available antibody was tested with positive and negative control tissue, and it recognized specifically ClC-1 in the range from 100 to 150 kDa. Abundance of ClC-1 was 38% higher ( P < 0.01) in fast twitch Type IIa muscle fibers than in slow twitch Type I. Muscle ClC-1 abundance did not change with 4 wk of training consisting of 30 min cycling at 85% of maximal heart rate (HRmax) and 3 × 30-s all out sprints or during a 7-wk training period with 10–12 × 30 s uphill cycling and 4–5 × ~4 min cycling at 90%–95% of HRmax. ClC-1 abundance correlated negatively ( P < 0.01) with maximal oxygen consumption ( r = –0.552) and incremental exercise performance ( r = –0.546). In addition, trained cyclists had lower ( P < 0.01) ClC-1 abundance than lesser trained individuals. The present observations indicate that a low abundance of muscle ClC-1 may be beneficial for exercise performance, but the role of abundance and regulation of ClC-1 in skeletal muscle of humans with respect to exercise performance and trainability need to be elucidated. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Abundance of the Cl− channel protein 1 (ClC-1) chloride channel may be important for excitability and contractility in human skeletal muscle and may therefore have implications for fatigue development. In this study, we confirmed ClC-1 specificity for a commercially available antibody, and this study is first to our knowledge to determine ClC-1 protein abundance in human muscle by Western blotting. We observed that abundance of ClC-1 was higher in fast compared with slow twitch fibers and lower in trained individuals than in recreationally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Thomassen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robyn M. Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett A. Cromer
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Casper Skovgaard
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas P. Gunnarsson
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter M. Christensen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Altamura C, Lucchiari S, Sahbani D, Ulzi G, Comi GP, D'Ambrosio P, Petillo R, Politano L, Vercelli L, Mongini T, Dotti MT, Cardani R, Meola G, Lo Monaco M, Matthews E, Hanna MG, Carratù MR, Conte D, Imbrici P, Desaphy JF. The analysis of myotonia congenita mutations discloses functional clusters of amino acids within the CBS2 domain and the C-terminal peptide of the ClC-1 channel. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1273-1283. [PMID: 29935101 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Myotonia congenita (MC) is a skeletal-muscle hyperexcitability disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the ClC-1 chloride channel. Mutations are scattered over the entire sequence of the channel protein, with more than 30 mutations located in the poorly characterized cytosolic C-terminal domain. In this study, we characterized, through patch clamp, seven ClC-1 mutations identified in patients affected by MC of various severities and located in the C-terminal region. The p.Val829Met, p.Thr832Ile, p.Val851Met, p.Gly859Val, and p.Leu861Pro mutations reside in the CBS2 domain, while p.Pro883Thr and p.Val947Glu are in the C-terminal peptide. We showed that the functional properties of mutant channels correlated with the clinical phenotypes of affected individuals. In addition, we defined clusters of ClC-1 mutations within CBS2 and C-terminal peptide subdomains that share the same functional defect: mutations between 829 and 835 residues and in residue 883 induced an alteration of voltage dependence, mutations between 851 and 859 residues, and in residue 947 induced a reduction of chloride currents, whereas mutations on 861 residue showed no obvious change in ClC-1 function. This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms underlying MC, sheds light on the role of the C-terminal region in ClC-1 function, and provides information to develop new antimyotonic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Altamura
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lucchiari
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Dalila Sahbani
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianna Ulzi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Neurology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Grande Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola D'Ambrosio
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Petillo
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Politano
- Cardiomyology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Liliana Vercelli
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Tiziana Mongini
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza of Torino, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Dotti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurometabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rosanna Cardani
- Laboratory of Muscle Histopathology and Molecular Biology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Meola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Lo Monaco
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Polyclinic Gemelli, Rome, Italy.,MiA Onlus ("Miotonici in Associazione"), Portici, Italy
| | - Emma Matthews
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Michael G Hanna
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Maria Rosaria Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Polyclinic, Bari, Italy
| | - Diana Conte
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Imbrici
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Polyclinic, Bari, Italy
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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40
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Gaitán-Peñas H, Armand-Ugón M, Macaya A, Estévez R. CLCN1 Myotonia congenita mutation with a variable pattern of inheritance suggests a novel mechanism of dominant myotonia. Muscle Nerve 2018; 58:157-160. [PMID: 29424939 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in CLCN1 cause recessive or dominant forms of myotonia congenita (MC). Some mutations have been found to exhibit both patterns of inheritance but the mechanism explaining this behavior is unknown. METHODS A known recessive missense mutation, A493E, was identified in a family with dominant MC. The mutant p.A493E alone or in co-expression with wild-type (WT) ClC-1 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Currents were measured and biochemical assays were performed. RESULTS The mutant showed no significant activity and reduced total and plasma membrane (PM) protein levels. Co-expression with the mutant reduced the activity and PM levels of an engineered lower expression variant of ClC-1, whereas no effect was observed on a higher expression variant. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that the dominant effect of some CLCN1 mutations showing recessive or dominant inheritance patterns may be due to a dose-dependent defect in PM delivery of the WT channel. Muscle Nerve, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Gaitán-Peñas
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona (Institut de Neurociències), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- U-750, CIBERER, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Armand-Ugón
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona (Institut de Neurociències), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alfons Macaya
- Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Hospital Universitari de Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Estévez
- Unitat de Fisiologia, Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL-Universitat de Barcelona (Institut de Neurociències), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- U-750, CIBERER, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Cheng AJ, Place N, Westerblad H. Molecular Basis for Exercise-Induced Fatigue: The Importance of Strictly Controlled Cellular Ca 2+ Handling. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029710. [PMID: 28432118 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The contractile function of skeletal muscle declines during intense or prolonged physical exercise, that is, fatigue develops. Skeletal muscle fibers fatigue acutely during highly intense exercise when they have to rely on anaerobic metabolism. Early stages of fatigue involve impaired myofibrillar function, whereas decreased Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) becomes more important in later stages. SR Ca2+ release can also become reduced with more prolonged, lower intensity exercise, and it is then related to glycogen depletion. Increased reactive oxygen/nitrogen species can cause long-lasting impairments in SR Ca2+ release resulting in a prolonged force depression after exercise. In this article, we discuss molecular and cellular mechanisms of the above fatigue-induced changes, with special focus on multiple mechanisms to decrease SR Ca2+ release to avoid energy depletion and preserve muscle fiber integrity. We also discuss fatigue-related effects of exercise-induced Ca2+ fluxes over the sarcolemma and between the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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42
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Hutter OF. A personal historic perspective on the role of chloride in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/6/e13165. [PMID: 28320898 PMCID: PMC5371556 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the early decades of the last century, skeletal muscle was held to be impermeable to chloride ions. This theory, based on shaky grounds, was famously falsified by Boyle and Conway in 1941. Two decades later and onwards, the larger part of the resting conductance of skeletal muscle was found to be due to chloride ions, sensitive to the chemical environment, and to be time‐and‐voltage dependent. So, much of the groundwork for the physiological role of chloride ions in skeletal muscle was laid before the game‐changing discovery of chloride channels. The early history of the role of chloride in cardiac muscle, and work on the relative permeability to foreign anions of different muscles are also here covered from a personal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto F Hutter
- Physiology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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43
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Xu H, Lamb GD, Murphy RM. Changes in contractile and metabolic parameters of skeletal muscle as rats age from 3 to 12 months. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:405-420. [PMID: 29185184 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory rats are considered mature at 3 months despite that musculoskeletal growth is still occurring. Changes in muscle physiological and biochemical characteristics during development from 3 months, however, are not well understood. Whole muscles and single skinned fibres from fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and predominantly slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles were examined from male Sprague-Dawley rats (3, 6, 9, 12 months). Ca2+ sensitivity of contractile apparatus decreased with age in both fast- (~ 0.04 pCa units) and slow-twitch (~ 0.07 pCa units) muscle fibres, and specific force increased (by ~ 50% and ~ 25%, respectively). Myosin heavy chain composition of EDL and SOL muscles altered to a small extent with age (decrease in MHCIIa proportion after 3 months). Glycogen content increased with age (~ 80% in EDL and 25% in SOL) and GLUT4 protein density decreased (~ 35 and 20%, respectively), whereas the glycogen-related enzymes were little changed. GAPDH protein content was relatively constant in both muscle types, but COXIV protein decreased ~ 40% in SOL muscle. Calsequestrin (CSQ) and SERCA densities remained relatively constant with age, whereas there was a progressive ~ 2-3 fold increase in CSQ-like proteins, though their role and importance remain unclear. There was also ~ 40% decrease in the density of the Na+, K+-ATPase (NKA) α1 subunit in EDL and the α2 subunit in SOL. These findings emphasise there are substantial changes in skeletal muscle function and the density of key proteins during early to mid-adulthood in rats, which need to be considered in the design and interpretation of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Graham D Lamb
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Robyn M Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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44
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Camerino GM, Musumeci O, Conte E, Musaraj K, Fonzino A, Barca E, Marino M, Rodolico C, Tricarico D, Camerino C, Carratù MR, Desaphy JF, De Luca A, Toscano A, Pierno S. Risk of Myopathy in Patients in Therapy with Statins: Identification of Biological Markers in a Pilot Study. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:500. [PMID: 28798690 PMCID: PMC5529355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Statin therapy may induce skeletal muscle damage ranging from myalgia to severe rhabdomyolysis. Our previous preclinical studies showed that statin treatment in rats involves the reduction of skeletal muscle ClC-1 chloride channel expression and related chloride conductance (gCl). An increase of the activity of protein kinase C theta (PKC theta) isoform, able to inactivate ClC-1, may contribute to destabilize sarcolemma excitability. These effects can be detrimental for muscle function leading to drug-induced myopathy. Our goal is to study the causes of statin-induced muscle side effects in patients at the aim to identify biological markers useful to prevent and counteract statin-induced muscle damage. We examined 10 patients, who experienced myalgia and hyper-CK-emia after starting statin therapy compared to 9 non-myopathic subjects not using lipid-lowering drugs. Western Blot (WB) analysis showed a 40% reduction of ClC-1 protein and increased expression of phosphorylated PKC in muscle biopsies of statin-treated patients with respect to untreated subjects, independently from their age and statin type. Real-time PCR analysis showed that despite reduction of the protein, the ClC-1 mRNA was not significantly changed, suggesting post-transcriptional modification. The mRNA expression of a series of genes was also evaluated. MuRF-1 was increased in accord with muscle atrophy, MEF-2, calcineurin (CN) and GLUT-4 transporter were reduced, suggesting altered transcription, alteration of glucose homeostasis and energy deficit. Accordingly, the phosphorylated form of AMPK, measured by WB, was increased, suggesting cytoprotective process activation. In parallel, mRNA expression of Notch-1, involved in muscle cell proliferation, was highly expressed in statin-treated patients, indicating active regeneration. Also, PGC-1-alpha and isocitrate-dehydrogenase increased expression together with increased activity of mitochondrial citrate-synthase, measured by spectrophotometric assay, suggests mitochondrial biogenesis. Thus, the reduction of ClC-1 protein and consequent sarcolemma hyperexcitability together with energy deficiency appear to be among the most important alterations to be associated with statin-related risk of myopathy in humans. Thus, it may be important to avoid statin treatment in pathologies characterized by energy deficit and chloride channel malfunction. This study validates the measure of ClC-1 expression as a reliable clinical test for assessing statin-dependent risk of myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Olimpia Musumeci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Elena Conte
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Kejla Musaraj
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Adriano Fonzino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Marco Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rodolico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Claudia Camerino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical SchoolBari, Italy
| | - Maria R Carratù
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical SchoolBari, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro Medical SchoolBari, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
| | - Antonio Toscano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy and Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo MoroBari, Italy
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Chin HJ, Kim CH, Ha K, Shin JH, Kim DS, So I. Electrophysiological characteristics of R47W and A298T mutations in CLC-1 of myotonia congenita patients and evaluation of clinical features. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:439-447. [PMID: 28706458 PMCID: PMC5507783 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.4.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Myotonia congenita (MC) is a genetic disease that displays impaired relaxation of skeletal muscle and muscle hypertrophy. This disease is mainly caused by mutations of CLCN1 that encodes human skeletal muscle chloride channel (CLC-1). CLC-1 is a voltage gated chloride channel that activates upon depolarizing potentials and play a major role in stabilization of resting membrane potentials in skeletal muscle. In this study, we report 4 unrelated Korean patients diagnosed with myotonia congenita and their clinical features. Sequence analysis of all coding regions of the patients was performed and mutation, R47W and A298T, was commonly identified. The patients commonly displayed transient muscle weakness and only one patient was diagnosed with autosomal dominant type of myotonia congenita. To investigate the pathological role of the mutation, electrophysiological analysis was also performed in HEK 293 cells transiently expressing homo- or heterodimeric mutant channels. The mutant channels displayed reduced chloride current density and altered channel gating. However, the effect of A298T on channel gating was reduced with the presence of R47W in the same allele. This analysis suggests that impaired CLC-1 channel function can cause myotonia congenita and that R47W has a protective effect on A298T in relation to channel gating. Our results provide clinical features of Korean myotonia congenita patients who have the heterozygous mutation and reveal underlying pathophyological consequences of the mutants by taking electrophysiological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jin Chin
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Chan Hyeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kotdaji Ha
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jin Hong Shin
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Research and Technology, Pusan University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Dae-Seong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Research and Technology, Pusan University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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46
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Skov M, Dirksen RT. Trojan triplets: RNA-based pathomechanisms for muscle dysfunction in Huntington's disease. J Gen Physiol 2016; 149:49-53. [PMID: 27940949 PMCID: PMC5217092 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201611728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Skov
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
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47
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Dowling P, Murphy S, Ohlendieck K. Proteomic profiling of muscle fibre type shifting in neuromuscular diseases. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:783-99. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1209416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Friedrich T, Tavraz NN, Junghans C. ATP1A2 Mutations in Migraine: Seeing through the Facets of an Ion Pump onto the Neurobiology of Disease. Front Physiol 2016; 7:239. [PMID: 27445835 PMCID: PMC4914835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in four genes have been identified in familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), from which CACNA1A (FHM type 1) and SCN1A (FHM type 3) code for neuronal voltage-gated calcium or sodium channels, respectively, while ATP1A2 (FHM type 2) encodes the α2 isoform of the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase's catalytic subunit, thus classifying FHM primarily as an ion channel/ion transporter pathology. FHM type 4 is attributed to mutations in the PRRT2 gene, which encodes a proline-rich transmembrane protein of as yet unknown function. The Na(+),K(+)-ATPase maintains the physiological gradients for Na(+) and K(+) ions and is, therefore, critical for the activity of ion channels and transporters involved neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter uptake or Ca(2+) signaling. Strikingly diverse functional abnormalities have been identified for disease-linked ATP1A2 mutations which frequently lead to changes in the enzyme's voltage-dependent properties, kinetics, or apparent cation affinities, but some mutations are truly deleterious for enzyme function and thus cause full haploinsufficiency. Here, we summarize structural and functional data about the Na(+),K(+)-ATPase available to date and an overview is provided about the particular properties of the α2 isoform that explain its physiological relevance in electrically excitable tissues. In addition, current concepts about the neurobiology of migraine, the correlations between primary brain dysfunction and mechanisms of headache pain generation are described, together with insights gained recently from modeling approaches in computational neuroscience. Then, a survey is given about ATP1A2 mutations implicated in migraine cases as documented in the literature with focus on mutations that were described to completely destroy enzyme function, or lead to misfolded or mistargeted protein in particular model cell lines. We also discuss whether or not there are correlations between these most severe mutational effects and clinical phenotypes. Finally, perspectives for future research on the implications of Na(+),K(+)-ATPase mutations in human pathologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Friedrich
- Department of Physical Chemistry/Bioenergetics, Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
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