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Vodyanoy V, Pustovyy O, Globa L. Primo Vascular Node in the Bone Marrow and Longevity. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2022; 15:12-24. [DOI: 10.51507/j.jams.2022.15.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Vodyanoy
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Oleg Pustovyy
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Ludmila Globa
- Department Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Pennesi G, Morellini M, Lulli P, Cappellacci S, Brioli G, Franceschi C, Trabace S. TCR Vβ repertoire in an Italian longeval population including centenarians. J Am Aging Assoc 2013; 24:63-70. [PMID: 23604877 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-001-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last years, the hypothesis that aging and diseases are two distinct phenomena, and that successful aging is possible for most humans, has been put forward. We studied the TCR Vβ repertoire of T lymphocytes of healthy longevals and centenarians as crossing point of genetic predisposition and environmental effects to longevity, using the Spectra-typing method. TCR Vβ1, Vβ8, and Vβ20 were found to be expanded in the longeval population, compared with the younger control population. This repertoire can have been shaped by the selective action of particular HLA alleles, or by the clonal expansion of specific T cell clones, able to modulate the immune response to endogenous and exogenous antigens. Moreover, the skewed Vβ usage and the clonal expansion seem to be the effects of physiological changes occurring with aging and not pathological signs of malignity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pennesi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, Section of Genetics, University of Rome "La Sapienza", c/o L. Spallanzani Hospital, Via Portuense 292, 00128 Rome, Italy ; NEI/NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 10N218, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
The oldest-old are the fastest growing segment of the Western population. Over half of the oldest-old will have dementia, but the etiology is yet unknown. Age is the only risk factor consistently associated with dementia in the oldest-old. Many of the risk and protective factors for dementia in the young elderly, such as ApoE genotype, physical activity, and healthy lifestyle, are not relevant for the oldest-old. Neuropathology is abundant in the oldest-old brains, but specific pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia are not necessarily correlated with cognition, as in younger persons. It has been suggested that accumulation of both AD-like and vascular pathologies, loss of synaptic proteins, and neuronal loss contribute to the cognitive decline observed in the oldest-old. Several characteristics of the oldest-old may confound the diagnosis of dementia in this age group. A gradual age-related cognitive decline, particularly in executive function and mental speed, is evident even in non-demented oldest-old. Hearing and vision losses, which are also prevalent in the oldest-old and found in some cases to precede/predict cognitive decline, may mechanically interfere in neuropsychological evaluations. Difficulties in carrying out everyday activities, observed in the majority of the oldest-old, may be the result of motor or physical dysfunction and of neurodegenerative processes. The oldest-old appear to be a select population, who escapes major illnesses or delays their onset and duration toward the end of life. Dementia in the oldest-old may be manifested when a substantial amount of pathology is accumulated, or with a composition of a variety of pathologies. Investigating the clinical and pathological features of dementia in the oldest-old is of great importance in order to develop therapeutic strategies and to provide the most elderly of our population with good quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Kravitz
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; ; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; and
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Hubbard RE, Rockwood K. Frailty in older women. Maturitas 2011; 69:203-7. [PMID: 21570783 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is a truth universally acknowledged that although men tend to have better health in old age, women live longer lives. Here, we briefly review the biological, social and behavioural factors that may contribute to women's greater longevity. We consider in particular factors that might result in a greater frailty burden in women, focusing on frailty being measured by a Frailty Index. The Frailty Index represents the burden of health deficits, expressed for an individual as the proportion of deficits present - from 0 (no deficits) to 1.0 (the theoretical maximum, if all deficits were expressed). A greater frailty burden in women might first represent a male "fitness-frailty pleiotropy", resulting in men having lower physiological reserves in old age so that health deficits are more lethal. In short, the price of more optimal physiological functioning during youth is a lower threshold for system failure in old age. Conversely, a female "fertility-frailty pleiotropy" might result in greater physiological reserves in women. Child birth and child rearing necessitate high levels of energetic and nutritional investment: women who have children live shorter lives. Women currently are limiting the number of children they bear and their life expectancies may be longer than predicted by evolutionary design. Third, though the Frailty Index captures physical, cognitive and psychological vulnerability, it may not include all factors that impact life expectancy in older people; these factors may be present more in men than in women. While these hypotheses seek to explain how frailty impacts men and women in different ways, there is clearly much to be done to understand frailty in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Hubbard
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, 3rd Floor, Academic Centre, Llandough Hospital, Penarth, South Wales, CF64 2XX, United Kingdom.
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von Gunten A, Ebbing K, Imhof A, Giannakopoulos P, Kövari E. Brain aging in the oldest-old. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2010; 2010:358531. [PMID: 20706534 PMCID: PMC2913516 DOI: 10.1155/2010/358531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonagenarians and centenarians represent a quickly growing age group worldwide. In parallel, the prevalence of dementia increases substantially, but how to define dementia in this oldest-old age segment remains unclear. Although the idea that the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) decreases after age 90 has now been questioned, the oldest-old still represent a population relatively resistant to degenerative brain processes. Brain aging is characterised by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and senile plaques (SPs) as well as neuronal and synaptic loss in both cognitively intact individuals and patients with AD. In nondemented cases NFTs are usually restricted to the hippocampal formation, whereas the progressive involvement of the association areas in the temporal neocortex parallels the development of overt clinical signs of dementia. In contrast, there is little correlation between the quantitative distribution of SP and AD severity. The pattern of lesion distribution and neuronal loss changes in extreme aging relative to the younger-old. In contrast to younger cases where dementia is mainly related to severe NFT formation within adjacent components of the medial and inferior aspects of the temporal cortex, oldest-old individuals display a preferential involvement of the anterior part of the CA1 field of the hippocampus whereas the inferior temporal and frontal association areas are relatively spared. This pattern suggests that both the extent of NFT development in the hippocampus as well as a displacement of subregional NFT distribution within the Cornu ammonis (CA) fields may be key determinants of dementia in the very old. Cortical association areas are relatively preserved. The progression of NFT formation across increasing cognitive impairment was significantly slower in nonagenarians and centenarians compared to younger cases in the CA1 field and entorhinal cortex. The total amount of amyloid and the neuronal loss in these regions were also significantly lower than those reported in younger AD cases. Overall, there is evidence that pathological substrates of cognitive deterioration in the oldest-old are different from those observed in the younger-old. Microvascular parameters such as mean capillary diameters may be key factors to consider for the prediction of cognitive decline in the oldest-old. Neuropathological particularities of the oldest-old may be related to "longevity-enabling" genes although little or nothing is known in this promising field of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. von Gunten
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - K. Ebbing
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
| | - A. Imhof
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P. Giannakopoulos
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie de l'Age Avancé (SUPAA), Department of Psychiatry of CHUV, University of Lausanne, Route du Mont, 1008 Prilly, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, 1225 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E. Kövari
- Unité de Psychopathologie Morphologique, Department of Psychiatry of HUG, 1225 Genève, Switzerland
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Napolioni V, Lucarini N. Gender-specific association of ADA genetic polymorphism with human longevity. Biogerontology 2010; 11:457-62. [PMID: 20174870 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-010-9266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to investigate whether the polymorphic ADA (Adenosine Deaminase, EC 3.5.4.4) gene, which determines the cellular level of adenosine and plays a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system and in the control of metabolic rates, is involved in longevity. 884 unrelated healthy individuals (age range 10-106 years, 400 males and 484 females) from central Italy were studied. ADA genotyping was performed by RFLP-PCR. Frequency distributions were compared using the chi-square test and a three-way contingency table analysis by a log linear model was applied to test independence between the variables. We found that ADA influences human life-span in a sex and age specific way. An increased frequency of ADA*2 carriers was found in males aged 80-85, and a decreased frequency in males over 85 (chi(2) = 13.93; df = 3; P = 0.003); significant differences among the age groups was not found in females. A strong interaction among age groups, ADA genotype and sex (G = 15.086; df = 3; P = 0.0017) was found. Males aged 80-85 could be protected from ischemic stroke by higher levels of adenosine (determined by the ADA*2 allele). The decrease of ADA*2 carriers in males over 85 may depend essentially on immunological factors; reduced levels of adenosine protect from asthma and other pulmonary diseases and lead to a reduced activation of inflammatory cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Moreover, the low level of adenosine may potentiate the activity of NK and other cellular effectors against tumor cells. The negligible effect of ADA genetic polymorphism in females suggest a marginal influence of genetic factors in determining longevity in this sex, confirming previous reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Napolioni
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Animal Biology, University of Camerino, Italy
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Hubbard RE, Andrew MK, Rockwood K. Effect of parental age at birth on the accumulation of deficits, frailty and survival in older adults. Age Ageing 2009; 38:380-5. [PMID: 19307228 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afp035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION parental age at conception may affect life expectancy. Adult daughters of older fathers seem to live shorter lives and, in one study, being born to a mother aged <25 was an important predictor of exceptional longevity. The effect of parental age on fitness/frailty in late life is unknown. We aimed to investigate the relationships between parental age and frailty and longevity in older adults. METHODS in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), data was collected on individuals aged >or=65 using a Self-Assessed Risk Factor Questionnaire and screening interview. In this secondary analysis, 5112 participants had complete data for parental age, frailty status and 10-year survival. Parental age was divided into three groups, with cut-offs at 25 and 45 for fathers and at 25 and 40 for mothers. Frailty was defined by an index of deficits. Survival was analysed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression with analyses adjusted for subject's age, sex and age of the other parent. RESULTS mean maternal age at subject's birth was 29.2y (SD 6.8) and mean paternal age 33.3y (SD 7.8). There was no effect of maternal or paternal age on survival for either sons or daughters. Similarly, there was no association between parental age and subject frailty in old age. CONCLUSION we did not identify an association between parental age and frailty or longevity in older adult participants in the CSHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Hubbard
- Dalhousie University and QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Imhof A, Kövari E, von Gunten A, Gold G, Rivara CB, Herrmann FR, Hof PR, Bouras C, Giannakopoulos P. Morphological substrates of cognitive decline in nonagenarians and centenarians: a new paradigm? J Neurol Sci 2007; 257:72-9. [PMID: 17303173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging is characterized by the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and senile plaques (SP) in both cognitively intact individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ubiquitous presence of these lesions and the steady increase of the prevalence of dementia up to 85 years have strongly supported a continuum between normal brain aging and AD. In this context, the study of nonagenarians and centenarians could provide key informations about the characteristics of extreme aging. We provide here a detailed review of currently available neuropathological data in very old individuals and critically discuss the patterns of NFT, SP and neuronal loss distribution as a function of age. In younger cohorts, NFTs are usually restricted to hippocampal formation, whereas clinical signs of dementia appear when temporal neocortex is involved. SPs would not be a specific marker of cognitive impairment as no correlation was found between their quantitative distribution and AD severity. The low rate of AD lesions even in severe AD as well as the weakness of clinicopathological correlations reported in the oldest-old indicate that AD pathology is not a mandatory phenomenon of increasing chronological age. Our recent stereological observations of hippocampal microvasculature in oldest-old cases challenge the traditional lesional model by revealing that mean capillary diameters is an important structural determinant of cognition in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Imhof
- Department of Psychiatry, HUG, Belle-Idée, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Willcox DC, Willcox BJ, Hsueh WC, Suzuki M. Genetic determinants of exceptional human longevity: insights from the Okinawa Centenarian Study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 28:313-32. [PMID: 22253498 PMCID: PMC3259160 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-006-9020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/01/2006] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Centenarians represent a rare phenotype appearing in roughly 10-20 per 100,000 persons in most industrialized countries but as high as 40-50 per 100,000 persons in Okinawa, Japan. Siblings of centenarians in Okinawa have been found to have cumulative survival advantages such that female centenarian siblings have a 2.58-fold likelihood and male siblings a 5.43-fold likelihood (versus their birth cohorts) of reaching the age of 90 years. This is indicative of a strong familial component to longevity. Centenarians may live such extraordinarily long lives in large part due to genetic variations that either affect the rate of aging and/or have genes that result in decreased susceptibility to age-associated diseases. Some of the most promising candidate genes appear to be those involved in regulatory pathways such as insulin signaling, immunoinflammatory response, stress resistance or cardiovascular function. Although gene variants with large beneficial effects have been suggested to exist, only APOE, an important regulator of lipoproteins has been consistently associated with a longer human lifespan across numerous populations. As longevity is a very complex trait, several issues challenge our ability to identify its genetic influences, such as control for environmental confounders across time, the lack of precise phenotypes of aging and longevity, statistical power, study design and availability of appropriate study populations. Genetic studies on the Okinawan population suggest that Okinawans are a genetically distinct group that has several characteristics of a founder population, including less genetic diversity, and clustering of specific gene variants, some of which may be related to longevity. Further work on this population and other genetic isolates would be of significant interest to the genetics of human longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Craig Willcox
- College of Nursing, Okinawa Prefectural University, 1-24-1 Yogi, Naha City, Okinawa Japan 902-0076
- Pacific Health Research Institute, 846 South Hotel Street, Suite 301, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Bradley J. Willcox
- Pacific Health Research Institute, 846 South Hotel Street, Suite 301, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
- Departments of Geriatric Medicine and Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7F, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA
| | - Wen-Chi Hsueh
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 74 New Montgomery Street, Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
- 2200 Post Street, C433, San Francisco, CA 94143-1640 USA
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Abstract
Many people believe that the older a person gets, the sicker he or she becomes. The result can be quite a pessimistic view of very old age. If this were true, most if not all centenarians would have significant disability. However, approximately 90% of centenarians in a population-based study were functionally independent at the average age of 92 y. Thus, to achieve extreme old age, a much more enabling point of view emerges: the older an individual gets, the healthier he or she has been. Centenarians thus have the potential to represent a model of relative resistance to age-related diseases and slower aging. Currently, 1 in every 10 000 persons in the United States is 100 y of age or older. This prevalence is quickly changing, however, and it is likely that most industrialized nations will soon experience twice that prevalence, or one centenarian per 5000 persons. The ability to survive to extreme old age appears to be the result of a complex combination of genetics, environment, lifestyle, and luck. Understanding the genetics of the very old, and identifying the molecular drivers of longevity (or of mortality), is a potentially powerful approach to discovering and targeting the pathways mediating aging and disease susceptibility and developing preventive and therapeutic agents that will allow more of the population to age in good health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T Perls
- New England Centenarian Study, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2393, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the quest for longevity is as old as civilization itself, only recently have technical and conceptual advances in genomics research brought us to the point of understanding the precise molecular events that make us age. This heralds an era when manipulations of these will enable us to live longer, healthier lives. The present review describes how recent experimental strategies have identified key genes and intracellular pathways that are responsible for ageing and longevity. FINDINGS In diverse species transcription factors belonging to the forkhead/winged helix box gene, group O (FOXO) subfamily have been found to be crucial in downstream suppression of the life-shortening effects of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signalling pathways that, when upregulated, accelerate ageing by suppression of FOXO. The various adverse processes activated upon FOXO suppression include increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are pivotal for the onset of various common conditions, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, cancer and Alzheimer's disease, each of which shortens lifespan. In humans, FOXO3a, as well as FOXO1 and -4, and their downstream effectors, could hold the key to counteracting ageing and common diseases. An understanding of the processes controlled by these FOXOs should permit development of novel classes of agents that will more directly counteract or prevent the damage associated with diverse life-threatening conditions, and so foster a life of good health to a ripe old age. Just like caloric restriction, lifespan can be increased in various species by plant-derived polyphenols, such as resveratrol, via activation of sirtuins in cells. Sirtuins, such as SIRT1 in mammals, utilize FOXO and other pathways to achieve their beneficial effects on health and lifespan. CONCLUSION Lifespan is tractable and basic mechanisms are now known. Longevity research complements and overlaps research in most major medical disciplines. Current progress bodes well for an ever-increasing length of healthy life for those who adapt emerging knowledge personally (so-called 'longevitarians').
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Institute for Biomedical Research, Building F13, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A small percentage of centenarians, about 15-25%, are functionally cognitively intact. Among those who are not cognitively intact at 100, approximately 90% delayed the onset of clinically evident impairment at least until the average age of 92 yr. OBJECTIVE To review current and past findings related to the prevalence and incidence of dementia amongst the exceptionally long-lived. METHODS Findings from the various centenarian studies, world-wide, are reviewed. RESULTS Neuropsychological and neuropathological correlations thus far suggest that there are centenarians who demonstrate no evidence of neurodegenerative disease. There also appear to be centenarians who despite the substantial presence of neuropathological markers of Alzheimer's disease did not meet clinical criteria for having dementia, thus suggesting the existence of cognitive reserve. Epigenic studies suggest a significant familial component to these survival advantages. CONCLUSION Centenarians are of scientific interest as a human model of relative resistance to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Belogubova EV, Togo AV, Karpova MB, Kuligina ES, Buslova KG, Ulibina JM, Lemehov VG, Romanenko SM, Shutkin VA, Hanson KP, Hirvonen A, Imyanitov EN. A novel approach for assessment of cancer predisposing roles of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes: use of putatively cancer resistant elderly tumor-free smokers as the referents. Lung Cancer 2004; 43:259-66. [PMID: 15165083 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2003.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We applied an alternative approach to assess the controversial evidence for the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deficiencies (null genotypes) in cancer susceptibility. In this study setting, the prevalence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes in the lung cancer patients (LCs, n = 167) were compared with those in the group of putatively cancer resistant individuals, i.e. elderly tumor-free donors (EDs, n = 324). Healthy middle-aged donors (HDs, n = 339) were used as another comparison group. Our results support the previous conclusions of a modest protective effect associated with presence of at least one functional copy of GSTM1 gene; the prevalence of GSTM1 deficiency in LCs (54%) did not differ from that observed in HDs (54%), but showed a significant increase when compared with EDs (45%) (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.00-2.12). Furthermore, in agreement with mechanistic considerations, the GSTM1 null genotypes were more prevalent in squamous cell carcinoma patients (58%) and in lung cancer patients with seemingly low cumulative carcinogen exposure dose (non-smokers: 63%; patients aged below 50 years: 76%). Contrary to GSTM1, no significant effect in the lung cancer proneness was observed for the GSTT1 genotypes. The results of this study are thus in good agreement with the body of literature data, including several published meta-analyses. Consequently, the suggested study design involving additional "cancer resistant" group of non-affected subjects appears to provide highly demonstrative data and to be well suited for pilot investigations and for resolving controversial issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Belogubova
- Group of Molecular Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, 197758, St.-Petersburg 197758, Russia
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Geesaman BJ, Benson E, Brewster SJ, Kunkel LM, Blanché H, Thomas G, Perls TT, Daly MJ, Puca AA. Haplotype-based identification of a microsomal transfer protein marker associated with the human lifespan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:14115-20. [PMID: 14615589 PMCID: PMC283555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1936249100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported a genomewide linkage study for human longevity using 308 long-lived individuals (LLI) (centenarians or near-centenarians) in 137 sibships and identified statistically significant linkage within chromosome 4 near microsatellite D4S1564. This interval spans 12 million bp and contains approximately 50 putative genes. To identify the specific gene and gene variants impacting lifespan, we performed a haplotype-based fine-mapping study of the interval. The resulting genetic association study identified a haplotype marker within microsomal transfer protein as a modifier of human lifespan. This same variant was tested in a second cohort of LLI from France, and although the association was not replicated, there was evidence for statistical distortion in the form of Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. Microsomal transfer protein has been identified as the rate-limiting step in lipoprotein synthesis and may affect longevity by subtly modulating this pathway. This study provides proof of concept for the feasibility of using the genomes of LLI to identify genes impacting longevity.
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Perls T, Kunkel LM, Puca AA. The genetics of exceptional human longevity. J Mol Neurosci 2002; 19:233-8. [PMID: 12212788 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-002-0039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2001] [Accepted: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
How we age as individuals is no doubt a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Studies of certain populations with optimal environments and health-related behaviors, as well as twin studies, suggest that the average set of genetic variations should facilitate the average person's ability to live to around age 85. Average life expectancies are lower than this because we generally fight survival advantage with bad health habits that can lead to premature aging, chronic illness, and death at a significantly younger age. Centenarians on the other hand live 15-25 years beyond what the average collection of us are able to achieve. Many of them have a history of aging relatively slowly, and either markedly delaying or even escaping lethal diseases associated with aging (Alzheimer's disease, stroke, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes). In order to live to such old age, centenarians are less likely to have genetic and environmental exposures that would cause at least lethal diseases at younger ages. Demographic selection is the drop out within a cohort, of genotypes linked to age-related lethal diseases and premature mortality as the cohort achieves older and older age. The result is a very old cohort that lacks these genotypes relative to younger age groups. Recent pedigree and molecular genetic studies indicate that scientists can use this selection to their advantage in discerning genotypes that play important roles in delaying or escaping diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and in slowing the aging process.
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Abstract
Lifespan experiments of lower organisms and mammals along with recent studies of centenarians are making inroads into delineating genetic factors that determine the ability to achieve exceptional longevity. These models may be helpful for the discovery of both longevity-enabling genes as well as genes associated with increased propensity to develop specific diseases. Both academic and commercial laboratories are putting substantial resources into discovering such genes in order to better understand the genetic and environmental underpinnings of how some people age more slowly than others and markedly delay or even escape age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Boston University Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, F4, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
Once thought to be an extremely complex conundrum of weak genetic and environmental effects, exceptional longevity is beginning to yield genetic findings. Numerous lower organism and mammalian models demonstrate genetic mutations that increase life-span markedly. These variations, some of them evolutionarily conserved, inform us about biochemical pathways that significantly impact upon longevity. Centenarian studies have also proven useful as they are a cohort that, relative to younger age groups, lacks genotypes linked to age-related lethal diseases and premature mortality. Pedigree studies have demonstrated a significant familial component to the ability to survive to extreme old age and a recent study demonstrates a locus on chromosome 4 linked to exceptional longevity indicating the likely existence of at least one longevity enabling gene in humans. Thus, a number of laboratories are making substantial and exciting strides in the understanding of the genetics of aging and longevity which should lead to the discovery of genes and ultimately drugs that slow down the aging process and facilitate people's ability to delay and perhaps escape age-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Boston University Medical Center, 88 East Newton Street, F4, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Abstract
To live beyond the octogenarian years, population and molecular genetic studies of centenarian sibships indicate that genetic factors play an increasingly important role as the limit of life span is approached. These factors are likely to influence basic mechanisms of aging that in turn broadly influence susceptibility to age-related illnesses. Lacking genetic variations that predispose to disease as well as having variations that confer disease resistance (longevity enabling genes) are probably both important to achieving exceptional old age. The AGE (aging, genetics, environment) nomogram is introduced as an illustrative construct for understanding the influence of environmental and genetic factors on survival to various ages, depending on variations in the hypothesized relative importance of genes and environment to longevity. The rapid rise in the incidence of centenarians could indicate that many more people than we originally thought have the optimal set of genetic factors necessary to get to 100 and beyond. Recent studies indicate the likelihood that such factors will be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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20
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Abstract
There is a substantial distinction to be made between the genetics of aging and the genetics of exceptional longevity. Twin studies suggest that the average set of genetic variations facilitates the average human's ability to live well into their octogenarian years. Other studies indicate that taking full advantage of this average set results in spending the majority of those years in good health. However, many people counteract such genetic endowment with poor health habits, resulting in a substantially lower average life expectancy and relatively more time spent in poor health. To live beyond the octogenarian years, life-span experiments in lower organisms and mammals and population and molecular genetic studies of centenarian sibships suggest that genetic factors play an important role in exceptional longevity. These factors are likely to influence basic mechanisms of aging, which in turn broadly influence susceptibility to age-related illnesses. Lacking genetic variations that predispose to disease, and having variations that confer disease resistance (longevity enabling genes), are probably both important to such a remarkable survival advantage. Recent studies indicate the likelihood that such factors will be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Medical School, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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21
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Abstract
Centenarians disprove the ageist myth "the older you get, the sicker you get"; they live 90-95% of their very long lives in excellent health, only to experience illnesses in the very last few years of their lives. Thus, it appears that in order to live to 100, one must age relatively slowly and markedly delay and/or escape age-associated diseases. How they achieve such a survival advantage is still a mystery though it is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial genetic advantage plays a role in their ability to live 20-25 years beyond average life expectancy. Current genetic studies of centenarian sibships may yield the identity of some of these genes in the near future. Identifying such genes may yield new information about how people age differently and what modulates differences in susceptibilities to various diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Perls
- Gerontology Division, Harvard Division on Aging, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Wang XY, Hurme M, Jylhä M, Hervonen A. Lack of association between human longevity and polymorphisms of IL-1 cluster, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha genes in Finnish nonagenarians. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 123:29-38. [PMID: 11640949 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in research on genetic basis of longevity. Aging is accompanied by immune deterioration and dysregulation of cytokines. Increased IL-6 concentration in vivo and enhanced IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha production in vitro have been reported in healthy elderly people. Cytokine gene polymorphisms have been demonstrated to be associated with cytokine production both in vivo and in vitro, and with some diseases. Thus, gene polymorphisms of cytokine may play a role in longevity by modulating an individual's responses to life-threatening disorders. Cytokine gene polymorphisms at IL1A-889, IL1B+3953, IL1B-511, IL1RN VNTR, IL6-174, IL10-1082, and TNFA-308 were genotyped in 250 Finnish nonagenarians (52 men and 198 women) and in 400 healthy blood donors (18-60 years) as controls. No statistically significant differences were found in the genotype distributions, allelic frequencies and A2+ carrier status of IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha genes between nonagenarians and younger controls within Finnish population, nor between male and female nonagenarians. No differences emerged between nonagenarians and younger controls by comparing different IL-1 gene cluster haplotypes. Thus, there is no evidence of an association of IL-1 complex, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms with longevity, alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Y Wang
- Department of Gerontology, School of Public Health, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Tampere, Finland
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23
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Yashin AI, Ukraintseva SV, De Benedictis G, Anisimov VN, Butov AA, Arbeev K, Jdanov DA, Boiko SI, Begun AS, Bonafe M, Franceschi C. Have the oldest old adults ever been frail in the past? A hypothesis that explains modern trends in survival. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:B432-42. [PMID: 11584028 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.10.b432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three important results concerning the shape and the trends of the human mortality rate were discussed recently in demographic and epidemiological literature. These are the deceleration of the mortality rate at old ages, the tendency to rectangularization of the survival curve, and the decline of the old age mortality observed in the second part of the 20th century. In this paper we show that all these results can be explained by using a model with a new type of heterogeneity associated with individual differences in adaptive capacity. We first illustrate the idea of such a model by considering survival in a mixture of two subpopulations of individuals (called "labile" and "stable"). These subpopulations are characterized by different Gompertz mortality patterns, such that their mortality rates cross over. The survival chances of individuals in these subpopulations have different sensitivities to changes in environmental conditions. Then we develop a more comprehensive model in which the mortality rate is related to the adaptive capacity of an organism. We show that the trends in survival patterns experienced by a mixture of such individuals resemble those obtained in an analysis of empirical data on survival in developed countries. Lastly, we present evidence of the existence of subpopulations of phenotypes in both humans and experimental organisms, which were used as prototypes in our models. The existence of such phenotypes provides the possibility that at least part of today's centenarians originated from an initially frail part of the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Yashin
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.
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24
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Floyd RA, West M, Hensley K. Oxidative biochemical markers; clues to understanding aging in long-lived species. Exp Gerontol 2001; 36:619-40. [PMID: 11295504 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(00)00231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clues as to why long-lived species live so much longer than short-lived species may reside in the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced and their effect on damaging cell components (especially proteins) and alterations of crucial cellular processes. Rigorous evaluation of these concepts required critical comparisons of oxidative damage markers and/or parameters with assess difference in ROS flux and the critical age-modifying processes they influence. The limited experimental comparative results available implicate that ROS production per unit weight of total oxygen consumed is much less in the longer-lived species than in shorter-lived species. Mitochondria are the major site of ROS production. They are also the functional nexus for intracellular signaling thus modulating stress and growth factor mediated cellular survival, proliferation and apoptotic processes. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, perhaps caused by ROS, increase with age. Mutant mitochondria possess comparative replicative advantage, which leads to age-specific intracellular swarms. General inflammatory stress tends to increase with age. Disruption in coordinated cell-to-cell signaling triggered by alterations in intracellular signaling may be the basis of the age-related increases in tissue inflammation, which may explain some of the differences between long-lived species and short-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Floyd
- Free Radical Biology and Aging Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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25
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Schächter F, Foulon M, Poulain M. [Daltonism and the genetics of aging]. COMPTES RENDUS DE L'ACADEMIE DES SCIENCES. SERIE III, SCIENCES DE LA VIE 2001; 324:327-33. [PMID: 11386080 DOI: 10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to test whether mutations giving rise to color vision deficiencies are more frequently inherited from older fathers, an exhaustive screening of births in the Namur region has allowed to isolate a sample of 225 descending sons of maternal grandfathers who were older than 45 years at their daughter's birth. The incidence of color vision defects was compared between this set of cases and three control groups totalling 959 boys from independent families. While these comparisons were not conclusive, we propose new hypotheses concerning the population dynamics of color vision deficiencies. Neomutations in X-linked pigment genes may be a marker of the overall genetic load borne by the X chromosome. Selection against such loaded X chromosomes may occur in the second generation, either in the course of embryogenesis, or during female gametogenesis. The future assessment of these novel hypotheses relies on the arbitration of molecular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schächter
- Laboratoire de biophysique de l'ADN, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr-Roux, 75725 Paris, France.
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26
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Abstract
Aging processes are amenable to molecular genetic analyses. Two aspects of such research have been selected for discussion in this paper because of current great interest and their relevance to human aging. Studies on telomeres have revealed new insights on the control of cellular replicative senescence and provided a means to extend the cell's life span during in vitro cultivation. Emerging studies on genetic biomarkers have identified genes that appear to be associated with longevity or with risk factors for aging-related diseases, and raised considerations of ways to reduce disease expression. An interchange between basic scientists and clinicians would encourage new thoughts on the feasibility of translating these fundamental studies into interventions that promote healthier longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hamerman
- Resnick Gerontology Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
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27
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Frisoni GB, Louhija J, Geroldi C, Trabucchi M. Longevity and the epsilon2 allele of apolipoprotein E: the Finnish Centenarians Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2001; 56:M75-8. [PMID: 11213279 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/56.2.m75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether and which genetic factors affect human longevity is unclear. This study assesses the association between the epsilon2 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE), a putative longevity gene, and extremely old age. METHODS This study is based on all centenarians living in Finland in 1991. Subjects were 179 persons (28 men and 151 women) aged 100 years and older (response rate, 97%). RESULTS The percentages of epsilon2-allele carriers in persons aged 100 to 101, 102 to 103, and 104 years and older were 9% (10/117), 21% (9/42), and 25% (5/20; gender-adjusted p for trend = .01), respectively. The effect was particularly strong in women: 8% (8/100), 18% (6/33), and 28% (5/18; p for trend = .01) by age group, respectively. Low cell numbers prevented clear conclusions being drawn for men. Seventeen percent (30/179) of the adult Finnish population were carriers of the epsilon4 allele, a figure lower than expected, and stable by age group. CONCLUSIONS Carriers of the epsilon2 allele of APOE might be predisposed to reach extremely old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Neuroimaging, IRCCS San Giovanni di Dio-FBF, Brescia, Italy.
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28
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Perls T, Terry DF, Silver M, Shea M, Bowen J, Joyce E, Ridge SB, Fretts R, Daly M, Brewster S, Puca A, Kunkel L. Centenarians and the genetics of longevity. Results Probl Cell Differ 2000; 29:1-20. [PMID: 10838692 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-48003-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Perls
- Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Division on Aging, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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29
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Belogubova EV, Togo AV, Kondratieva TV, Lemehov VG, Hanson KP, Imyanitov EN. GSTM1 genotypes in elderly tumour-free smokers and non-smokers. Lung Cancer 2000; 29:189-95. [PMID: 10996421 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00120-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is known to be an extremely common disease, with the life-time risks reaching close to 0.5 for men and to 0.4 for women. Hence those individuals, who succeeded to achieve a reasonably old age without a history of malignancy, represent a distinct group of interest, which apparently can be defined as 'tumour-tolerant'. Focus on the genetic features of these subjects may significantly facilitate the research of cancer-predisposing polymorphisms: first, a fundamental understanding of molecular mechanisms conferring the phenomena of cancer resistance appears to be outstandingly important; second, it is promising to involve non-affected geriatric cohorts in the molecular epidemiological studies as a tumour-free control of especial value. Here we analysed the GSTM1 genotype frequencies in the individuals with seemingly different degrees of resistance or susceptibility to neoplasms, such as elderly tumour-free smokers and non-smokers (> or = 75-years-old), healthy middle-aged donors, and lung cancer patients. The proportion of GSTM1-deficient individuals gradually increased from elderly controls (70/157; 45%) to middle-aged ones (77/140; 55%) to lung cancer sufferers (34/58; 59%), showing the minimal estimates in elderly non-affected smokers (35/81; 43%) and the maximal ones in the affected non-smokers (7/7, 100%). These data have led to the two groups of conclusions. First, the broad protective role of GSTM1 has been confirmed in this report. In particular, GSTM1-deficiency appeared to reduce the chances of entering an elderly age without a history of malignancy (OR=0.66 (0.42-1.04); P=0.073). Second, the efficiency of 'tumour patients versus elderly donors' comparative analysis has been exemplified. Indeed, the long-debated fact of overrepresentation of GSTM1(-) genotypes among lung cancer sufferers was clearly demonstrated by comparison of the affected individuals to the geriatric controls (OR=1.76 (0.96-3.23); P=0.068), whereas the same patients failed to produce any convincing deviations towards the middle-aged donors (OR=1.16 (0.63-2.14); P=0.641).
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Belogubova
- Group of Molecular Diagnostics, N.N. Petrov Institute of Oncology, Pesochny-2, 189646, St-Petersburg, Russia
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30
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Abstract
The fields of gerontology and genetics have merged, spawning novel lines of investigation and generating a wealth of new results in recent years. However, the lack of clarity and consistency in the basic definitions upon which the science of gerontology must rest has fostered a certain amount of enduring confusion. Among the unclear issues are the genetic components of life span and the distinction between "normal" and "pathologic" aging. At a time of massive world population aging, such issues have, beyond their scientific importance, a momentous social and economic impact. A simple axiomatic framework, consisting of three definitions and five axioms, is proposed that clarifies the aforementioned issues and reconciles disparate data in gerontology. Based on this framework, a new classification of genes involved in survival is proposed. Within the Compensatory Adaptation Theory of aging, apparent paradoxes are solved and problems in gerontology may be formulated anew.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Schächter
- CESTI-ISMCM, Université Léonard de Vinci, Paris-la-Défense, France
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31
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Cournil A, Legay JM, Schächter F. Evidence of sex-linked effects on the inheritance of human longevity: a population-based study in the Valserine valley (French Jura), 18-20th centuries. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1021-5. [PMID: 10874752 PMCID: PMC1690631 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-standing puzzle in gerontology is the sex dependence of human longevity and its inheritance. We have analysed the sex-linked pattern of inheritance of longevity from 643 nuclear families on the historical population register of a French valley. We have focused on mean conditional life expectancy at a minimum age of 50 years, thus, in the present study, longevity refers to late or post-reproductive survival. A comparison of parents' and offspring's longevity has shown the existence of a heritable component of late survival in this population. We have found that the heritable component was substantially larger for daughters compared to sons. Moreover, this result appeared to be specific to late survival, that is, when only post-reproductive mortality for parental and offspring generations is taken into account. The stronger resemblance of parents to their daughters was no longer observed when considering younger ages at death for the offspring. This observation explains the hitherto unaccountable diversity of data in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cournil
- Biométrie-Génétique et Biologie des Populations, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.
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32
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Brack C, Lithgow G, Osiewacz H, Toussaint O. EMBO WORKSHOP REPORT: Molecular and cellular gerontology Serpiano, Switzerland, September 18-22, 1999. EMBO J 2000; 19:1929-34. [PMID: 10790359 PMCID: PMC305699 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.9.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1999] [Revised: 03/13/2000] [Accepted: 03/14/2000] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Brack
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, Basel University, PUK, Wilhelm-Klein-Strasse 27, CH-4025 Basel, Switzerland.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- F B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Bérubé
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030-3498, USA.
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