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Furundaoturan O, Esen Baris M, Ayyıldız Emecen D, Demirkilinc Biler E. Retinal detachment in a child with Frank-ter Haar syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2022; 44:291-294. [PMID: 36004685 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2113543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To present a rare case of ocular involvement in a child with Frank-ter Haar syndrome (FTHS) presenting retinal detachment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Detailed ophthalmological evaluation including examination under general anesthesia, ocular ultrasound, and visual evoked potential testing was completed. Photographic documentation of the physical findings was obtained. RESULTS A 3-year-old female patient with FTHS was referred to evaluate for possible ophthalmic involvement. The patient presented with the classical dysmorphic abnormalities of the syndrome. Ophthalmologic evaluation revealed a high, against-the-rule corneal astigmatism in the right eye. In the left eye, the red reflex was absent with a suspicious membrane behind the lens, and a sensory exotropia was present. Ultrasonography confirmed retinal detachment with no history of previous trauma. Due to poor visual evoked potentials, no surgery was planned. Astigmatic refractive error was corrected with routine follow-up. CONCLUSIONS FTHS is associated with multiple ocular involvement such as megalocornea, congenital glaucoma, or colobomas. This case report is the first to describe a high, against-the-rule astigmatism and retinal detachment in a female child with FTHS and demonstrates that an early and detailed ophthalmological examination is essential for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Furundaoturan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mine Esen Baris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Hashemi H, Asharlous A, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Emamian MH, Fotouhi A. The profile of astigmatism in 6-12-year-old children in Iran. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2021; 14:58-68. [PMID: 32345571 PMCID: PMC7752993 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of astigmatism and its determinants in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years. METHODS The students selected by stratified cluster random sampling in Shahroud, north of Iran. Optometric examination included uncorrected visual acuity, refraction with autorefractometer, manifest refraction with retinoscopy followed by subjective and cycloplegic refraction (after two drops of cyclopentolate 1% with 5min interval were instilled in each eye). A cylinder power ≥0.75diopter (D) in at least one eye was considered as astigmatism. The prevalence of astigmatism was reported based on a cylinder power higher than 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00D in cycloplegic refraction, followed by power vector analysis. RESULTS After applying the inclusion criteria, the data of 5528 children were analyzed. The prevalence of astigmatism was 16.7% (95% CI: 15.6-17.7) in total, 16.6% (95% CI: 15.2-18.0) in boys and 16.8% (95% CI: 15.2-18.3) in girls (p=0.920) and decreased from 21.5% in 6-year-old children to 13.7% in 10-year-olds, and then again increased to 18.3% in children aged 12 years. Moreover, 17.2% (95% CI: 16.0-18.3) of urban and 12.1% (95% CI: 10.0-14.1) of rural children had astigmatism (p<0.001). The prevalence of with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism was 14.2%, 2.1%, and 0.33%, respectively. The mean cylinder power was -1.31, -0.46, and -0.44D in children with spherical myopia, emmetropia, and hyperopia, respectively (p<0.001). Urban students had a higher J0 and boys had a higher J45. CONCLUSION The prevalence of astigmatism in this study was lower than previous studies. Astigmatism prevalence was markedly higher in urban children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Emamian
- Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Akbar Fotouhi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Heritability of Corneal Curvature and Pentacam Topometric Indices: A Population-Based Study. Eye Contact Lens 2019; 45:365-371. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Woltsche N, Werkl P, Posch-Pertl L, Ardjomand N, Frings A. Astigmatismus. SPEKTRUM DER AUGENHEILKUNDE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00717-019-00440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Der Astigmatismus ist der weltweit häufigste Refraktionsfehler vor Hypermetropie und Myopie. Man unterscheidet den äußeren vom inneren Astigmatismus. Der äußere Astigmatismus kann weiter in „mit der Regel“, „gegen die Regel“ und „schräg“ unterteilt werden. Die Summierung des äußeren und inneren Astigmatismus ergibt den refraktiven Zylinder. Astigmatismus wurde lange als zweidimensionales Phänomen gesehen, doch erst die dreidimensionale Betrachtung hat den Blick auf bestehende Analyseverfahren (Topo- und Tomographie) erweitert. Die Vektoranalyse nach Alpins ist hierbei eine bekannte Methode zur Therapieplanung. Zur Therapie des Astigmatismus stehen konservative Optionen wie Brille oder torische Kontaktlinse sowie unterschiedlichste chirurgische Verfahren wie photorefraktive Keratektomie, Femtosekundenlaser-assistierte Keratotomie, Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis, „small-incision lenticule extraction“ und die Implantation torischer Intraokularlinsen zur Verfügung.
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Abstract
Astigmatism is the most frequent refractive error worldwide followed by hyperopia and myopia. Internal astigmatism has to be differentiated from external astigmatism. Furthermore, external astigmatism can be divided into "with the rule", "against the rule" and "oblique". The summation of internal and external astigmatism results in the refractive cylinder. Astigmatism has for a long time been regarded as a two-dimensional phenomenon; however, only a three-dimensional consideration expanded the view on existing analytical methods (topography and tomography). Alpins' vector analysis is a commonly used method for treatment planning. Multiple options exist for treatment of astigmatism with conservative approaches, such as eyeglasses or toric contact lenses as well as various surgical procedures, such as photorefractive keratectomy, femtosecond laser-assisted keratotomy, laser in-situ keratomileusis, small incision lenticule extraction and toric intraocular lens implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Woltsche
- Univ.-Augenklinik Graz, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Österreich.
| | - P Werkl
- Univ.-Augenklinik Graz, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Österreich
| | - L Posch-Pertl
- Univ.-Augenklinik Graz, Medizinische Universität Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Österreich
| | - N Ardjomand
- Sehzentrum für Augenlaser & Augenchirurgie, Leechgasse 58, 8010, Graz, Österreich
| | - A Frings
- Univ.-Augenklinik Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, EC1V 9EL, London, Großbritannien.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 162 City Rd, EC1V 2PD, London, Großbritannien
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Hashemi H, Asharlous A, Yekta A, Ostadimoghaddam H, Mohebi M, Aghamirsalim M, Khabazkhoob M. Enantiomorphism and rule similarity in the astigmatism axes of fellow eyes: A population-based study. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2019; 12:44-54. [PMID: 29625892 PMCID: PMC6318548 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relationship patterns between astigmatism axes of fellow eyes (rule similarity and symmetry) and to determine the prevalence of each pattern in the studied population. METHODS This population-based study was conducted in 2015 in Iran. All participants had tests for visual acuity, objective refraction, subjective refraction (if cooperative), and assessment of eye health at the slit-lamp. Axis symmetry was based on two different patterns: direct (equal axes) and mirror (mirror image symmetry) or enantiomorphism. Bilateral astigmatism was classified as isorule if fellow eyes had the same orientation (e.g. both eyes were with-the-rule) and as anisorule if otherwise. RESULTS Of the total cases of bilateral astigmatism, 80% were isorule, and in the studied population, the prevalence of isorule and anisorule astigmatism was 14.89% and 3.53%, respectively. The prevalence of isorule increased with age (p<0.001). The prevalence of both isorule and anisorule increased at higher degrees of spherical ametropia (p<0.001). Median inter-ocular axis difference was 10° in mirror symmetry and 20° in direct symmetry with no significant difference between two genders (p>0.288). Both symmetry patterns reduced with age (p<0.001). Among cases of bilateral astigmatism, 15.5% and 19.8% had exact direct and mirror symmetry, respectively. CONCLUSION Bilateral astigmatism is mainly isorule in the population and anisorule astigmatism is rare. The enantiomorphism is the most common pattern in the population of bilateral astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Asharlous
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masumeh Mohebi
- Farabi Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism in UK Biobank demonstrate a shared role for myopia susceptibility loci. Hum Genet 2018; 137:881-896. [PMID: 30306274 PMCID: PMC6267700 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1942-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that naturally occurring genetic variation contributes to the risk of astigmatism. The purpose of this investigation was to identify genetic markers associated with corneal and refractive astigmatism in a large-scale European ancestry cohort (UK Biobank) who underwent keratometry and autorefraction at an assessment centre. Genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism were performed in individuals of European ancestry (N = 86,335 and 88,005 respectively), with the mean corneal astigmatism or refractive astigmatism in fellow eyes analysed as a quantitative trait (dependent variable). Genetic correlation between the two traits was calculated using LD Score regression. Gene-based and gene-set tests were carried out using MAGMA. Single marker-based association tests for corneal astigmatism identified four genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10-8) near the genes ZC3H11B (1q41), LINC00340 (6p22.3), HERC2/OCA2 (15q13.1) and NPLOC4/TSPAN10 (17q25.3). Three of these loci also demonstrated genome-wide significant association with refractive astigmatism: LINC00340, HERC2/OCA2 and NPLOC4/TSPAN10. The genetic correlation between corneal and refractive astigmatism was 0.85 (standard error = 0.068, P = 1.37 × 10-35). Here, we have undertaken the largest genome-wide association studies for corneal and refractive astigmatism to date and identified four novel loci for corneal astigmatism, two of which were also novel loci for refractive astigmatism. These loci have previously demonstrated association with axial length (ZC3H11B), myopia (NPLOC4), spherical equivalent refractive error (LINC00340) and eye colour (HERC2). The shared role of these novel candidate genes for astigmatism lends further support to the shared genetic susceptibility of myopia and astigmatism.
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Shah RL, Li Q, Zhao W, Tedja MS, Tideman JWL, Khawaja AP, Fan Q, Yazar S, Williams KM, Verhoeven VJ, Xie J, Wang YX, Hess M, Nickels S, Lackner KJ, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Biino G, Concas MP, Uitterlinden A, Rivadeneira F, Jaddoe VW, Hysi PG, Sim X, Tan N, Tham YC, Sensaki S, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Jonas JB, Mitchell P, Hammond CJ, Höhn R, Baird PN, Wong TY, Cheng CY, Teo YY, Mackey DA, Williams C, Saw SM, Klaver CC, Guggenheim JA, Bailey-Wilson JE. A genome-wide association study of corneal astigmatism: The CREAM Consortium. Mol Vis 2018; 24:127-142. [PMID: 29422769 PMCID: PMC5800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify genes and genetic markers associated with corneal astigmatism. Methods A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of corneal astigmatism undertaken for 14 European ancestry (n=22,250) and 8 Asian ancestry (n=9,120) cohorts was performed by the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia. Cases were defined as having >0.75 diopters of corneal astigmatism. Subsequent gene-based and gene-set analyses of the meta-analyzed results of European ancestry cohorts were performed using VEGAS2 and MAGMA software. Additionally, estimates of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability for corneal and refractive astigmatism and the spherical equivalent were calculated for Europeans using LD score regression. Results The meta-analysis of all cohorts identified a genome-wide significant locus near the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene: top SNP: rs7673984, odds ratio=1.12 (95% CI:1.08-1.16), p=5.55×10-9. No other genome-wide significant loci were identified in the combined analysis or European/Asian ancestry-specific analyses. Gene-based analysis identified three novel candidate genes for corneal astigmatism in Europeans-claudin-7 (CLDN7), acid phosphatase 2, lysosomal (ACP2), and TNF alpha-induced protein 8 like 3 (TNFAIP8L3). Conclusions In addition to replicating a previously identified genome-wide significant locus for corneal astigmatism near the PDGFRA gene, gene-based analysis identified three novel candidate genes, CLDN7, ACP2, and TNFAIP8L3, that warrant further investigation to understand their role in the pathogenesis of corneal astigmatism. The much lower number of genetic variants and genes demonstrating an association with corneal astigmatism compared to published spherical equivalent GWAS analyses suggest a greater influence of rare genetic variants, non-additive genetic effects, or environmental factors in the development of astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Qing Li
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. Willem L. Tideman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Qiao Fan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing, China
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland,Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland,Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS ‘Burlo Garofolo’, Trieste, Italy
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Pediatrics Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Tan
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yih-Chung Tham
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonoko Sensaki
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia,Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany,Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chinfsg-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore,Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore,Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Asharlous A, Khabazkhoob M, Yekta A, Hashemi H. Comprehensive profile of bilateral astigmatism: rule similarity and symmetry patterns of the axes in the fellow eyes. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 37:33-41. [PMID: 27921328 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study rule similarity (isorule or anisorule) and symmetry patterns of axes (direct and mirror) in bilateral astigmatism. METHODS Six years of data were collected from four ophthalmology clinics in Tehran. After applying the exclusion criteria (having eye disease or history of ocular surgery), final analyses were performed on data of 160 608 cases whose mean age was 39.2 ± 15.4 years (10-80 years) and 53.7% female. All subjects had autorefraction, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction data. Rule similarity was categorised as isorule (with, against or oblique astigmatism) if the orientation type in fellow eyes was the same and anisorule if they were different. RESULTS The prevalence of isorule astigmatism was 82.9% and was similar in men and women (p = 0.44). The prevalence of isorule astigmatism decreased with age and increased with greater spherical ametropia (p < 0.001). The median of the absolute inter-ocular axis difference from exact symmetry was 10° under the mirror symmetry model (mirror axes). Under the direct symmetry model (equal axes), the median of the absolute inter-ocular axis difference was significantly higher, at 20° (p < 0.001). 16.4% and 10.8% had exact mirror and direct symmetry, respectively. In addition, 68.0% of cases with mirror symmetry and 47.1% with direct symmetry were within ±15 degrees of exact symmetry. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that bilateral astigmatism was mostly isorule. Bilateral symmetry of the astigmatism axes was highly prevalent and mostly of the mirror pattern. High astigmatic cases showed better symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Asharlous
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Ophthalmology Research Center, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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Hashemi H, Nabovati P, Malekifar A, Yekta A, Ostadimoghaddam H, Jafarzadehpur E, Khabazkhoob M. Astigmatism in underserved rural areas: a population based study. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 36:671-679. [DOI: 10.1111/opo.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology; Noor Eye Hospital; Tehran Iran
| | - Payam Nabovati
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology; Noor Eye Hospital; Tehran Iran
| | - Azam Malekifar
- Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology; Noor Eye Hospital; Tehran Iran
| | - Abbasali Yekta
- Department of Optometry; School of Paramedical Sciences; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hadi Ostadimoghaddam
- Refractive Errors Research Center; School of Paramedical Sciences; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Khabazkhoob
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing; School of Nursing and Midwifery; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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Marasini S. Pattern of astigmatism in a clinical setting in Maldives. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2016; 9:47-53. [PMID: 25800279 PMCID: PMC4705319 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of refractive errors have never been reported in Maldives. This study aims to dissect astigmatism and provide a general view in context of this island country. METHODS A clinic based cross sectional study was designed with 277 patients, aged ≥3.5 years and with a primary astigmatism of ≥-1.00 diopters (D). They underwent complete eye examination and a vector analysis was done. RESULTS Mean age was 28.58 (SD 19.15) years. Astigmatic magnitude depended on age (p<0.05) but not on gender (p>0.05). Severity of visual impairment after refractive correction was very less, with only 2.2% having visual acuity ≤6/60. Mean spherical, spherical equivalent and astigmatic refraction were -1.35 (SD 2.94 D), -2.40 (SD 3.04) and -2.12 (SD 1.11 D), respectively. Between fellow eyes, refractive and corneal astigmatism highly correlated (0.83 and 0.73). Fifty eyes (18.1%) had an astigmatic error of ≥-3.00 D which peaked in the second and third decades of life (p<0.0001) and was corneal in origin (p<0.0001). Internal J45 and J0 tended to be more negative with increasing age, showing a trend toward against the rule astigmatism. Correlation between corneal and refractive J0 and J45 were 0.88 and 0.62 (p<0.0001). With the rule astigmatism was more common followed by against the rule and oblique. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study inferred that among patients with relatively higher magnitude of astigmatism attending to the clinics in Maldives, younger patients are affected more, which could possibly link to the environment, genetics and nutrition. The probable association between nutrition and astigmatism needs to be investigated to fill the gap in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Marasini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Chu CHG, Kee CS. Effects of optically imposed astigmatism on early eye growth in chicks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117729. [PMID: 25675443 PMCID: PMC4326281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of optically imposed astigmatism on early eye growth in chicks. METHODS 5-day-old (P5) White Leghorn chicks were randomly assigned to either wear, monocularly, a "high magnitude" (H: +4.00DS/-8.00DC) crossed-cylindrical lens oriented at one of four axes (45, 90, 135, and 180; n = 20 in each group), or were left untreated (controls; n = 8). Two additional groups wore a "low magnitude" (L: +2.00DS/-4.00DC) cylindrical lens orientated at either axis 90 or 180 (n = 20 and n = 18, respectively). Refractions were measured at P5 and after 7 days of treatment for all chicks (P12), whereas videokeratography and ex-vivo eyeshape analysis were performed at P12 for a subset of chicks in each group (n = 8). RESULTS Compared to controls, chicks in the treatment groups developed significant amounts of refractive astigmatism (controls: 0.03 ± 0.22DC; treatment groups: 1.34 ± 0.22DC to 5.51 ± 0.26DC, one-way ANOVAs, p ≤ 0.05) with axes compensatory to those imposed by the cylindrical lenses. H cylindrical lenses induced more refractive astigmatism than L lenses (H90 vs. L90: 5.51 ± 0.26D vs. 4.10 ± 0.16D; H180 vs. L180: 2.84 ± 0.44D vs. 1.34 ± 0.22D, unpaired two-sample t-tests, both p ≤ 0.01); and imposing with-the-rule (H90 and L90) and against-the-rule astigmatisms (H180 and L180) resulted in, respectively, steeper and flatter corneal shape. Both corneal and internal astigmatisms were moderately to strongly correlated with refractive astigmatisms (Pearson's r: +0.61 to +0.94, all p ≤ 0.001). In addition, the characteristics of astigmatism were significantly correlated with multiple eyeshape parameters at the posterior segments (Pearson's r: -0.27 to +0.45, all p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Chicks showed compensatory ocular changes in response to the astigmatic magnitudes imposed in this study. The correlations of changes in refractive, corneal, and posterior eyeshape indicate the involvement of anterior and posterior ocular segments during the development of astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Hung Geoffrey Chu
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chea Su Kee
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Chou YS, Tai MC, Chen PL, Lu DW, Chien KH. Impact of cylinder axis on the treatment for astigmatic amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2014; 157:908-914.e1. [PMID: 24384526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of oblique astigmatism on refractive amblyopia in children aged 3-7 years with those having orthogonal astigmatism. DESIGN A retrospective review of medical records. METHODS The medical records of patients attending Tri-Service General Hospital in Taiwan from January 2003 to December 2010 were reviewed and summarized. Seventy-two children with oblique astigmatism-related refractive amblyopia (Group 1) and 82 children with orthogonal astigmatism (Group 2) were chosen. Characteristics such as baseline visual acuity (VA), the time course of VA improvement, refractive error, and family history were assessed. RESULTS Group 1 showed a worse baseline mean VA (±SD) of 0.61 (0.13) vs 0.52 (0.16) logMAR (P = .01), a slower rate of amblyopia improvement, and higher prevalence of parental oblique astigmatism (29% vs 5.5%; P < .01) than did Group 2. The cylinder power of astigmatism (in D) causing amblyopia in Group 1 of 2.48 (0.82) was lower than that in Group 2: 2.93 (0.71) (P = .006). However, Group 1 achieved a noninferior resolution of amblyopia (mean final VA 0.18 vs 0.16 logMAR) after longer treatment of 6.45 (2.44) vs 5.86 (2.92) months (P = .039). CONCLUSIONS A smaller degree of initial oblique astigmatism caused amblyopia than did orthogonal astigmatism. Although the children with oblique astigmatism achieved equal resolution rates after treatment, this took longer. Therefore, we should pay more attention to children with mild oblique astigmatism, as they are more likely to develop oblique astigmatism-related amblyopia. Moreover, early diagnosis and prompt treatment might help visual improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Shou Chou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital Penghu Branch, Penghu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Hau-Ming Eye Clinic Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Hung Chien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Rakhshani MH, Mohammad K, Zeraati H, Nourijelyani K, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. Analysis of familial aggregation in total, against-the-rule, with-the-rule, and oblique astigmatism by conditional and marginal models in the Tehran eye study. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2013; 19:397-401. [PMID: 23248542 PMCID: PMC3519127 DOI: 10.4103/0974-9233.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose was to determine the familial aggregation of the total, against-the-rule (ATR), with-the-rule (WTR), and oblique astigmatism by conditional and marginal models in the Tehran Eye Study. Materials and Methods: Total, ATR, WTR, and oblique astigmatism were studied in 3806 participants older than 5 years from August 2002 to December 2002 in the Tehran Eye Study. Astigmatism was defined as a cylinder worse than or equal to −0.5 D. WTR astigmatism was defined as 0 ± 19°, ATR astigmatism was defined as 90 ± 19°, and oblique when the axes were 20–70° and 110–160°. The familial aggregation was investigated with a conditional model (quadratic exponential) and marginal model (alternating logistic regression) after controlling for confounders. Results: Using the conditional model, the conditional familial aggregation odds ratios (OR) (95% confidence interval) for the total, WTR, ATRs, and oblique astigmatism were 1.49 (1.43–1.72), 1.91 (1.65–2.20), 2.00 (1.70–2.30), and 1.86 (1.37–2.54), respectively. In the marginal model, the marginal OR of the parent-offspring and sib-sib in the total astigmatism were 1.35 (1.13–1.63) and 1.54 (1.13–2.11), respectively; WTR 1.53 (1.06–2.20) and 1.94 (1.21–3.13) and; ATR 2.13 (1.01–4.50) and 2.23 (1.52-3.30). The model was statistically significant in sib-sib relationship only for oblique astigmatism with OR of 3.00 (1.25–7.20). Conclusion: The results indicate familial aggregation of astigmatism in the population in Tehran adjusted for age, gender, cataract, duration of education, and body mass index, so that the addition of a new family member affected with astigmatism, as well as having a sibling or parents with astigmatism, significantly increases the odds of exposure to the disease for all four phenotypes. This aggregation can be due to genetic and/or environmental factors. Dividing astigmatism into three phenotypes increased the odds ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Rakhshani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Lopes MC, Hysi PG, Verhoeven VJM, Macgregor S, Hewitt AW, Montgomery GW, Cumberland P, Vingerling JR, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Oostra B, Uitterlinden AG, Rahi JS, Mackey DA, Klaver CCW, Andrew T, Hammond CJ. Identification of a candidate gene for astigmatism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:1260-7. [PMID: 23322567 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Astigmatism is a common refractive error that reduces vision, where the curvature and refractive power of the cornea in one meridian are less than those of the perpendicular axis. It is a complex trait likely to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Twin studies of astigmatism have found approximately 60% of phenotypic variance is explained by genetic factors. This study aimed to identify susceptibility loci for astigmatism. METHODS We performed a meta-analysis of seven genome-wide association studies that included 22,100 individuals of European descent, where astigmatism was defined as the number of diopters of cylinder prescription, using fixed effect inverse variance-weighted methods. RESULTS A susceptibility locus was identified with lead single nucleotide polymorphism rs3771395 on chromosome 2p13.3 (meta-analysis, P = 1.97 × 10(-7)) in the VAX2 gene. VAX2 plays an important role in the development of the dorsoventral axis of the eye. Animal studies have shown a gradient in astigmatism along the vertical plane, with corresponding changes in refraction, particularly in the ventral field. CONCLUSIONS This finding advances the understanding of refractive error, and provides new potential pathways to be evaluated with regard to the development of astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida C Lopes
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Fan Q, Zhou X, Khor CC, Cheng CY, Goh LK, Sim X, Tay WT, Li YJ, Ong RTH, Suo C, Cornes B, Ikram MK, Chia KS, Seielstad M, Liu J, Vithana E, Young TL, Tai ES, Wong TY, Aung T, Teo YY, Saw SM. Genome-wide meta-analysis of five Asian cohorts identifies PDGFRA as a susceptibility locus for corneal astigmatism. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002402. [PMID: 22144915 PMCID: PMC3228826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal astigmatism refers to refractive abnormalities and irregularities in the curvature of the cornea, and this interferes with light being accurately focused at a single point in the eye. This ametropic condition is highly prevalent, influences visual acuity, and is a highly heritable trait. There is currently a paucity of research in the genetic etiology of corneal astigmatism. Here we report the results from five genome-wide association studies of corneal astigmatism across three Asian populations, with an initial discovery set of 4,254 Chinese and Malay individuals consisting of 2,249 cases and 2,005 controls. Replication was obtained from three surveys comprising of 2,139 Indians, an additional 929 Chinese children, and an independent 397 Chinese family trios. Variants in PDGFRA on chromosome 4q12 (lead SNP: rs7677751, allelic odds ratio = 1.26 (95% CI: 1.16-1.36), P(meta) = 7.87×10(-9)) were identified to be significantly associated with corneal astigmatism, exhibiting consistent effect sizes across all five cohorts. This highlights the potential role of variants in PDGFRA in the genetic etiology of corneal astigmatism across diverse Asian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan-Ting Tay
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rick Twee-Hee Ong
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen Suo
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Belinda Cornes
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kee-Seng Chia
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - E.-Shyong Tai
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Mackey D, Hewitt A, Ruddle J, Vote B, Buttery R, Toomes C, Metlapally R, Li Y, Tran-Viet K, Malecaze F, Calvas P, Rosenberg T, Guggenheim J, Young T. Pediatric cataract, myopic astigmatism, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and primary open-angle glaucoma co-segregating in a family. Mol Vis 2011; 17:2118-28. [PMID: 21850187 PMCID: PMC3156798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe an Australian pedigree of European descent with a variable autosomal dominant phenotype of: pediatric cortical cataract (CC), asymmetric myopia with astigmatism, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS Probands with CC, FEVR, and POAG were enrolled in three independent genetic eye studies in Tasmania. Genealogy confirmed these individuals were closely related and subsequent examination revealed 11 other family members with some or all of the associated disorders. RESULTS Twelve individuals had CC thought to be of childhood onset, with one child demonstrating progressive lenticular opacification. One individual had severe retinal detachment while five others had dragged retinal vessels. Seven individuals had POAG. Seven individuals had myopia in at least one eye ≤-3 Diopters. DNA testing excluded mutations in myocilin, trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response (MYOC) and tetraspanin 12 (TSPAN12). Haplotype analysis excluded frizzled family receptor 4 (FZD4) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5), but only partly excluded EVR3. Multipoint linkage analysis revealed multiple chromosomal single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of interest, but no statistically significant focal localization. CONCLUSIONS This unusual clustering of ophthalmic diseases suggests a possible single genetic cause for an apparently new cataract syndrome. This family's clinical ocular features may reflect the interplay between retinal disease with lenticular changes and axial length in the development of myopia and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia,Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia,Eye Department, University of Tasmania, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - A.W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J.B. Ruddle
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B. Vote
- The Launceston Eye Institute, Launceston, Australia
| | - R.G. Buttery
- Vitreoretinal Unit, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C. Toomes
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - R. Metlapally
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC,School of Optometry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Y.J. Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - K.N. Tran-Viet
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - F. Malecaze
- Toulouse University Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - P. Calvas
- Toulouse University Hospital, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J.A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - T.L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC,Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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20
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Grjibovski AM, Magnus P, Midelfart A, Harris JR. Epidemiology and Heritability of Astigmatism in Norwegian Twins: An Analysis of Self-Reported Data. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 13:245-52. [PMID: 16877283 DOI: 10.1080/09286580600726860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the occurrence and heritability of astigmatism in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins. METHODS Self-reported history of astigmatism based on questionnaire responses was used to estimate the prevalence and incidence rates of astigmatism from birth through 31 years in 8,045 twins. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-binomial regression were used to study the conditional and relative risk of astigmatism in twin pairs by sex and zygosity. Tetrachoric correlations and structural equation models were applied to estimate the genetic and environmental sources of variations in liability for astigmatism. RESULTS Altogether 21.1% of males and 29.3% of females (p < 0.001) reported a positive history of astigmatism. Estimated incidence rates peaked in both sexes in the group aged 16-19 years and then decreased. Both conditional and relative risks of developing astigmatism were considerably higher in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins if a cotwin reported a positive history of astigmatism. The best-fitting biometrical model suggested that additive genetic, dominant genetic, and individual environmental effects explained 9% (95% CI: 0-40), 54% (95% CI: 20-69), and 38% (95% CI: 31-45) of the variation in the liability to astigmatism, respectively. No differences in heritability of astigmatism between the genders were found. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of self-reported astigmatism in twins is comparable with previous findings from Norway. Our results suggest considerable genetic contribution to the development of astigmatism in young adult Norwegian twins mainly due to dominant genetic effects, which are similar in both males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej M Grjibovski
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
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Hashemi H, Hatef E, Fotouhi A, Mohammad K. Astigmatism and its Determinants in the Tehran Population: The Tehran Eye Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 12:373-81. [PMID: 16283989 DOI: 10.1080/09286580500281214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prevalence of astigmatism and its epidemiological risk factors in Tehran via a population-based study. METHODS By means of a stratified random cluster sampling, 6497 citizens representing a cross-section of the population of Tehran were selected from 160 clusters. Eligible people were recruited through a door-to-door household survey in the selected clusters and transferred to a clinic for an extensive eye examination and interview. The refractive status was determined with manifest refraction. Astigmatism was defined as cylinder worse than or equal to 0.5 D. High astigmatism was defined as a manifest cylinder > or =1.5 D. RESULTS Between August and December 2002, 4565 of the 6497 eligible individuals in the sample attended the interview and ophthalmic examination (a participation rate of 70.3%). The age- and gender-standardized prevalence of astigmatism was 50.2% (95% CI, 48.4% to 51.9%) on manifest refraction. High astigmatism was found in 490 right eyes (11.1%; 95% CI, 10.1% to 12.0%). Of 2532 participants with ametropia, 59.6 (95% CI, 57.6-61.5) had astigmatism. The percentages of with-the-rule, against-the-rule and oblique astigmatism were 33.6%, 36.9% and 29.3%, respectively. The proportion of type of astigmatism was significantly related to age (p < 0.001). The univariable analysis of astigmatism between family members yielded odds ratios of 1.47 (95% CI, 1.14 to 1.89, p = 0.003) for the association of astigmatism among siblings. After controlling for age, refractive errors and education, the pairwise sibling association remained statistically significant (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.88). CONCLUSION These findings revealed a high prevalence of astigmatism in the population. Age, education and ametropia were the main predictors of astigmatism in Tehran. Our findings should be considered for case finding and astigmatism correction programs. Our data confirmed a modest familial aggregation for astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashemi
- Farabi Eye Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and Noor Vision Correction Center, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Guggenheim JA, Zayats T, Prashar A, To CH. Axes of astigmatism in fellow eyes show mirror rather than direct symmetry. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2008; 28:327-33. [PMID: 18565088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most astigmats have a similar level of astigmatism in each eye. However, there is controversy over whether the astigmatic axes in fellow eyes typically show direct or mirror symmetry. We carried out a statistical analysis designed to address this issue. METHODS The median absolute difference in the astigmatic axes of fellow eyes was calculated for a sample of 50 995 astigmats (subjects with at least 0.25 D of astigmatism in each eye). This was done, firstly, for a 'direct symmetry model' in which the difference in axis was calculated as |AxisR - AxisL| and secondly, for a 'mirror symmetry model' in which the difference in axis was calculated as |AxisR - (180 - AxisL)|. RESULTS Under the direct symmetry model, the median absolute difference in the axis of astigmatism between fellow eyes was 20 degrees. Under the mirror symmetry model, the median absolute difference in the axis of astigmatism between fellow eyes was significantly lower, at 10 degrees (p < 10e-100). Comparable results were found when the analysis was restricted to subjects with: lower levels of astigmatism (< or =1.00 D), higher levels of astigmatism (>1.00 D), against-the-rule astigmatism, with-the-rule astigmatism or oblique astigmatism (all p < 10e-100). CONCLUSION Our results show that mirror, rather than direct, symmetry is the norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4LU, UK.
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Paget S, Vitezica ZG, Malecaze F, Calvas P. Heritability of refractive value and ocular biometrics. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:290-5. [PMID: 18160066 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Paget
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, INSERM, U563, Toulouse, France
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Cagigrigoriu A, Gregori D, Cortassa F, Catena F, Marra A. Heritability of Corneal Curvature and Astigmatism. Cornea 2007; 26:907-12. [PMID: 17721286 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0b013e318094ffed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study child-parent similarities and the heritability of corneal shape by applying a variance component model to videokeratographic data. METHODS Sixteen astigmatic (keratometric cylinder >/= 1.0 D) and 18 nonastigmatic (keratometric cylinder < 1.0 D) children, 7-14 years of age (mean age, 9.5 years), were enrolled with their parents. Corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism (axis and magnitude), asphericity, corneal uniformity index, and Rabinowitz McDonnell inferior-superior dioptric asymmetry value (I-S value), as well as spherical and astigmatic topographic patterns, were determined by a corneal topographer. Child-parent comparisons were assessed through a 1-way analysis of variance and the chi test. For corneal curvature, corneal astigmatism, and asphericity, heritability was estimated by a variance component model after adjustments were made for age and sex. RESULTS Both astigmatic and nonastigmatic children showed steeper keratometric values than their parents (P < 0.05). The axis values of corneal astigmatism showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.684) between astigmatic offspring and their parents, whereas the magnitude values were significantly higher (P < 0.001) in astigmatic children. Altogether, 68% (95% confidence interval [CI], 66%-72%) of child-parent comparisons showed the same topographic pattern between parents and their offspring. Heritability values (48%; 95% CI, 36%-57%) were statistically significant for corneal curvature (P < 0.00001) and <30% for corneal astigmatism and asphericity. CONCLUSIONS The application of a variance component model to videokeratographic child-parent comparisons suggests that the genetic contribution to corneal shape affects corneal curvature rather than corneal astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cagigrigoriu
- Department of Ophthalmology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Turin University, Turin, Italy.
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Ip JM, Kifley A, Rose KA, Mitchell P. Refractive findings in children with astigmatic parents: the Sydney Myopia Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007; 144:304-6. [PMID: 17659965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2007.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the impact of parental astigmatism on astigmatic error and ocular biometric parameters in children. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. METHODS Six-year-old children (n = 1,741; 78.9% response) and 12-year-old children (n = 2,367; 75.3% response) underwent a comprehensive eye examination, including cycloplegic autorefraction and ocular biometry. Astigmatism was determined in parents from spectacle prescriptions, which were supplied for 468 children. RESULTS The prevalence of astigmatism in six-year-old children with astigmatic parents was not significantly different from that of those without astigmatic parents (6.8% vs 2.8%); corresponding rates for 12-year-old children were 9.5% and 7.8% (both P > .05). No significant differences in mean cylinder and in ocular biometric parameters were observed between children with astigmatic parents and those with no astigmatic parents. CONCLUSIONS Parental astigmatism was not associated with a higher prevalence of childhood astigmatism and did not seem to have a significant impact on measures of ocular biometric parameters in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Ip
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney (Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Hospital), the Westmead Millennium Institute, and the Vision Co-operative Research Centre, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Astigmatism is a refractive condition encountered commonly in clinical practice. This review presents an overview of research that has been carried out examining various aspects of this refractive error. We examine the components of astigmatism and the research into the prevalence and natural course of astigmatic refractive errors throughout life. The prevalence of astigmatism in various ethnic groups and diseases and syndromes is also discussed. We highlight the extensive investigations that have been conducted into the possible aetiology of astigmatism, however, no single model or theory of the development of astigmatism has been proven conclusively. Theories of the development of astigmatism based on genetics, extraocular muscle tension, visual feedback and eyelid pressure are considered. Observations and evidence from the literature supporting and contradicting these hypotheses are presented. Recent advances in technology such as wavefront sensors and videokeratoscopes have led to an increased understanding of ocular astigmatism and with continued improvements in technology, our knowledge of astigmatism and its genesis should continue to grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Read
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Buehren T, Iskander DR, Collins MJ, Davis B. Potential Higher-Order Aberration Cues for Sphero-Cylindrical Refractive Error Development. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84:163-74. [PMID: 17435529 DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e318033555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate analytically whether higher-order wavefront errors comprising combinations of trefoil along 30 degrees (trefoil30), vertical coma, and spherical aberration could provide cues to sphero-cylindrical refractive error development. METHODS A total of 25 test wavefronts, subdivided into five different types and five levels of higher-order root mean square errors (HO-RMS), were created for the study. One type contained spherical aberration only, producing HO-RMS levels between 0.1 and 0.5 microm. Four wavefront types contained coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration of various sign combinations also producing HO-RMS levels between 0.1 and 0.5 microm. From the 25 wavefronts, refractive power maps were created and 2025 different sphero-cylindrical combinations were added to each refractive power map. For each sphero-cylinder combination, the visual Strehl ratio based on the modulation transfer function (VSMTF) was calculated. Retinal images and refractive power histograms were calculated for the refractive power maps corresponding to the peak of the VSMTF. RESULTS Spherical aberration affected the best focal plane thereby inducing spherical or defocus cues. The VSMTF produced by vertical coma and trefoil30, in combination with spherical aberration, could be improved with sphero-cylinders of various magnitudes and directions (i.e., with-the-rule, against-the rule, myopic astigmatism, or hyperopic astigmatism). Clinical significance of sphero-cylinders (i.e., >or=0.25 D) was reached at HO-RMS levels between 0.2 and 0.3 microm for a 5-mm pupil zone. CONCLUSIONS In the context of compensatory blur driven eye growth, commonly occurring combinations of the three considered higher-order aberrations have the potential to produce cues to eye growth resulting in myopia and with-the-rule astigmatism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Buehren
- Contact Lens and Visual Optics Laboratory, School of Optometry, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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28
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Sjoberg SA. Genetics of Corneal Disease for the Ocular Surface Clinician. Ocul Surf 2005; 3:155-66. [PMID: 17131020 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of inherited corneal and external diseases may allow interventions that prevent the substantial vision impairment currently caused by these diseases. The observant clinician may first recognize inherited corneal and external diseases based on clinical examination and a careful family history. Researchers using positional cloning and candidate gene techniques have identified several disease-causing genes. Identification of the genes responsible for inherited corneal and external diseases will lead to more definitive diagnoses and represent the first step in development of effective therapies. Future endeavors are directed toward identifying additional inherited corneal and external diseases, the genes that cause them, and possible gene therapies to improve visual outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Sjoberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Farbrother JE, Welsby JW, Guggenheim JA. Astigmatic Axis is Related to the Level of Spherical Ametropia. Optom Vis Sci 2004; 81:18-26. [PMID: 14747757 DOI: 10.1097/00006324-200401000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism has been shown to be a risk factor for subsequent myopia development. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between astigmatic axis and the level of spherical ametropia in both myopes and hypermetropes. METHODS Astigmatic axes were analyzed in two distinct cohorts. First, 53 high myopes from families that were recruited for linkage analysis were compared with an age-matched control group derived from family members. Second, cross-sectional data were analyzed for 90,884 subjects attending 19 optometric practices in the north of England. Initially, the relationship between astigmatic axis and cylinder power and between axis and sphere power were analyzed in 21- to 40-year olds and 21- to 30-year olds, respectively, to control for the effects of age. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was then performed using data for all compound astigmats in the cohort to examine the effect of sphere power, cylinder power, age, and sex on the odds of subjects having either ATR or with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism. RESULTS In the genetic study cohort, there was an excess of WTR astigmats in the high myopes compared with controls, but this only reached significance for the right eye. In the much larger optometric practice sample, the association of WTR astigmatism with high myopia was highly significant. A parallel increase in WTR astigmatism was also found for high hypermetropes. In addition, the odds of having WTR astigmatism were increased if subjects were young or had a high cylinder power. ATR astigmatism occurred more often with increasing age and in subjects with lower spherical ametropia. Indeed, for 21- to 30-year-old subjects with low myopia (> or =-2.00 DS in the least minus meridian), ATR occurred more often than WTR astigmatism. CONCLUSION Astigmatic axis was found to be related to the level of ametropia, with both a higher spherical component or higher cylinder power increasing the odds of astigmatism being WTR. Low ametropes, particularly myopes, were more likely to have axes ATR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Farbrother
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
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