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Abstract
BACKGROUND A common claim in the orthopaedic literature is that acetabular dysplasia (AD) exists when the center-edge angle of Wiberg (CE angle) is <20 degrees and that AD leads to osteoarthritis (OA). Our purpose is to evaluate the validity of the linkage between AD and OA. METHODS We assess and discuss the theories and the empirical evidence relating AD to OA. Moreover, we test the rule that hips with a CE angle <20 degrees will develop OA by 65 years of age, by looking for exceptions to this rule. RESULTS Wiberg and Cooperman and colleagues present 30 ideal patients for assessing the relationship between AD and OA. Each was arthritis free, with stable AD, CE angle <20 degrees, without signs of subluxation. They were all followed and all developed OA. In the studies by Stulberg and colleagues, and Jacobsen and colleagues, every patient presented with OA, making it difficult to be certain about the appearance of the hip before the onset of OA. In the study by Murphy and colleagues, we have the same problem, as an unknown number of patients already had OA at first assessment. All of these studies used different schemes for diagnosing OA, making the studies difficult to compare. Most of the patients in the studies were of Northern European ancestry, making the results difficult to generalize to other populations. Four patients had CE angles <20 degrees and did not develop severe arthritis by 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Our conclusions apply directly to patients of Northern European ancestry. A few patients with stable, mild AD (CE angle 15 to 19 degrees) will be arthritis free at 65 years of age. Almost all patients with stable AD develop OA by 65 years of age. Unstable AD (CE angle <20 degrees, with subluxation) always leads to OA by 65 years of age. It is probably reasonable to extend these conclusions to other populations, but the reader must be prepared to re-evaluate them, as more data accumulates.
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Zamborsky R, Kokavec M, Harsanyi S, Attia D, Danisovic L. Developmental Dysplasia of Hip: Perspectives in Genetic Screening. Med Sci (Basel) 2019; 7:medsci7040059. [PMID: 30979092 PMCID: PMC6524033 DOI: 10.3390/medsci7040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Development dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a complex developmental disorder despite being a relatively common condition mainly caused by incompatibility of the femoral head and the abnormal joint socket. Development dysplasia of the hip describes a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from minor acetabular dysplasia to irreducible dislocation of the hip. Modern medicine still suffers from lack of information about screening and precise genetic examination. Genome wide linkage and association studies have brought significant progress to DDH diagnosis. Association studies managed to identify many candidate (susceptible) genes, such as PAPPA2, COL2A1, HOXD9, GDF-5, and TGFB1, which play a considerable role in the pathogenesis of DDH. Early detection of DDH has a big chance to help in preventing further disability and improve the psychological health and quality of life in those children. This emphasizes the importance to establish a universal screening program along with the genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslav Zamborsky
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Institute of Children's Diseases, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Milan Kokavec
- Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Institute of Children's Diseases, Limbova 1, 833 40 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Stefan Harsanyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Doaa Attia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Chamblion St., Azarita, 21131 Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Zhao L, Zhou Z, Wang S, Jiao Q, Wu J, Ma F, Fan L, Chen M, Ying H. A recurrent mutation in bone morphogenetic proteins-2-inducible kinase gene is associated with developmental dysplasia of the hip. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1773-1778. [PMID: 28565766 PMCID: PMC5443164 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a complex disorder of the hip joint affecting 1-5‰ of newborns. While genetic influence on DDH has been long known, DDH has not been ascribed to any specific genetic event. The present study reported on variants contributing to DDH susceptibility in a family with four individuals affected across three generations. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in three affected and two unaffected individuals of a pedigree with DDH. Candidate variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and then validated in available family members and 37 sporadic DDH patients. Two novel heterozygous, inframe mutations causing multi-nucleotide substitution polymorphisms (c.1432_1440delCAGCAGCAG corresponding with p.Gln478_480del and c.1440_1441insCAG corresponding with p.Gln480ins) in exon 11 of chromosome 4 in bone morphogenetic proteins-2-inducible kinase (BMP2K) were identified; these were found in members of the pedigree affected by DDH and in the unaffected grandmother of the proband, who was deemed to be the carrier of potential mutations, but not in the unaffected normal control saunt of the proband. These two variants shared the same genomic coordinate but with different types of mutation in BMP2K. BMP2K is known to be associated with bone and cartridge development and heterozygous mutations were found to be present in 4/4 (100%) of the affected family members, 4/15 (26.7%) of the unaffected family members and 0/7 (0%) of the unaffected unrelated family members. Genotyping of 37 unrelated, sporadic DDH patients showed that three cases were positive for the BMP2K c.1432_1440delCAGCAGCAG variants (8.12%). These findings provided strong evidence for the role of BMP2K variants in causing DDH and demonstrated that the combination of pedigree information and next-generation sequencing is an effective method for identifying pathogenic sites associated with DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Zaiwei Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Sun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Qing Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200071, P.R. China
| | - Feng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Lingyan Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Mengjie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
| | - Hao Ying
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, P.R. China
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Basit S, Hannan MA, Khoshhal KI. Developmental dysplasia of the hip: usefulness of next generation genomic tools for characterizing the underlying genes - a mini review. Clin Genet 2016; 90:16-20. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Basit
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases; Almadinah Almunawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M. A. Hannan
- Centre for Genetics and Inherited Diseases; Almadinah Almunawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - K. I. Khoshhal
- College of Medicine; Taibah University; Almadinah Almunawwarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) have a long evolutionary history dating back to very basal unicellular eukaryotes. Almost every vertebrate is equipped with a set of different aGPCRs. Genomic sequence data of several hundred extinct and extant species allows for reconstruction of aGPCR phylogeny in vertebrates and non-vertebrates in general but also provides a detailed view into the recent evolutionary history of human aGPCRs. Mining these sequence sources with bioinformatic tools can unveil many facets of formerly unappreciated aGPCR functions. In this review, we extracted such information from the literature and open public sources and provide insights into the history of aGPCR in humans. This includes comprehensive analyses of signatures of selection, variability of human aGPCR genes, and quantitative traits at human aGPCR loci. As indicated by a large number of genome-wide genotype-phenotype association studies, variations in aGPCR contribute to specific human phenotypes. Our survey demonstrates that aGPCRs are significantly involved in adaptation processes, phenotype variations, and diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacs
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Alam I, Koller DL, Cañete T, Blázquez G, Mont-Cardona C, López-Aumatell R, Martínez-Membrives E, Díaz-Morán S, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A, Stridh P, Diez M, Olsson T, Johannesson M, Baud A, Econs MJ, Foroud T. Fine mapping of bone structure and strength QTLs in heterogeneous stock rat. Bone 2015; 81:417-426. [PMID: 26297441 PMCID: PMC4641024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that skeletal structure and strength phenotypes vary considerably in heterogeneous stock (HS) rats. These phenotypes were found to be strongly heritable, suggesting that the HS rat model represents a unique genetic resource for dissecting the complex genetic etiology underlying bone fragility. The purpose of this study was to identify and localize genes associated with bone structure and strength phenotypes using 1524 adult male and female HS rats between 17 to 20 weeks of age. Structure measures included femur length, neck width, head width; femur and lumbar spine (L3-5) areas obtained by DXA; and cross-sectional areas (CSA) at the midshaft, distal femur and femoral neck, and the 5th lumbar vertebra measured by CT. In addition, measures of strength of the whole femur and femoral neck were obtained. Approximately 70,000 polymorphic SNPs distributed throughout the rat genome were selected for genotyping, with a mean linkage disequilibrium coefficient between neighboring SNPs of 0.95. Haplotypes were estimated across the entire genome for each rat using a multipoint haplotype reconstruction method, which calculates the probability of descent at each locus from each of the 8 HS founder strains. The haplotypes were then tested for association with each structure and strength phenotype via a mixed model with covariate adjustment. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for structure phenotypes on chromosomes 3, 8, 10, 12, 17 and 20, and QTLs for strength phenotypes on chromosomes 5, 10 and 11 that met a conservative genome-wide empiric significance threshold (FDR=5%; P<3×10(-6)). Importantly, most QTLs were localized to very narrow genomic regions (as small as 0.3 Mb and up to 3 Mb), each harboring a small set of candidate genes, both novel and previously shown to have roles in skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imranul Alam
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA.
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Toni Cañete
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Blázquez
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Mont-Cardona
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Martínez-Membrives
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Díaz-Morán
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolf Tobeña
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Teruel
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Diez
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Baud
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Econs
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA; Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
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Yucesoy B, Charles LE, Baker B, Burchfiel CM. Occupational and genetic risk factors for osteoarthritis: a review. Work 2015; 50:261-73. [PMID: 24004806 PMCID: PMC4562436 DOI: 10.3233/wor-131739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease with strong genetic and occupational components. Although published studies have described several risk factors for OA, very few studies have investigated the occupational and genetic factors that contribute to this debilitating condition. OBJECTIVE To describe occupational and genetic factors that may contribute to the risk of developing (OA). METHODS A literature search was conducted in PubMed using the search terms osteoarthritis, occupation, work, and genetics. RESULTS Heavy physical work load was the most common occupational risk factor for OA in several anatomical locations. Other factors include kneeling and regular stair climbing, crawling, bending and whole body vibration, and repetitive movements. Numerous studies have also shown the influence of genetic variability in the pathogenesis of OA. Genetic variants of several groups of genes e.g., cartilage extracellular matrix structural genes and the genes related to bone density have been implicated in disease pathogenesis. CONCLUSION This review shows that occupational factors were extensively studied in knee OA unlike OA of other anatomical regions. Although genetic association studies performed to date identified a number of risk variants, some of these associations have not been consistently replicated across different studies and populations. Therefore, more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berran Yucesoy
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Luenda E. Charles
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Brent Baker
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cecil M. Burchfiel
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Zhu ZH, Jin XZ, Zhang W, Chen M, Ye DQ, Zhai Y, Dong FL, Shen CL, Ding C. Associations between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and osteoarthritis: an updated meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2014; 53:998-1008. [PMID: 24497541 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ket418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms may be associated with the risk of OA, however, evidence for this is controversial. This meta-analysis aims to confirm whether VDR gene polymorphisms are associated with OA. METHODS Meta-analyses on the association between OA and VDR ApaI, BsmI, TaqI and FokI polymorphisms were conducted using allele and homozygote contrast and contrasts in the recessive and dominant models. Stratification analyses by different demographic regions (Europe vs Asian) were also performed and pooled odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using the random effects model if the results were heterogeneous. RESULTS A total of 13 relevant studies involving OA patients (n = 2104) and controls (n = 2939) were included in the analysis. There were significant associations between VDR ApaI polymorphisms and OA in the Asian population (A vs a: OR= 1.16, 95% CI 1.02, 1.32, P = 0.025; AA vs Aa/aa: OR= 1.36, 95% CI 1.04, 1.77, P = 0.025; AA vs aa: OR= 1.35, 95% CI 1.00, 1.80, P = 0.047), but not in the whole population. There was also a statistically significant association between FokI polymorphism and OA (FF vs Ff/ff: OR= 0.65, 95% CI 0.44, 0.95, P = 0.024); however, this result was derived from only two studies. No significant associations were found between VDR TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms and OA. CONCLUSION There are modest but statistically significant associations between VDR ApaI polymorphisms and the susceptibility of OA in the Asian population.
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Alam I, Koller DL, Cañete T, Blázquez G, López-Aumatell R, Martínez-Membrives E, Díaz-Morán S, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A, Stridh P, Diez M, Olsson T, Johannesson M, Baud A, Econs MJ, Foroud T. High-resolution genome screen for bone mineral density in heterogeneous stock rat. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1619-26. [PMID: 24643965 PMCID: PMC4074219 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that skeletal mass, structure, and biomechanical properties vary considerably in heterogeneous stock (HS) rat strains. In addition, we observed strong heritability for several of these skeletal phenotypes in the HS rat model, suggesting that it represents a unique genetic resource for dissecting the complex genetics underlying bone fragility. The purpose of this study was to identify and localize genes associated with bone mineral density in HS rats. We measured bone phenotypes from 1524 adult male and female HS rats between 17 and 20 weeks of age. Phenotypes included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements for bone mineral content and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) for femur and lumbar spine (L3-L5), and volumetric BMD measurements by CT for the midshaft and distal femur, femur neck, and fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). A total of 70,000 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed throughout the genome were selected from genotypes obtained from the Affymetrix rat custom SNPs array for the HS rat population. These SNPs spanned the HS rat genome with a mean linkage disequilibrium coefficient between neighboring SNPs of 0.95. Haplotypes were estimated across the entire genome for each rat using a multipoint haplotype reconstruction method, which calculates the probability of descent for each genotyped locus from each of the eight founder HS strains. The haplotypes were tested for association with each bone density phenotype via a mixed model with covariate adjustment. We identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BMD phenotypes on chromosomes 2, 9, 10, and 13 meeting a conservative genomewide empiric significance threshold (false discovery rate [FDR] = 5%; p < 3 × 10(-6)). Importantly, most QTLs were localized to very small genomic regions (1-3 megabases [Mb]), allowing us to identify a narrow set of potential candidate genes including both novel genes and genes previously shown to have roles in skeletal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imranul Alam
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Daniel L. Koller
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Toni Cañete
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Blázquez
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Martínez-Membrives
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Díaz-Morán
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolf Tobeña
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Teruel
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma deBarcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pernilla Stridh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margarita Diez
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martina Johannesson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Neuroimmunolgy Unit, Karolinska Institutet, S171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amelie Baud
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Econs
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN, USA
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11
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Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Carr A, Gomez-Reino JJ, Tsezou A, Loughlin J, Gonzalez A. Association of a BMP5 microsatellite with knee osteoarthritis: case-control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2012. [PMID: 23186552 PMCID: PMC3674626 DOI: 10.1186/ar4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to explore the involvement of a multiallelic functional polymorphism in knee osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility as a prototype of possible genetic factors escaping GWAS detection. Methods OA patients and controls from three European populations (Greece, Spain and the UK) adding up to 1003 patients (716 women, 287 men) that had undergone total knee joint replacement (TKR) due to severe primary OA and 1543 controls (758 women, 785 men) lacking clinical signs or symptoms of OA were genotyped for the D6S1276 microsatellite in intron 1 of BMP5. Genotype and mutiallelic trend tests were used to compare cases and controls. Results Significant association was found between the microsatellite and knee OA in women (P from 3.1 x10-4 to 4.1 x10-4 depending on the test), but not in men. Three of the alleles showed significant differences between patients and controls, one of them of increased risk and two of protection. The gender association and the allele direction of change were very concordant with those previously reported for hip OA. Conclusions We have found association of knee OA in women with the D6S1276 functional microsatellite that modifies in cis the expression of BMP5 making this a sounder OA genetic factor and extending its involvement to other joints. This result also shows the interest of analysing other multiallelic polymorphisms.
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12
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Harris-Hayes M, Royer NK. Relationship of acetabular dysplasia and femoroacetabular impingement to hip osteoarthritis: a focused review. PM R 2012; 3:1055-1067.e1. [PMID: 22108232 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.08.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hip osteoarthritis (OA) leads to significant functional limitations and economic burden. If modifiable risk factors for hip OA are identified, it may be possible to implement preventative measures. Bony abnormalities associated with acetabular dysplasia (AD) and femoroacetabular impingement have been recently implicated as risk factors for hip OA. The purpose of this focused review is to summarize the available evidence describing the relationship between bony abnormalities and hip OA. A librarian-assisted database search with PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL was performed. Relevant articles were identified and assessed for inclusion criteria. The authors reviewed cohort and case-control studies that reported on the association between abnormal hip morphology and hip OA. The available literature suggests that an association exists between bony abnormalities found in AD and femoroacetabular impingement and hip OA, and preliminary evidence suggests that AD is a risk factor for OA; however, these conclusions are based on limited evidence. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship between abnormal hip morphology and the future development of hip OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie Harris-Hayes
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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13
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Chen HC, Kraus VB, Li YJ, Nelson S, Haynes C, Johnson J, Stabler T, Hauser ER, Gregory SG, Kraus WE, Shah SH. Genome-wide linkage analysis of quantitative biomarker traits of osteoarthritis in a large, multigenerational extended family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:781-90. [PMID: 20187133 DOI: 10.1002/art.27288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The genetic contributions to the multifactorial disorder osteoarthritis (OA) have been increasingly recognized. The goal of the current study was to use OA-related biomarkers of severity and disease burden as quantitative traits to identify genetic susceptibility loci for OA. METHODS In a large multigenerational extended family (n = 350), we measured 5 OA-related biomarkers: hyaluronan (HA), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), N-propeptide of type IIA collagen (PIIANP), C-propeptide of type II procollagen (CPII), and type II collagen neoepitope (C2C). Single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (n = 6,090) covering the whole genome were genotyped using the Illumina HumanLinkage-12 BeadChip. Variance components analysis, as implemented in the Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines, was used to estimate heritabilities of the quantitative traits and to calculate 2-point and multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) scores using a polygenic model. RESULTS After adjusting for age and sex, we found that 4 of the 5 biomarkers exhibited significant heritability (PIIANP 0.57, HA 0.49, COMP 0.43, C2C 0.30; P < or = 0.01 for all). Fourteen of the 19 loci that had multipoint LOD scores of >1.5 were near to or overlapped with previously reported OA susceptibility loci. Four of these loci were identified by more than 1 biomarker. The maximum multipoint LOD scores for the heritable quantitative biomarker traits were 4.3 for PIIANP (chromosome 8p23.2), 3.2 for COMP (chromosome 8q11.1), 2.0 for HA (chromosome 6q16.3), and 2.0 for C2C (chromosome 5q31.2). CONCLUSION Herein, we report the first evidence of genetic susceptibility loci identified by OA-related biomarkers in an extended family. Our results demonstrate that serum concentrations of PIIANP, HA, COMP, and C2C have substantial heritable components, and using these biomarkers, several genetic loci potentially contributing to the genetic diversity of OA were identified.
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Feldman G, Dalsey C, Fertala K, Azimi D, Fortina P, Devoto M, Pacifici M, Parvizi J. The Otto Aufranc Award: Identification of a 4 Mb region on chromosome 17q21 linked to developmental dysplasia of the hip in one 18-member, multigeneration family. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2010; 468:337-44. [PMID: 19756907 PMCID: PMC2807013 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-1073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a disabling condition that, depending on geography, can afflict between 20% and 80% of patients with end-stage arthritis of the hip. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of this disease remains unknown. DDH is a complex disorder with both environmental and genetic causes. Based on the literature the candidate genes for the disease are HOXB9, collagen type I alpha1, and DLX 3. The purpose of our study was to map and characterize the gene or genes responsible for this disorder by family linkage analysis. We recruited one 18-member, multigeneration affected family to provide cheek swabs and blood samples for isolation of DNA. Amplified DNA underwent a total genome scan using GeneChip Mapping 250 K Assay (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). We observed only one region with a LOD score greater than 1.5: a 4 Mb region on chromosome 17q21.32, yielding a LOD score of 1.82. While a LOD score of 1.82 does not meet the accepted standard for linkage we interpret these data as suggesting the responsible gene could be linked to this region, which includes a cluster of homeobox genes (HOX genes) that are part of the developmental regulatory system providing cells with specific positional identities along the developing joint and spine. Discovering the genetic basis of the disease would be an important step in understanding the etiology of this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Feldman
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Chelsea Dalsey
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Kasia Fertala
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - David Azimi
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Paolo Fortina
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Marcella Devoto
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Thomas Jefferson University and the Rothman Institute of Orthopaedics, 925 Chestnut Street, 5th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis in the elderly. A large body of evidence, including familial aggregation and classic twin studies, indicates that primary OA has a strong hereditary component that is likely polygenic in nature. Traits related to OA, such as longitudinal changes in cartilage volume and progression of radiographic features, are also under genetic control. In recent years several linkage analyses and candidate gene studies have been performed and unveiled some of the specific genes involved in disease risk, such as FRZB and GDF5. This article discusses the impact that future genome-wide association scans can have on our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA and on identifying individuals at high risk for developing severe OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Valdes
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas Hospital Campus, Kings College, London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis in the elderly. A large body of evidence, including familial aggregation and classic twin studies, indicates that primary OA has a strong hereditary component that is likely polygenic in nature. Furthermore, traits related to OA, such as longitudinal changes in cartilage volume and progression of radiographic features, are also under genetic control. In recent years, several linkage analysis and candidate gene studies have been performed and have unveiled some of the specific genes involved in disease risk, such as FRZB and GDF5. The authors discuss the impact that future genome-wide association scans can have on our understanding of the pathogenesis of OA and on identifying individuals at high risk for developing severe OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Valdes
- Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, Kings College London School of Medicine, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Chen HC, Shah S, Stabler TV, Li YJ, Kraus VB. Biomarkers associated with clinical phenotypes of hand osteoarthritis in a large multigenerational family: the CARRIAGE family study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1054-9. [PMID: 18291686 PMCID: PMC3356584 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate biological markers as potential quantitative traits of clinical osteoarthritis (OA) in a large multigenerational family in the Carolinas of the USA known as the CARRIAGE (CARolinas Region Interaction of Aging, Genes and Environment) family. METHODS During a series of three family reunions over 6 years, we ascertained 365 family members. We performed clinical hand examinations (n=287), and obtained sera (n=278) for seven OA-related biomarkers [type IIA collagen N-propeptide (PIIANP), type II procollagen carboxy-propeptide (CPII), neoepitope from cleavage of CII (C(2)C), cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), hyaluronan (HA), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and glycated serum protein (GSP)]. Three hand OA definitions were evaluated--clinical ACR (American College of Rheumatology) and GOGO (Genetics of Generalized OA) criteria, and any single hand joint involvement. Non-hand OA was defined as a negative hand examination for OA but varying prevalence of joint symptoms; the control group was defined as having neither symptoms nor evidence for clinical hand OA. RESULTS Mean lnHA, lnCOMP, and lnhs-CRP were significantly higher in the hand OA group, compared with the non-hand OA or control group. Adjusted for age and sex, mean lnPIIANP (a collagen II synthesis marker) was significantly lower in the hand OA group compared with the other groups. Among those without clinical hand OA, GSP was associated with hand joint symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report, to our knowledge, showing an association of OA biomarkers and hand OA based on physical examination alone. Analyses using these biomarkers as quantitative traits could reveal novel genetic loci and facilitate exploration of the genetic susceptibility to OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Svati Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,Center for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Thomas V Stabler
- Division of Rheumatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Center for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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18
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Rubini M, Cavallaro A, Calzolari E, Bighetti G, Sollazzo V. Exclusion of COL2A1 and VDR as developmental dysplasia of the hip genes. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2008; 466:878-83. [PMID: 18288556 PMCID: PMC2504671 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-008-0120-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a spectrum of disorders affecting the proximal femur and/or acetabulum leading to an abnormal formation of the hip. Genetic factors are involved in the etiology of DDH. Early recognition of DDH affords the best results from treatment and a better knowledge of the genetics of DDH could enhance early diagnosis. Variants in the Type II collagen (COL2A1) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) genes have been associated with patients with osteoarthritis of the hip secondary to DDH, suggesting these genes could contribute to DDH. To see whether there was linkage between the COL2A1/VDR locus and nonsyndromic DDH, we conducted a linkage study on 11 families with multiple cases of DDH. We demonstrated no evidence of linkage between the COL2A1/VDR locus and nonsyndromic DDH (LOD score < -2), suggesting, although variants in these genes could play a role in osteoarthritis in patients with DDH, they do not contribute to nonsyndromic DDH. The search for causal gene variants should proceed with other candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Rubini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Diagnostica, Sezione di Genetica Medica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Diagnostica, Sezione di Genetica Medica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Calzolari
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Diagnostica, Sezione di Genetica Medica, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Bighetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Clinica Ortopedica, Università di Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sollazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Terapie Avanzate, Sezione di Clinica Ortopedica, Università di Ferrara, Corso Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
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Ralston SH. New developments in the search for genetic determinants of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:117-9. [PMID: 17150379 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Factors other than age and genetics may play a role in explaining the onset of osteoarthritis of the hand. Genetic, physiologic, and anatomic differences in men and women cause the variable expressions of osteoarthritis. These different factors affect women's ability to modify osteoarthritis of the hand before and after its onset, although it is genetic. By maintaining normal weight, good health, and nutrition, one can diminish the genetic and multifactorial effects of osteoarthritis of the hand. Future research in genetics, polymorphism, anatomy, hormonal influences, association with other disease processes, and multifactorial issues will clarify these relationships. Additional studies are needed to investigate the outcomes of gender-specific treatments, joint replacement surgery, and other interventions for osteoarthritis of the hand.
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Tsezou A, Karachalios T, Fytili P, Giannatou E, Christodoulou K, Hadjigeorgiou GM, Malizos KN. Absence of linkage to chromosomes 6q and 16p in a Greek population with knee osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:1900-5. [PMID: 16865722 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common age-related debilitating disease of the joints characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage which leads to joint pain, discomfort, and immobility. Several risk factors have been associated with OA including a genetic predisposition. Specific chromosomal regions have thus far been associated with susceptibility to OA, the strongest being on chromosomes 2, 6, and 16. We hereby report our data on 34 Central Greek knee OA families that were investigated for linkage to the chromosome 6q and 16p susceptibility regions. All affected members had undergone total knee replacement surgery (TKR) at a single large Orthopedics Unit in Central Greece. Nineteen microsatellite markers were selected, 15 for chromosome 6q and 4 for chromosome 16p at a distance of approximately 7 cm. Allele fragment sizes were determined by an automated DNA sequencer using the Fragment Analysis Software. Our results revealed a statistically significant difference in the ratio of affected females to males with knee OA and also showed that there is no evidence of linkage to regions 6q and 16p in a cohort of Central Greek pedigrees with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Tsezou
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics, Medical School, University of Thessaly, 41 222 Larissa, Greece.
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23
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Chapman K, Carr A, Loughlin J, Sinsheimer JS. Presence of a primary hip osteoarthritis susceptibility locus on chromosome 6: comment on the article by Meenagh et al. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2006; 54:1026-7. [PMID: 16508987 DOI: 10.1002/art.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bukulmez H, Matthews AL, Sullivan CM, Chen C, Kraay MJ, Elston RC, Moskowitz RW, Goldberg VM, Warman ML. Hip joint replacement surgery for idiopathic osteoarthritis aggregates in families. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:R25. [PMID: 16507126 PMCID: PMC1526562 DOI: 10.1186/ar1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine whether there is a genetic component to hip or knee joint failure due to idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA), we invited patients (probands) undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty for management of idiopathic OA to provide detailed family histories regarding the prevalence of idiopathic OA requiring joint replacement in their siblings. We also invited their spouses to provide detailed family histories about their siblings to serve as a control group. In the probands, we confirmed the diagnosis of idiopathic OA using American College of Rheumatology criteria. The cohorts included the siblings of 635 probands undergoing total hip replacement, the siblings of 486 probands undergoing total knee replacement, and the siblings of 787 spouses. We compared the prevalence of arthroplasty for idiopathic OA among the siblings of the probands with that among the siblings of the spouses, and we used logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for hip and knee arthroplasty in the siblings. Familial aggregation for hip arthroplasty, but not for knee arthroplasty, was observed after controlling for age and sex, suggesting a genetic contribution to end-stage hip OA but not to end-stage knee OA. We conclude that attempts to identify genes that predispose to idiopathic OA resulting in joint failure are more likely to be successful in patients with hip OA than in those with knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bukulmez
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics at Metro Health Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - AL Matthews
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - CM Sullivan
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - C Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - MJ Kraay
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - RC Elston
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - RW Moskowitz
- Department of Medicine, Arthritis Translational Research Program, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - VM Goldberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - ML Warman
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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25
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Snelgrove TA, Peddle LJ, Stone C, Nofball F, Peddle D, Squire D, Rockwood P, Martin R, Tobin Y, Gladney N, Rahman P. Association of COL1A2, COL2A1 and COL9A1 and primary osteoarthritis in a founder population. Clin Genet 2005; 67:359-60. [PMID: 15733274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The term osteoarthritis describes a common, age-related, heterogeneous group of disorders characterised pathologically by focal areas of loss of articular cartilage in synovial joints, associated with varying degrees of osteophyte formation, subchondral bone change, and synovitis. Joint damage is caused by a mixture of systemic factors that predispose to the disease, and local mechanical factors that dictate its distribution and severity. Various genetic abnormalities have been described, but most sporadic osteoarthritis probably depends on minor contributions from several genetic loci. Osteoarthritic joint damage may be associated with clinical problems, but the severity of joint disease is only weakly related to that of the clinical problem. For this reason the associations and pathogenesis of pain are in as much need of investigation as joint damage. Subchondral bone and synovium may be responsible for nociceptive stimuli, and peripheral neuronal sensitisation is an important feature, and can result in normal activities (such as walking) causing pain. Central pain sensitisation can also occur, and psychosocial factors are important determinants of pain severity. We present a stepwise approach to the management of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dieppe
- MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK.
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27
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Wilder FV, Barrett JP, Farina EJ. The association of radiographic foot osteoarthritis and radiographic osteoarthritis at other sites. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:211-5. [PMID: 15727887 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/31/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the association between radiographic foot osteoarthritis (OA) and radiographic OA at four joints: second distal interphalangeal (DIP), third proximal interphalangeal (PIP), first carpometacarpal (CMC), and the knee. METHODS Data collected for the Clearwater Osteoarthritis Study (COS) were analyzed (N=3436). The study outcome was first metatarso-phalangeal joint (first MTP) OA status. The predictor variables were second DIP, third PIP, first CMC, and knee OA. The Kellgren and Lawrence scale determined OA status. The strength of the association between foot OA and other sites was further explored by unilateral and bilateral categories. RESULTS For both genders, we found a significant, positive relationship between grade 2+ foot OA and second DIP, third PIP, first CMC, and knee OA. This relationship maintained its significance after adjustment for age, body mass index, and occupational history. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 3.2 for the second DIP joint (P<0.0001) to 3.7 for the knee joint (P<0.0001). Relative to unilateral joint disease, co-existing bilateral disease yielded a significantly elevated risk for foot OA for all joints examined. While other studies have not specifically examined co-occurrence with foot OA, our findings are consistent with results from related studies. CONCLUSIONS There is a dearth of studies exploring foot OA. Our findings support the theory of a systemic etiology involved in the development of OA. Future epidemiological studies that further distinguish the relationship between OA at differing sites will provide an enhanced ability to describe the respective influences of mechanical and systemic factors in the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Wilder
- The Arthritis Research Institute of America, Inc., Clearwater, Florida 33755, USA.
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28
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Loughlin J, Dowling B, Chapman K, Marcelline L, Mustafa Z, Southam L, Ferreira A, Ciesielski C, Carson DA, Corr M. Functional variants within the secreted frizzled-related protein 3 gene are associated with hip osteoarthritis in females. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:9757-62. [PMID: 15210948 PMCID: PMC470747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0403456101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability in Western society with multiple risk factors, including a complex genetic pattern. Identifying loci involved in the heredity of OA might lead to insights into the molecular pathogenesis of this common disorder. A previous genome scan mapped a primary hip OA susceptibility locus to chromosome 2q with a maximum multipoint logarithm of odds score of 1.6 in 378 affected sibling pair families. Here, microsatellite targeting of eight candidate genes in this region from 2q23-2q32 demonstrated significant associations with the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 6 gene in all probands and the integrin alpha 6 and frizzled motif associated with bone development (FRZB) genes in female probands. However, genotyping showed lack of association for a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 6, whereas a single-nucleotide polymorphism in FRZB resulting in an Arg324Gly substitution at the carboxyl terminus was associated with hip OA in the female probands (P = 0.04). This association was confirmed in an independent cohort of female hip cases (n = 338; P = 0.04). In addition, a haplotype coding for substitutions of two highly conserved arginine residues (Arg200Trp and Arg324Gly) in FRZB was a strong risk factor for primary hip OA, with an odds ratio of 4.1 (P = 0.004). FRZB encodes secreted frizzled-related protein 3, which is a soluble antagonist of wingless (wnt) signaling. Variant secreted frizzled-related protein 3 with the Arg324Gly substitution had diminished ability to antagonize wnt signaling in vitro. Hence, functional polymorphisms within FRZB confer susceptibility for hip OA in females and implicate the wnt signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loughlin
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 7LD, United Kingdom.
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29
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Zhai G, Rivadeneira F, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Meulenbelt I, Bijkerk C, Hofman A, van Meurs JBJ, Uitterlinden AG, Pols HAP, Slagboom PE, van Duijn CM. Insulin-like growth factor I gene promoter polymorphism, collagen type II alpha1 (COL2A1) gene, and the prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:544-8. [PMID: 15082485 PMCID: PMC1754973 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.010751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of an IGF-I gene promoter polymorphism in the prevalence of radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA), and study its interaction with the COL2A1 gene. METHODS Individuals genotyped for IGF-I (n = 1546) and COL2A1 gene polymorphisms (n = 808) were selected from a random sample (n = 1583) derived from the Rotterdam study. The presence of ROA was defined as a Kellgren score of 2 or more in at least one of four joints (knee, hip, hand, and spine). Genotype specific odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, and bone mineral density using logistic regression. Interaction with the COL2A1 genotype was tested. RESULTS Overall, no association was found between the IGF-I polymorphism and ROA. In subjects aged 65 years or younger (n = 971), the prevalence of ROA increased with the absence of the 192 base pair (bp) allele (p for trend = 0.03). Compared with homozygotes for the 192 bp allele, the prevalence of ROA was 1.4 times higher in heterozygotes (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 1.8) and 1.9 times higher in non-carriers (1.1 to 3.3). There was evidence of interaction between the IGF-I and COL2A1 genes. Individuals with the risk genotype of both genes had an increased prevalence of ROA (OR 3.4 (1.1 to 10.7)). No effect was observed in subjects older than 65 years. CONCLUSIONS SUBJECTS with genetically determined low IGF-I expression (non-carriers of the 192 bp allele) may be at increased risk of ROA before the age of 65 years. Furthermore, an interaction between the IGF-I and COL2A1 genes is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhai
- Nehterlands Institute for Health Sciences, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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30
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Forster T, Chapman K, Marcelline L, Mustafa Z, Southam L, Loughlin J. Finer linkage mapping of primary osteoarthritis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16 in families with affected women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:98-102. [PMID: 14730605 DOI: 10.1002/art.11427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To more finely linkage-map primary osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16. METHODS Two hundred eighteen families, each with 2 or more women concordant for primary OA (ascertained by total hip replacement [THR] or total knee replacement), were genotyped using highly polymorphic microsatellite markers from chromosomes 4 and 16, at an average density of 1 marker every 4 cM. Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed for all 218 families and for the 146 families from the 218 that included women concordant for THR (female-THR families). RESULTS A single region of linkage was identified on chromosome 4q, with a maximum multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) score (MLS) of 3.1 in the 146 female-THR families. This locus was centered 79 cM from the 4p telomere and had a 1-LOD support interval of 4 cM. Two regions of linkage were identified on chromosome 16, the first on 16p with an MLS of 1.7 in the female-THR families and the second on 16q with an MLS of 1.9 in all 218 families. The first locus was centered 46 cM and the second 89 cM from the p-telomere. The 1-LOD support intervals were 12 cM and 10 cM, respectively. CONCLUSION Finer linkage mapping using a high density of microsatellite markers has narrowed female OA susceptibility loci on chromosomes 4 and 16. The regions have been narrowed sufficiently for association analysis.
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Abstract
Although the multifactorial nature of osteoarthritis (OA) is well recognized, genetic factors have been found to be strong determinants of the disease. Evidence of a genetic influence of OA comes from a number of sources, including epidemiological studies of family history and family clustering, twin studies, and exploration of rare genetic disorders. Classic twin studies have shown that the influence of genetic factors is between 39% and 65% in radiographic OA of the hand and knee in women, about 60% in OA of the hip, and about 70% in OA of the spine. Taken together, these estimates suggest a heritability of OA of 50% or more, indicating that half the variation in susceptibility to disease in the population is explained by genetic factors. Studies have implicated linkages to OA on chromosomes 2q, 9q, 11q, and 16p, among others. Genes implicated in association studies include VDR, AGC1, IGF-1, ER alpha, TGF beta, CRTM (cartilage matrix protein), CRTL (cartilage link protein), and collagen II, IX, and XI. Genes may operate differently in the two sexes, at different body sites, and on different disease features within body sites. OA is a complex disease, and understanding its complexity should help us find the genes and new pathways and drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim D Spector
- Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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32
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Meulenbelt I, Seymour AB, Nieuwland M, Huizinga TWJ, van Duijn CM, Slagboom PE. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis of the hip. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:1179-86. [PMID: 15077300 DOI: 10.1002/art.20121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of the interleukin-1 beta gene (IL1B) and the IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) in relation to the occurrence of radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) in the hip, knee, and hand and disc degeneration of the spine. METHODS The study population consisted of a random sample of 886 subjects (ages 55-65 years) from a population-based cohort (the Rotterdam study). Two polymorphisms within IL1B (3953C>T and -511C>T) and one within IL1RN (the variable-number tandem repeat [VNTR]) were analyzed and used in an association study of the occurrence of ROA. Haplotyping and simultaneous logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate whether the associations observed were independent. RESULTS Associations with a predisposition for hip ROA were observed for heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the rare IL1B allele -511T (crude odds ratio [OR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.0-3.4 and OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4-6.3, respectively) and of the IL1RN VNTR allele 2 (crude OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.4 and OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.8, respectively). An additive effect was observed for carriers of risk alleles of both polymorphisms, with a significant linear-by-linear association (P = 0.00022). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the IL-1 gene cluster polymorphisms may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of OA of the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Stefánsson SE, Jónsson H, Ingvarsson T, Manolescu I, Jónsson HH, Ólafsdóttir G, Pálsdóttir E, Stefánsdóttir G, Sveinbjörnsdóttir G, Frigge ML, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Stefánsson K. Genomewide scan for hand osteoarthritis: a novel mutation in matrilin-3. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:1448-59. [PMID: 12736871 PMCID: PMC1180305 DOI: 10.1086/375556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2002] [Accepted: 03/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common human joint disease, characterized by loss and/or remodeling of joint synovium, cartilage, and bone. Here, we describe a genomewide linkage analysis of patients with idiopathic hand OA who were carefully phenotyped for involvement of either or both the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints and the first carpometacarpal (CMC1) joints. The best linkage peaks were on chromosomes 4q and 3p and on the short arm of chromosome 2. Genomewide significance was reached for a locus on chromosome 2 for patients with affected CMC1 joints (LOD = 4.97); this locus was also significant for patients with OA in both CMC1 and DIP joints (LOD = 4.44). The peak LOD score at this locus coincides with a gene, MATN3, encoding the noncollagenous cartilage extracellular matrix protein, matrilin-3. Subsequent screening of the genomic sequence revealed a missense mutation, of a conserved amino acid codon, changing threonine to methionine in the epidermal growth factor-like domain in matrilin-3. The missense mutation cosegregates with hand OA in several families. The mutation frequency is slightly more than 2% in patients with hand OA in the Icelandic population and has a relative risk of 2.1.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Cohort Studies
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Finger Joint
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Genetic Testing/methods
- Genome, Human
- Hand
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Matrilin Proteins
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation, Missense
- Osteoarthritis/diagnosis
- Osteoarthritis/genetics
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefán Einar Stefánsson
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Helgi Jónsson
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Thorvaldur Ingvarsson
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Ileana Manolescu
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Hjörtur H. Jónsson
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Guðbjörg Ólafsdóttir
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Ebba Pálsdóttir
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Gerður Stefánsdóttir
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Guðfinna Sveinbjörnsdóttir
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Michael L. Frigge
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Augustine Kong
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Jeffrey R. Gulcher
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
| | - Kári Stefánsson
- deCode Genetics, Landspítalinn University Hospital, and Genetic Research Service Center, Reykjavík; and Central Hospital, Akureyri, Iceland
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Abstract
Genetic factors are increasingly recognized to have an important contribution to the occurrence of both inflammatory and noninflammatory rheumatic disease. Although identifying the specific genetic mechanisms involved in the rheumatic diseases continues to present considerable challenges, the prospect of identifying individual gene action has been brought closer by a number of recent developments. These include newer approaches to phenotype definition, refinements in statistical tools for analysis, and the advent of newer technologies, including the use of microarrays. In this article, we review some of these developments together with the recent literature on the contribution of both broad and specific genetic factors to the spectrum of rheumatic disease. We also consider contemporary opinions on the potential impact of genetic discoveries to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Steer
- Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology Unit, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease with complex etiology, including biomechanical, biochemical, and genetic components. The genetics of primary idiopathic OA is likely complex as multiple susceptibility loci have been identified from genome-wide scans. The future lies in finer mapping of these chromosomal regions, association studies, and candidate gene analysis and identification, which should collectively give rise to an improved understanding of the genetic mutations and biological pathways which increase the risk of developing this common joint disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scott Simonet
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Bone and Cartilage Metabolism, One Amgen Center Drive, MS 14-1-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Loughlin J, Mustafa Z, Dowling B, Southam L, Marcelline L, Räinä SS, Ala-Kokko L, Chapman K. Finer linkage mapping of a primary hip osteoarthritis susceptibility locus on chromosome 6. Eur J Hum Genet 2002; 10:562-8. [PMID: 12173034 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2002] [Revised: 04/24/2002] [Accepted: 05/23/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is a common late-onset disease that exhibits complex genetic transmittance. A previous genome-wide linkage scan of OA affected sibling pair families (ascertained by total joint replacement surgery) identified a region of suggestive linkage on chromosome 6, with a maximum multipoint-LOD score (MLS) of 2.9 in 194 families containing sibling pairs concordant for total hip replacement (THR-families). However, up to 50 cM of the chromosome had a multipoint-LOD score >2.0, indicating that the susceptibility locus was poorly mapped. We have now genotyped chromosome 6 to a higher density in an expanded cohort of 378 THR-families. We obtained an MLS of 2.8 to an 11.4 cM interval defined by markers D6S452 and 509-8B2, which map between 70.5 to 81.9 cM from the 6p-telomere. Stratification by gender revealed that this linkage was completely accounted for by female THR-families (n=146), with an MLS of 4.0 and with the highest two-point LOD score being 4.6 for marker D6S1573 (75.9 cM). The 11.4 cM interval just encompasses the candidate gene COL9A1 (81.9 cM). We identified and then genotyped twenty common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from within COL9A1 in the 146 probands from our female THR-families and in 215 age-matched female controls. No SNP allele, genotype or haplotype demonstrated association to disease. Overall, we have narrowed the chromosome 6 OA susceptibility locus to a point at which linkage disequilibrium/association analysis is feasible, we have demonstrated that this locus is female specific, and found no evidence that COL9A1 encodes for the susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loughlin
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
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Loughlin J, Dowling B, Mustafa Z, Chapman K. Association of the interleukin-1 gene cluster on chromosome 2q13 with knee osteoarthritis. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:1519-27. [PMID: 12115182 DOI: 10.1002/art.10260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the interleukin-1 (IL-1) ligand gene cluster at 2q13 encodes for genetic susceptibility to primary osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Seven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism from within the IL-1 ligand genes IL1A, IL1B, and IL1RN were genotyped in a cohort of 557 OA cases and 557 age-matched controls. RESULTS None of the variants demonstrated association in the unstratified data set. However, when cases were stratified according to sex and site of disease (hip or knee), 4 SNPs showed marginal evidence for association (P < 0.1) in knee cases (n = 136) and male knee cases (n = 58). For 2 of these SNPs, evidence for association was enhanced when probands from 60 knee-only affected sibling pair families were genotyped and combined with the original knee cases (P < or = 0.05). Further analysis revealed that the associated alleles at 2 of these SNPs were markers for the same haplotype, the frequency of which was significantly elevated when knee cases and knee probands were combined (P = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] 1.4) and when male knee cases and male knee probands were combined (P = 0.009, OR 1.7). Furthermore, linkage analysis of 2q revealed suggestive evidence for linkage to the IL-1 gene clusters in affected sibling pairs concordant for knee OA but no evidence for linkage in affected sibling pairs concordant for hip OA. CONCLUSION The IL-1 ligand cluster encodes for susceptibility to knee OA but not to hip OA, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of this common, complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loughlin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Demissie S, Cupples LA, Myers R, Aliabadi P, Levy D, Felson DT. Genome scan for quantity of hand osteoarthritis: the Framingham Study. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:946-52. [PMID: 11953971 DOI: 10.1002/art.10149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search for markers linked to quantity of radiographic hand osteoarthritis (OA) in the Framingham Heart Study. METHODS The sample included 684 original cohort members and 793 offspring in 296 pedigrees. Radiographic OA features evaluated included the Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) score, osteophytes, and joint space narrowing (0-3 scale). Four quantitative phenotypes were computed from these measurements: sum of K/L scores across hand joints, sum of osteophyte scores, sum of joint space narrowing scores, and proportion of affected joints. Prior to linkage analysis, these phenotypes were adjusted for age using a linear regression analysis from which standardized residuals were computed. The regression analysis was performed separately for each sex and each generation. The variance component model (SOLAR) was then applied to the normalized scores of the residuals. RESULTS The average age was 62 years for the original cohort and 54 years for the offspring. Fifty percent of the original cohort and 30% of their offspring had at least 1 affected joint (K/L score >or=2). Heritability ranged from 28% (proportion of joints affected with OA) to 34% (sum of K/L scores). Eight chromosomal regions indicated suggestive linkage (multipoint logarithm of odds [LOD] score >1.5) for at least 1 phenotype; LOD scores were highest for joint space narrowing, with a multipoint LOD score = 2.96 on chromosome 1p at D1S1665. Chromosomes 7, 9, 13, and 19 indicated consistent LOD score elevation for multiple OA phenotypes. CONCLUSION There are several chromosomes that may harbor OA susceptibility genes. Further investigation of these regions using larger studies and finer maps will be important to confirm linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Demissie
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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40
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Abstract
Genetic epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that primary OA has a major genetic component that segregates in families in a complex manner. Some of these studies suggest that genetic susceptibility may be more relevant to female OA than to male OA and that genes may have a greater role in OA development and progression at certain joint groups compared with others. These observations are not universal, however, and discrepancies between different studies may simply serve to highlight the complex nature of the transmittance of OA susceptibility. The numerous OA linkage studies that have now been performed have revealed a number of regions of the human genome that are likely to harbor genes predisposing to OA. Several of these regions, particularly those identified in genome-wide scans of ASPs, have relatively low LOD scores; as a result, their reliability must be questioned. Nevertheless, a few of these regions have already been linked in more than one study, and these linkages can be considered as more robust. Such confirmation is a prerequisite to finer linkage mapping, which should narrow the linkage intervals to a point at which comprehensive association analysis of DNA sequence variants can be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Loughlin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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41
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Reginato AM, Olsen BR. The role of structural genes in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritic disorders. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2002; 4:337-45. [PMID: 12453309 PMCID: PMC153840 DOI: 10.1186/ar595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2002] [Revised: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 07/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common age-related chronic disorders of articular cartilage, joints, and bone tissue, represents a major public health problem. Genetic studies have identified multiple gene variations associated with an increased risk of OA. These findings suggest that there is a large genetic component to OA and that the disorder belongs in the multigenetic, multifactorial class of genetic diseases. Studies of chondrodysplasias and associated hereditary OA have provided a better understanding of the role of structural genes in the maintenance and repair of articular cartilage, in the regulation of chondrocyte proliferation and gene expression, and in the pathogenesis of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Reginato
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bjorn R Olsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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42
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Ingvarsson T, Stefánsson SE, Gulcher JR, Jónsson HH, Jónsson H, Frigge ML, Pálsdóttir E, Olafsdóttir G, Jónsdóttir T, Walters GB, Lohmander LS, Stefánsson K. A large Icelandic family with early osteoarthritis of the hip associated with a susceptibility locus on chromosome 16p. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2001; 44:2548-55. [PMID: 11710711 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2548::aid-art435>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a large kinship with inherited hip osteoarthritis (OA) and its associated susceptibility locus. METHODS Four generations of a kinship with familial hip OA were identified and characterized by family history and by clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic examination. In the genome-wide search for a susceptibility locus, OA cases were defined as those who had undergone total hip replacement associated with a clinical and radiographic diagnosis of hip OA. A genome-wide scan was performed using a framework set of microsatellite markers with an average spacing of 10 cM. RESULTS The hip OA of this family was indistinguishable from that of idiopathic, nonfamilial hip OA. There was no apparent evidence of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia or other dysplasias usually associated with mutations in collagen genes. The genome-wide scan revealed a locus on chromosome 16p between 28 cM and 47 cM from the telomere, and this locus met the criteria for suggestive linkage (multipoint allele-sharing logarithm of odds [LOD] score 2.58, P = 1.6 x 10(-4)). Two additional regions with LOD scores of >1.5 were obtained. CONCLUSION We have identified and described the largest kinship with familial hip OA reported to date. Evidence for linkage in this family suggests that a gene for susceptibility to hip OA exists on chromosome 16p. This represents an independent identification of a susceptibility locus previously reported for hip OA in this geographic region.
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Abstract
Primary osteoarthritis (OA) is a late onset disease that fits most accurately into the oligogenic, multifactorial class of genetic diseases. Twin pair and family risk studies have highlighted a surprisingly large genetic component to OA and have prompted the search for predisposing genes. These searches have taken three forms: (1) parametric linkage analysis of rare families in which OA segregates as a Mendelian trait, (2) model-free linkage analysis of affected sibling pairs, and (3) association analysis of known candidate genes. Within the past year linkage analysis studies have highlighted that chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, 11, 16, and the X may each harbor an OA susceptibility gene. Chromosomes 2, 4, and 16 were identified in multiple genome scans and are therefore the most likely to encode susceptibility. Association analysis of candidates suggests that the syntenic genes for type II collagen and the vitamin D receptor (12q12--q13.1) may also encode for OA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loughlin
- University of Oxford, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
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44
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Brandi ML, Gennari L, Cerinic MM, Becherini L, Falchetti A, Masi L, Gennari C, Reginster JY. Genetic markers of osteoarticular disorders: facts and hopes. ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2001; 3:270-80. [PMID: 11549368 PMCID: PMC128904 DOI: 10.1186/ar316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2001] [Revised: 05/08/2001] [Accepted: 05/11/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis are the two most common age-related chronic disorders of articular joints and skeleton, representing a major public health problem in most developed countries. Apart from being influenced by environmental factors, both disorders have a strong genetic component, and there is now considerable evidence from large population studies that these two disorders are inversely related. Thus, an accurate analysis of the genetic component of one of these two multifactorial diseases may provide data of interest for the other. However, the existence of confounding factors must always be borne in mind in interpreting the genetic analysis. In addition, each patient must be given an accurate clinical evaluation, including family history, history of drug treatments, lifestyle, and environment, in order to reduce the background bias. Here, we review the impact of recent work in molecular genetics suggesting that powerful molecular biology techniques will soon make possible both a rapid accumulation of data on the genetics of both disorders and the development of novel diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Brandi
- Department of Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, 50135 Florence, Italy.
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45
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Ingvarsson T, Stefánsson SE, Hallgrímsdóttir IB, Frigge ML, Jónsson H, Gulcher J, Jónsson H, Ragnarsson JI, Lohmander LS, Stefánsson K. The inheritance of hip osteoarthritis in Iceland. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2000; 43:2785-92. [PMID: 11145037 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2785::aid-anr19>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess, in a population-wide study in Iceland, the genetic contribution to hip osteoarthritis (OA) leading to total hip replacement (THR). METHODS Information from 2 population-based databases in Iceland was combined: a national registry of all THRs performed between 1972 and 1996, and a genealogy database of all available Icelandic genealogy records for the last 11 centuries. A genetic contribution to THR for OA was assessed by 1) identifying familial clusters of OA patients with THR, 2) applying the minimum founder test (MFT) to estimate the minimum number of ancestors ("founders") that would account for the genealogy of all 2,713 patients with THR for OA, compared with the average number of founders for control lists, 3) calculating an average pairwise kinship coefficient (KC) for the patient list and control lists, and 4) estimating the relative risk (RR) for THR among relatives of OA patients who have undergone the procedure. One thousand matched control lists, each the same size as the patient list, were created using the genealogy database. RESULTS A large number of familial clusters of patients with THR for OA were identified. The MFT showed that OA patients descended from fewer founders than did subjects in the control groups (P < 0.001). The average pairwise KC among patients with OA was greater than in the control population (P < 0.001). The RR for THR among siblings of OA patients was 3.05 (95% confidence interval 2.52-3.10). CONCLUSION This population-based study shows that Icelandic patients with hip replacement for OA are significantly more related to each other than are matched controls drawn from the Icelandic population. These findings support a significant genetic contribution to a common form of OA and encourage the search for genes conferring an increased susceptibility to OA.
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Pulver AE, Mulle J, Nestadt G, Swartz KL, Blouin JL, Dombroski B, Liang KY, Housman DE, Kazazian HH, Antonarakis SE, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec PS, Thornquist MH, McGrath JA. Genetic heterogeneity in schizophrenia: stratification of genome scan data using co-segregating related phenotypes. Mol Psychiatry 2000; 5:650-3. [PMID: 11126395 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable effort to identify susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, none have been localized. Multiple genome scans and collaborative efforts have shown evidence for linkage to regions on chromosomes 1q, 5q, 6q, 8p, 13q, 10p and 22q.(1-9) Heterogeneity is likely. We previously mapped schizophrenia susceptibility loci (SSL) to chromosomes 13q32 (P = 0.00002) and 8p21-22 (P= 0.0001) using 54 multiplex pedigrees and suggested linkage heterogeneity. We have now stratified these families based on co-segregating phenotypes in non-schizophrenic first degree relatives (schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders (SSPD); psychotic affective disorders (PAD)). Genome scans were conducted for these phenotypic subgroups of families and broadened affected phenotypes were tested. The SSPD group provided its strongest genome-wide linkage support for the chromosome 8p21 region (D8S1771) using either narrow (non-parametric lod (NPL) P= 0.000002) or broadened phenotypes (NPL P = 0.0000008) and a new region of interest on 1p was identified (P = 0.006). For PAD families, the peak NPL in the genome scan occurred on chromosome 3p26-p24 (P = 0.008). The identification of multiple susceptibility loci for schizophrenia may be enhanced by stratification of families using psychiatric diagnoses of the non-schizophrenic relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pulver
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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Lohmander LS. What can we do about osteoarthritis? ARTHRITIS RESEARCH 2000; 2:95-100. [PMID: 11094419 PMCID: PMC129992 DOI: 10.1186/ar74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2000] [Revised: 01/25/2000] [Accepted: 01/31/2000] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is complex in genetics, pathogenesis, monitoring and treatment. Current treatment of osteoarthritis does not influence progression. Much could be gained by more effective 'low-tech-low-cost' treatment. However, many patients have rapidly progressive disease, multiple joint involvement, and severe disease. We need to clarify the genetics of osteoarthritis, identify those at risk for progression and severe disease, and identify molecular processes critical for joint survival and failure. Will saving the cartilage improve patient pain and function? Effective outcome measures are needed to accelerate testing of new treatments. Further improvement is needed in joint implant technology to decrease costs, wear and loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Lohmander
- Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
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