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Habhab W, Mau-Holzmann U, Singer S, Rieß A, Kagan KO, Gerbig I, Schäferhoff K, Dufke A, Kehrer M. Pre- and postnatal findings in a patient with a recombinant chromosome rec(8)(qter→q21.11::p23.3→qter) due to a paternal pericentric inversion inv(8)(p23.3q21.11) and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2680-2684. [PMID: 32803851 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant chromosome 8 (Rec8) syndrome (San Luis Valley [SLV] syndrome; OMIM #179613) is a rare chromosome disorder associated with intellectual disability, congenital heart defects, variable skeletal and urogenital anomalies, and dysmorphic features. It is characterized by a partial terminal deletion of 8p and a partial terminal duplication of 8q, which is usually due to meiotic recombination of a pericentric inversion of chromosome 8 of a healthy carrier parent. There are only few reports of cases with breakpoints defined at the molecular level by molecular karyotyping. We report on a case of Rec8 syndrome with previously unreported breakpoints in a male fetus with intrauterine growth restriction, hypogenesis of the corpus callosum, bilateral cleft lip/palate, and congenital heart defect. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a recombinant chromosome 8 [46,XY,rec(8)(qter→q21.11::p23.3→qter)] secondary to a paternal pericentric inversion [46,XY,inv(8)(p23.3q21.11)]. Molecular karyotyping correspondingly showed a terminal copy number loss of 1.4 Mb (arr[hg19] 8p23.3(158048_1514749)×1) and a terminal copy number gain of chromosome band 8q21.11q24.3 of 69.8 Mb (arr[hg19] 8q21.11q24.3(76477367_146295771)×3). To our knowledge, this is the fourth reported case diagnosed prenatally. We describe the postnatal clinical course of the male newborn. Furthermore, we review and compare the phenotypic features and breakpoints of 74 reported Rec8/SLV cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisam Habhab
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulrike Mau-Holzmann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sylke Singer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angelika Rieß
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Oliver Kagan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ines Gerbig
- University Children's Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Schäferhoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dufke
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Kehrer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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2
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Oren MS, Camacho JE, Xie H, Lowe J, Cushing T, Clericuzio C, Maxwell JR. Postnatal diagnosis of de novo complex der(8) in a boy with prenatal diagnosis of recombinant chromosome 8 syndrome. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:898-902. [PMID: 31110711 PMCID: PMC6509895 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant chromosome 8 syndrome is caused by duplication of 8q and deletion of 8p. A fetus with anomalies was misdiagnosed with this syndrome based on an amniocyte karyotype. Postnatal chromosomal microarray and other studies identified a de novo derivative chromosome 8. For fetal anomalies, detailed genetic studies may be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S. Oren
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Jenny E. Camacho
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Department of PathologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Jean Lowe
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Tom Cushing
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Carol Clericuzio
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
| | - Jessie R. Maxwell
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNew Mexico
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3
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Sánchez-Casillas AL, Rivera H, Castro-Martínez AG, García-Ortiz JE, Córdova-Fletes C, Mendoza-Pérez P. De Novo San Luis Valley Syndrome-like der(8) Chromosome With a Concomitant dup(8p22) in a Mexican Girl. Ann Lab Med 2017; 37:88-91. [PMID: 27834075 PMCID: PMC5107627 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2017.37.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Laura Sánchez-Casillas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Horacio Rivera
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jal., México.,Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | | | - José Elías García-Ortiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jal., México
| | - Carlos Córdova-Fletes
- Laboratorio de Citogenómica y Microarreglos, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L., México.
| | - Paul Mendoza-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Citogenómica y Microarreglos, Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, N.L., México
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4
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Neuroimaging Features of San Luis Valley Syndrome. Case Rep Radiol 2015; 2015:748413. [PMID: 26425383 PMCID: PMC4575718 DOI: 10.1155/2015/748413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 14-month-old Hispanic female with a history of double-outlet right ventricle and developmental delay in the setting of recombinant chromosome 8 syndrome was referred for neurologic imaging. Brain MR revealed multiple abnormalities primarily affecting midline structures, including commissural dysgenesis, vermian and brainstem hypoplasia/dysplasia, an interhypothalamic adhesion, and an epidermoid between the frontal lobes that enlarged over time. Spine MR demonstrated hypoplastic C1 and C2 posterior elements, scoliosis, and a borderline low conus medullaris position. Presented herein is the first illustration of neuroimaging findings from a patient with San Luis Valley syndrome.
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5
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Dutta UR, Hansmann I, Schlote D. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a familial pericentric inversion 3 associated with short stature. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 58:154-9. [PMID: 25595572 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short stature refers to the height of an individual which is below expected. The causes are heterogenous and influenced by several genetic and environmental factors. Chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of diseases and cytogenetic mapping is one of the powerful tools for the identification of novel disease genes. Here we report a three generation family with a heterozygous pericentric inversion of 46, XX, inv(3) (p24.1q26.1) associated with Short stature. Positional cloning strategy was used to physically map the breakpoint regions by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Fine mapping was performed with Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones spanning the breakpoint regions. In order to further characterize the breakpoint regions extensive molecular mapping was carried out with the breakpoint spanning BACs which narrowed down the breakpoint region to 2.9 kb and 5.3 kb regions on p and q arm respectively. Although these breakpoints did not disrupt any validated genes, we had identified a novel putative gene in the vicinity of 3q26.1 breakpoint region by in silico analysis. Trying to find the presence of any transcripts of this putative gene we analyzed human total RNA by RT-PCR and identified transcripts containing three new exons confirming the existence of a so far unknown gene close to the 3q breakpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha R Dutta
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad 500 001, India.
| | - Ingo Hansmann
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schlote
- Institut fuer Humangenetik, Martin Luther University, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06097, Germany
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6
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Vera-Carbonell A, López-González V, Bafalliu JA, Piñero-Fernández J, Susmozas J, Sorli M, López-Pérez R, Fernández A, Guillén-Navarro E, López-Expósito I. Pre- and postnatal findings in a patient with a novel rec(8)dup(8q)inv(8)(p23.2q22.3) associated with San Luis Valley syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:2369-75. [PMID: 23894102 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
San Luis Valley syndrome, which is due to a recombinant chromosome 8 (SLV Rec8) found in Hispanic individuals from Southwestern United States, is a well-established syndrome associated with intellectual disabilities and, frequently, severe cardiac anomalies. We report for the first time on a Moroccan girl with a recombinant chromosome 8 prenatally diagnosed as SLV Rec8 by conventional cytogenetic studies. At birth, an oligo array-CGH (105 K) defined the breakpoints and the size of the imbalanced segments, with a deletion of ≈ 2.27 Mb (8p23.2-pter) and a duplication of ≈ 41.93 Mb (8q22.3-qter); thus this recombinant chromosome 8 differed from that previously reported in SLV Rec8 syndrome. The phenotypic characteristics associated with this SLV Rec8 genotype overlap those commonly found in patients with 8q duplication reported in the literature. We review SLV Rec8 and other chromosome 8 aberrations and suggest that the overexpression of cardiogenic genes located at 8q may be the cause of the cardiac defects in this patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Vera-Carbonell
- Sección de Citogenética, Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital U. Virgen de la Arrixaca, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
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7
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Pickler L, Wilson R, Tsai ACH. Revisiting recombinant 8 syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1923-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Stevens SJ, Smeets EE, van den Broek N, Droog RP, Breukels MA, Albrechts JC, Delst MRV, Traa E, Lennarts M, Janssen JW, Engelen JJ. Partial monosomy 8p/trisomy 8q in a newborn infant due to a maternal three-way translocation: Clinical and cytogenetic comparison with San Luis Valley syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2123-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Genomic profile of copy number variants on the short arm of human chromosome 8. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:1114-20. [PMID: 20461109 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated 966 consecutive pediatric patients with various developmental disorders by high-resolution microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization and found 10 individuals with pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) on the short arm of chromosome 8 (8p), representing approximately 1% of the patients analyzed. Two patients with 8p terminal deletion associated with interstitial inverted duplication (inv dup del(8p)) had different mechanisms leading to the formation of a dicentric intermediate during meiosis. Three probands carried an identical ∼5.0 Mb interstitial duplication of chromosome 8p23.1. Four possible hotspots within 8p were observed at nucleotide coordinates of ∼10.45, 24.32-24.82, 32.19-32.77, and 38.94-39.72 Mb involving the formation of recurrent genomic rearrangements. Other CNVs with deletion- or duplication-specific start or stop coordinates on the 8p provide useful information for exploring the basic mechanisms of complex structural rearrangements in the human genome.
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10
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Do R, Kiss RS, Gaudet D, Engert JC. Squalene synthase: a critical enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Clin Genet 2009; 75:19-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Cooke SL, Northup JK, Champaige NL, Zinser W, Edwards PAW, Lockhart LH, Velagaleti GVN. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a unique and complex de novo 8p rearrangement. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1166-72. [PMID: 18302246 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Human chromosome 8p is prone to recurrent rearrangements with inv dup del(8p) being most common. Each of these recurrent rearrangements is associated with different clinical manifestations. Some of these recurrent rearrangements at 8p are mediated by an 8p submicroscopic paracentric inversion between the olfactory gene clusters present in one of the parents. However, recent reports have shown that some of the rearrangements are unique and complex and are mediated by other repetitive elements within 8p. Here, we report on a unique and complex 8p rearrangement with seizures as the major presenting feature in the patient. Extensive fluorescence in situ hybridization and microarray analyses with tiling path 8p array showed that the rearrangement is unique in that the 8p duplication is a direct tandem duplication and, unlike the more common inv dup del(8p), is not derived from parental submicroscopic inversion. Also unlike the inv dup del(8p), the phenotype in our case is milder with no central nervous system malformations or cardiac defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna L Cooke
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Thomas NS, Bryant V, Maloney V, Cockwell AE, Jacobs PA. Investigation of the origins of human autosomal inversions. Hum Genet 2008; 123:607-16. [PMID: 18470537 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0510-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of both pericentric and paracentric inversions have recurrent breakpoints and so could either have arisen through multiple independent events or be identical by descent (IBD) with a single common ancestor. Of two common variant inversions previously studied, the inv(2)(p11q13) was genuinely recurrent while the inv(10)(p11.2q21.2) was IBD in all cases tested. Excluding these two variants we have ascertained 257 autosomal inversion probands at the Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory. There were 104 apparently recurrent inversions, representing 35 different breakpoint combinations and we speculated that at least some of these had arisen on more than one occasion. However, haplotype analysis identified no recurrent cases among eight inversions tested, including the variant inv(5)(p13q13). The cases not IBD were shown to have different breakpoints at the molecular cytogenetic level. No crossing over was detected within any of the inversions and the founder haplotypes extended for variable distances beyond the inversion breakpoints. Defining breakpoint intervals by FISH mapping identified no obvious predisposing elements in the DNA sequence. In summary the vast majority of human inversions arise as unique events. Even apparently recurrent inversions, with the exception of the inv(2)(p12q13), are likely to be either derived from a common ancestor or to have subtly different breakpoints. Presumably the lack of selection against most inversions allows them to accumulate and disperse amongst different populations over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury SP2 8BJ, UK.
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13
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Giorda R, Ciccone R, Gimelli G, Pramparo T, Beri S, Bonaglia MC, Giglio S, Genuardi M, Argente J, Rocchi M, Zuffardi O. Two classes of low-copy repeats comediate a new recurrent rearrangement consisting of duplication at 8p23.1 and triplication at 8p23.2. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:459-68. [PMID: 17262805 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new type of rearrangement consisting of the duplication of 8p23.1 and the triplication of 8p23.2 [dup trp(8p)] in two patients affected by mental retardation and minor facial dysmorphisms. Array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and genotyping of polymorphic loci allowed us to demonstrate that this rearrangement is mediated by the combined effects of two unrelated low-copy repeats (LCRs). The first set of LCRs consists of the two clusters of olfactory receptor genes (OR-REPs) lying at 8p23.1. The second type of LCRs consists of a 15-kb segmental duplication, lying in inverted orientation at 8p23.2 and enclosing a nonrepeated sequence of approximately 130 kb, named MYOM2-REP because of its proximity to the MYOM2 gene. The molecular characterization of a third case with a dicentric chromosome 8 demonstrated that the rearrangement had been generated by nonallelic homologous recombination between the two MYOM2-REPs. Based on our findings, we propose a model showing that a second recombination event at the level of the OR-REPs leads to the formation of the dup trp(8p) chromosome. This rearrangement can only arise during meiosis in heterozygous carriers of the polymorphic 8p23.1 inversion, whereas in subjects with noninverted chromosomes 8 or homozygous for the inversion only the dicentric chromosome can be formed. Our study demonstrates that nonallelic homologous recombination involving multiple LCRs can generate more complex rearrangements and cause a greater variety of genomic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giorda
- E. Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
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14
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Gilling M, Dullinger JS, Gesk S, Metzke-Heidemann S, Siebert R, Meyer T, Brondum-Nielsen K, Tommerup N, Ropers HH, Tümer Z, Kalscheuer VM, Thomas NS. Breakpoint cloning and haplotype analysis indicate a single origin of the common Inv(10)(p11.2q21.2) mutation among northern Europeans. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78:878-883. [PMID: 16642442 PMCID: PMC1474032 DOI: 10.1086/503632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The pericentric inv(10)(p11.2q21.2) mutation has been frequently identified in cytogenetic laboratories, is phenotypically silent, and is considered to be a polymorphic variant. Cloning and sequencing of the junction fragments on 10p11 and 10q21 revealed that neither inversion breakpoint directly involved any genes or repetitive sequences, although both breakpoint regions contain a number of repeats. All 20 apparently unrelated inv(10) families in our study had identical breakpoints, and detailed haplotype analysis showed that the inversions were identical by descent. Thus, although considered a common variant, inv(10)(p11.2q21.2) has a single ancestral founder among northern Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Gilling
- Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - Jörn S Dullinger
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Gesk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Metzke-Heidemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Niels Tommerup
- Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | | | - Zeynep Tümer
- Wilhelm Johannsen Center for Functional Genome Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | | | - N Simon Thomas
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, United Kingdom.
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15
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Woodward KJ, Cundall M, Sperle K, Sistermans EA, Ross M, Howell G, Gribble SM, Burford DC, Carter NP, Hobson DL, Garbern JY, Kamholz J, Heng H, Hodes ME, Malcolm S, Hobson GM. Heterogeneous duplications in patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease suggest a mechanism of coupled homologous and nonhomologous recombination. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 77:966-87. [PMID: 16380909 PMCID: PMC1285180 DOI: 10.1086/498048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe genomic structures of 59 X-chromosome segmental duplications that include the proteolipid protein 1 gene (PLP1) in patients with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease. We provide the first report of 13 junction sequences, which gives insight into underlying mechanisms. Although proximal breakpoints were highly variable, distal breakpoints tended to cluster around low-copy repeats (LCRs) (50% of distal breakpoints), and each duplication event appeared to be unique (100 kb to 4.6 Mb in size). Sequence analysis of the junctions revealed no large homologous regions between proximal and distal breakpoints. Most junctions had microhomology of 1-6 bases, and one had a 2-base insertion. Boundaries between single-copy and duplicated DNA were identical to the reference genomic sequence in all patients investigated. Taken together, these data suggest that the tandem duplications are formed by a coupled homologous and nonhomologous recombination mechanism. We suggest repair of a double-stranded break (DSB) by one-sided homologous strand invasion of a sister chromatid, followed by DNA synthesis and nonhomologous end joining with the other end of the break. This is in contrast to other genomic disorders that have recurrent rearrangements formed by nonallelic homologous recombination between LCRs. Interspersed repetitive elements (Alu elements, long interspersed nuclear elements, and long terminal repeats) were found at 18 of the 26 breakpoint sequences studied. No specific motif that may predispose to DSBs was revealed, but single or alternating tracts of purines and pyrimidines that may cause secondary structures were common. Analysis of the 2-Mb region susceptible to duplications identified proximal-specific repeats and distal LCRs in addition to the previously reported ones, suggesting that the unique genomic architecture may have a role in nonrecurrent rearrangements by promoting instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Woodward
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Maria Cundall
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Karen Sperle
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Erik A. Sistermans
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Mark Ross
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Gareth Howell
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Susan M. Gribble
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Deborah C. Burford
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Nigel P. Carter
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Donald L. Hobson
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - James Y. Garbern
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - John Kamholz
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Henry Heng
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - M. E. Hodes
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Sue Malcolm
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
| | - Grace M. Hobson
- Clinical and Molecular Genetics, Institute of Child Health, London; Western Diagnostic Pathology, Perth, Australia; Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Wilmington, DE; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit; Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia
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16
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de Pater JM, Kroes HY, Verschuren M, van Oppen ACC, Albrechts JCM, Engelen JJM. Mosaic trisomy (8)(p22 --> pter) in a fetus caused by a supernumerary marker chromosome without alphoid sequences. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:151-5. [PMID: 15712342 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to characterise a marker chromosome in cultured amniocytes of a fetus with a mos 47,XX,+mar[3]/46,XX[14] karyotype. METHODS The indication for prenatal cytogenetic analysis of cultured amniocytes was advanced maternal age. Classic banding techniques (GTG- and C-banding) were performed. Microdissection combined with reverse painting was used to disclose the exact origin of the marker; the result was confirmed by chromosome painting and FISH with band-specific probes. RESULTS Analysis of GTG-banded chromosomes showed a small marker chromosome in 3 of the 17 colonies analysed. Subsequently, C-banding showed no alphoid sequences, suggesting the presence of a neocentromere. The parent's karyotypes were normal. After normal ultrasound findings, the parents decided to continue the pregnancy. Chromosome analysis in peripheral blood after birth demonstrated that the marker chromosome was present in 50% of the lymphocytes. Using microFISH, the marker was further characterised and appeared to be derived from chromosome region (8)(p22 --> pter). CONCLUSION Accurate identification of the marker chromosome was very important for prenatal counselling. Combining the results of GTG- and C-banding analysis with the results of the (micro)FISH, we concluded that the patient's karyotype is: mos 47,XX,+mar.rev ish der(8)(p22 --> pter)[50]/46,XX[50].
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Affiliation(s)
- J M de Pater
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Engelen JJM, Loneus WH, Vaes-Peeters G, Schrander-Stumpel CTRM. Kabuki syndrome is not caused by an 8p duplication: A cytogenetic study in 20 patients. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 132A:276-7. [PMID: 15578614 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kabuki syndrome is characterized by a typical facial gestalt in combination with hypotonia and joint laxity, developmental delay, persistent fetal fingertip pads, and structural abnormalities mainly of the palate and the heart. Cytogenetic conditions may present with features of the syndrome. Recently, Milunsky and Huang [2003], reported an 8p duplication at chromosome 8p22-8p23.1 in 6 patients with Kabuki syndrome. We studied 20 individuals with Kabuki syndrome and were not able to confirm this finding. Kabuki syndrome remains a clinical diagnosis in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J M Engelen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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18
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Laccone F, Jünemann I, Whatley S, Morgan R, Butler R, Huppke P, Ravine D. Large deletions of the MECP2 gene detected by gene dosage analysis in patients with Rett syndrome. Hum Mutat 2004; 23:234-44. [PMID: 14974082 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
MECP2 mutations are responsible for Rett syndrome (RTT). Approximately a quarter of classic RTT cases, however, do not have an identifiable mutation of the MECP2 gene. We hypothesized that larger deletions arising from a deletion prone region (DPR) occur commonly and are not being routinely detected by the current PCR-mediated screening strategies. We developed and applied a quantitative PCR strategy (qPCR) to samples referred for diagnostic assessment from 140 patients among whom RTT was strongly suspected and from a second selected group of 31 girls with classical RTT. Earlier MECP2 mutation screening in both groups of patients had yielded a wild-type result. We identified 10 large deletions (7.1%) within the first group and five deletions in the second group (16.1%). Sequencing of the breakpoints in 11 cases revealed that eight cases had one breakpoint within the DPR. Among seven cases, the breakpoint distant to the DPR involved one of several Alu repeats. Sequence analysis of the junction sequences revealed that eight cases had complex rearrangements. Examination of the MECP2 genomic sequence reveals that it is highly enriched for repeat elements, with the content of Alu repeats rising to 27.8% in intron 2, in which there was an abundance of breakpoints among our patients. Furthermore, a perfect chi sequence, known to be recombinogenic in E. coli, is located in the DPR. We propose that the chi sequence and Alu repeats are potent factors contributing to genomic rearrangement. We suggest that routine mutation screening in MECP2 should include quantitative analysis of the genomic sequences flanking the DPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Laccone
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Göttingen, Germany.
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19
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Mullineaux LG, Castellano TM, Shaw J, Axell L, Wood ME, Diab S, Klein C, Sitarik M, Deffenbaugh AM, Graw SL. Identification of germline 185delAG BRCA1 mutations in non-Jewish Americans of Spanish ancestry from the San Luis Valley, Colorado. Cancer 2003; 98:597-602. [PMID: 12879478 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.11533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian carcinoma, and specific mutations in these genes are found at increased frequency in certain populations. The authors observed a repeated occurrence of the 185delAG mutation (BRCA1; also known as 187delAG) in a non-Jewish population that originated from the San Luis Valley in Colorado. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of mutations that occur in non-Jewish Americans of Spanish ancestry from Colorado who were tested clinically for BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic mutations using DNA sequencing. RESULTS Between August 1994 and December 2001, 19 Spanish/Latin American individuals from different families underwent genetic counseling and clinical genetic testing using direct DNA sequencing for mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The results showed that 10 of 19 individuals had mutations or variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2, and 6 of 10 individuals (60%) carried the 185delAG mutation in BRCA1. All six families originated from the San Luis Valley in Colorado, indicated that they were of Spanish/Latin American ethnicity, and denied Jewish ancestry. CONCLUSIONS The 185delAG mutation is common in families of non-Jewish ancestry originating from the San Luis Valley in Colorado with hereditary breast/ovarian carcinoma, possibly due to a founder effect. Further investigation may lead to simplified genetic testing and may allow clinicians to serve this population better. The repeated occurrence of the 185delAG mutation in this specific population may have clinical and public health implications.
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20
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Pötter T, Wedemeyer N, van Dülmen A, Köhnlein W, Göhde W. Identification of a deletion hotspot on distal mouse chromosome 4 by YAC fingerprinting. Mutat Res 2001; 476:29-42. [PMID: 11336981 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(01)00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using repetitive elements as probes, genomic DNA fingerprints of four randomly selected yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones (two human and two mouse-derived YAC) were analyzed to determine the mutation level following X-ray exposure. Because the repetitive probes were derived from the mammalian host DNA, most of the fingerprint bands originated from the artificial chromosomes and not from the yeast genome. For none of the YAC clones was the mutation frequency elevated following X-ray exposure. However, for one mouse-derived YAC, the mutation level was unusually high (7%; 42 mutants of 607 clones analyzed), whereas for the other three YACs, the mutation level was nearly 0%. Surprisingly, 40 of the 42 mutations were deletions occurring only at three of the 20 mouse specific fingerprint bands. One of the frequently deleted fragments was cloned, sequenced and mapped to distal mouse chromosome 4, which has been repeatedly reported to be the most unstable region of the whole mouse genome, associated with various tumors. Deletion mapping of six YAC mutants revealed this fragment to be completely deleted in four YACs. In the other two mutants, recombination occurred within the fragment, in each case initiated at the same LINE-1 element. In conclusion, the presented YAC fingerprint is a useful tool for detecting and characterizing unstable regions in mammalian genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pötter
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 43, University, 48129 Münster, Germany.
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21
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Edelmann L, Spiteri E, Koren K, Pulijaal V, Bialer MG, Shanske A, Goldberg R, Morrow BE. AT-rich palindromes mediate the constitutional t(11;22) translocation. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:1-13. [PMID: 11095996 PMCID: PMC1234939 DOI: 10.1086/316952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2000] [Accepted: 11/07/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutional t(11;22) translocation is the only known recurrent non-Robertsonian translocation in humans. Offspring are susceptible to der(22) syndrome, a severe congenital anomaly disorder caused by 3&rcolon;1 meiotic nondisjunction events. We previously localized the t(11;22) translocation breakpoint to a region on 22q11 within a low-copy repeat termed "LCR22" and within an AT-rich repeat on 11q23. The LCR22s are implicated in mediating different rearrangements on 22q11, leading to velocardiofacial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome and cat-eye syndrome by homologous recombination mechanisms. The LCR22s contain AT-rich repetitive sequences, suggesting that such repeats may mediate the t(11;22) translocation. To determine the molecular basis of the translocation, we cloned and sequenced the t(11;22) breakpoint in the derivative 11 and 22 chromosomes in 13 unrelated carriers, including two de novo cases and der(22) syndrome offspring. We found that, in all cases examined, the reciprocal exchange occurred between similar AT-rich repeats on both chromosomes 11q23 and 22q11. To understand the mechanism, we examined the sequence of the breakpoint intervals in the derivative chromosomes and compared this with the deduced normal chromosomal sequence. A palindromic AT-rich sequence with a near-perfect hairpin could form, by intrastrand base-pairing, on the parental chromosomes. The sequence of the breakpoint junction in both derivatives indicates that the exchange events occurred at the center of symmetry of the palindromes, and this resulted in small, overlapping staggered deletions in this region among the different carriers. On the basis of previous studies performed in diverse organisms, we hypothesize that double-strand breaks may occur in the center of the palindrome, the tip of the putative hairpin, leading to illegitimate recombination events between similar AT-rich sequences on chromosomes 11 and 22, resulting in deletions and loss of the palindrome, which then could stabilize the DNA structure.
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MESH Headings
- AT Rich Sequence/genetics
- Alu Elements/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Chromosome Breakage/genetics
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosome Fragility/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/metabolism
- DiGeorge Syndrome/genetics
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nondisjunction, Genetic
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Sequence Alignment
- Syndrome
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Edelmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - E. Spiteri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - K. Koren
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - V. Pulijaal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - M. G. Bialer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - A. Shanske
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - R. Goldberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
| | - B. E. Morrow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Center for Craniofacial Disorders, Montefiore Medical Center, New York; and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY
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