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Luzum JA, Campos-Staffico AM, Li J, She R, Gui H, Peterson EL, Liu B, Sabbah HN, Donahue MP, Kraus WE, Williams LK, Lanfear DE. Genome-Wide Association Study of Beta-Blocker Survival Benefit in Black and White Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2019. [PMID: 38002962 PMCID: PMC10671316 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), individual responses to beta-blockers vary. Candidate gene pharmacogenetic studies yielded significant but inconsistent results, and they may have missed important associations. Our objective was to use an unbiased genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci influencing beta-blocker survival benefit in HFrEF patients. Genetic variant × beta-blocker exposure interactions were tested in Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality stratified by self-identified race. The models were adjusted for clinical risk factors and propensity scores. A prospective HFrEF registry (469 black and 459 white patients) was used for discovery, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) clumped variants with a beta-blocker interaction of p < 5 × 10-5, were tested for Bonferroni-corrected validation in a multicenter HFrEF clinical trial (288 black and 579 white patients). A total of 229 and 18 variants in black and white HFrEF patients, respectively, had interactions with beta-blocker exposure at p < 5 × 10-5 upon discovery. After LD-clumping, 100 variants and 4 variants in the black and white patients, respectively, remained for validation but none reached statistical significance. In conclusion, genetic variants of potential interest were identified in a discovery-based GWAS of beta-blocker survival benefit in HFrEF patients, but none were validated in an independent dataset. Larger cohorts or alternative approaches, such as polygenic scores, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine A. Luzum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA (D.E.L.)
| | | | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Ruicong She
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Hongsheng Gui
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA (D.E.L.)
| | - Edward L. Peterson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.L.)
| | - Hani N. Sabbah
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Mark P. Donahue
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA (W.E.K.)
| | - William E. Kraus
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA (W.E.K.)
| | - L. Keoki Williams
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA (D.E.L.)
| | - David E. Lanfear
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research (CIGMA), Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA (D.E.L.)
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
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Butnariu LI, Florea L, Badescu MC, Țarcă E, Costache II, Gorduza EV. Etiologic Puzzle of Coronary Artery Disease: How Important Is Genetic Component? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12060865. [PMID: 35743896 PMCID: PMC9225091 DOI: 10.3390/life12060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the modern era, coronary artery disease (CAD) has become the most common form of heart disease and, due to the severity of its clinical manifestations and its acute complications, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The phenotypic variability of CAD is correlated with the complex etiology, multifactorial (caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors) but also monogenic. The purpose of this review is to present the genetic factors involved in the etiology of CAD and their relationship to the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. Method: we analyzed data from the literature, starting with candidate gene-based association studies, then continuing with extensive association studies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES). The results of these studies revealed that the number of genetic factors involved in CAD etiology is impressive. The identification of new genetic factors through GWASs offers new perspectives on understanding the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that determine CAD. In conclusion, deciphering the genetic architecture of CAD by extended genomic analysis (GWAS/WES) will establish new therapeutic targets and lead to the development of new treatments. The identification of individuals at high risk for CAD using polygenic risk scores (PRS) will allow early prophylactic measures and personalized therapy to improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lăcrămioara Ionela Butnariu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.)
| | - Laura Florea
- Department of Nefrology—Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Minerva Codruta Badescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
- III Internal Medicine Clinic, “St. Spiridon” County Emergency Clinical Hospital, 1 Independence Boulevard, 700111 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.C.B.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Elena Țarcă
- Department of Surgery II—Pediatric Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.C.B.); (E.Ț.)
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania;
| | - Eusebiu Vlad Gorduza
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania; (L.I.B.); (E.V.G.)
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Genetic and Environmental Dispositions for Cardiovascular Variability: A Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7090232. [PMID: 30142875 PMCID: PMC6162867 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to evaluate the degree of genetic homozygosity in the group of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as well as to evaluate morphogenetic variability in CAD patients regarding the presence of investigated risk factors (RF) compared to a control sample of individuals. Additionally, we aimed to evaluate the distribution of ABO blood type frequencies between tested samples of individuals. METHODS This study analyzed individual phenotype and morphogenetic variability of 17 homozygously-recessive characteristics (HRC), by using HRC test in a sample of 148 individuals in CAD patients group and 156 individuals in the control group. The following RF were analyzed: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and smoking. RESULTS The mean value of HRC in CAD patients is significantly higher, while variability decreases compared to the control sample (CAD patients: 4.24 ± 1.59, control sample: 3.75 ± 1.69; VCAD-patients = 37.50%, VC = 45.07%). There is a significant difference in individual variations of 17 HRC between control sample and CAD patients (χ² = 169.144; p < 0.01), which points out to different variability for tested genes. Mean values of HRC significantly differed in CAD patients in regard to the number of RF present. A blood type (OR = 1.75) is significant predictor for CAD, while O blood type (OR = 0.43) was significantly associated with controls. CONCLUSION There is a higher degree of recessive homozygosity in CAD patients versus individuals in the control sample, and the presence of significant variations in the degree of recessive homozygosity as the number of tested RF increases.
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Metabolic Pathway Genes Associated with Susceptibility Genes to Coronary Artery Disease. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:9025841. [PMID: 29607312 PMCID: PMC5828413 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9025841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading threats to global health. Previous research has proven that metabolic pathway disorders, such as high blood lipids and diabetes, are one of the risk factors that mostly cause CAD. However, the crosstalk between metabolic pathways and CAD was mostly studied on physiology processes by analyzing a single gene function. A canonical correlation analysis was used to identify the metabolic pathways, which were integrated as a unit to coexpress with CAD susceptibility genes, and to resolve additional metabolic factors that are related to CAD. Seven pathways, including citrate cycle, ubiquinone, terpenoid quinone biosynthesis, and N-glycan biosynthesis, were identified as an integrated unit coexpressed with CAD genes. These pathways could not be revealed as a coexpressed pathway through traditional methods as each single gene has weak correlation. Furthermore, sets of genes in these pathways were candidate markers for diagnosis and detection from patients' serum.
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Divers J, Palmer ND, Langefeld CD, Brown WM, Lu L, Hicks PJ, Smith SC, Xu J, Terry JG, Register TC, Wagenknecht LE, Parks JS, Ma L, Chan GC, Buxbaum SG, Correa A, Musani S, Wilson JG, Taylor HA, Bowden DW, Carr JJ, Freedman BI. Genome-wide association study of coronary artery calcified atherosclerotic plaque in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. BMC Genet 2017; 18:105. [PMID: 29221444 PMCID: PMC5723099 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery calcified atherosclerotic plaque (CAC) predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD). Despite exposure to more severe conventional CVD risk factors, African Americans (AAs) are less likely to develop CAC, and when they do, have markedly lower levels than European Americans. Genetic factors likely contribute to the observed ethnic differences. To identify genes associated with CAC in AAs with type 2 diabetes (T2D), a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the Illumina 5 M chip in 691 African American-Diabetes Heart Study participants (AA-DHS), with replication in 205 Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants with T2D. Genetic association tests were performed on the genotyped and 1000 Genomes-imputed markers separately for each study, and combined in a meta-analysis. Results Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs11353135 (2q22.1), rs16879003 (6p22.3), rs5014012, rs58071836 and rs10244825 (all on chromosome 7), rs10918777 (9q31.2), rs13331874 (16p13.3) and rs4459623 (18q12.1) were associated with presence and/or quantity of CAC in the AA-DHS and JHS, with meta-analysis p-values ≤8.0 × 10−7. The strongest result in AA-DHS alone was rs6491315 in the 13q32.1 region (parameter estimate (SE) = −1.14 (0.20); p-value = 9.1 × 10−9). This GWAS peak replicated a previously reported AA-DHS CAC admixture signal (rs7492028, LOD score 2.8). Conclusions Genetic association between SNPs on chromosomes 2, 6, 7, 9, 16 and 18 and CAC were detected in AAs with T2D from AA-DHS and replicated in the JHS. These data support a role for genetic variation on these chromosomes as contributors to CAC in AAs with T2D, as well as to variation in CAC between populations of African and European ancestry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0572-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Divers
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1053, USA.
| | - Nicholette D Palmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1053, USA
| | - W Mark Brown
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1053, USA
| | - Lingyi Lu
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1053, USA
| | - Pamela J Hicks
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - S Carrie Smith
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jianzhao Xu
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James G Terry
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Center for Translation and Clinical Cardiovascular Research (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas C Register
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Department of Epidemiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John S Parks
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lijun Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gary C Chan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sarah G Buxbaum
- School of Public Health Initiative, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | | | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Herman A Taylor
- Morehouse School of Medicine, Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donald W Bowden
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John Jeffrey Carr
- Department of Radiology and Vanderbilt Center for Translation and Clinical Cardiovascular Research (VTRACC), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barry I Freedman
- Department of Internal Medicine-Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of Large Multiple Multigenerational Families Identifies Novel Genetic Loci for Coronary Artery Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5472. [PMID: 28710368 PMCID: PMC5511258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death, and genetic factors contribute significantly to risk of CAD. This study aims to identify new CAD genetic loci through a large-scale linkage analysis of 24 large and multigenerational families with 433 family members (GeneQuest II). All family members were genotyped with markers spaced by every 10 cM and a model-free nonparametric linkage (NPL-all) analysis was carried out. Two highly significant CAD loci were identified on chromosome 17q21.2 (NPL score of 6.20) and 7p22.2 (NPL score of 5.19). We also identified four loci with significant NPL scores between 4.09 and 4.99 on 2q33.3, 3q29, 5q13.2 and 9q22.33. Similar analyses in individual families confirmed the six significant CAD loci and identified seven new highly significant linkages on 9p24.2, 9q34.2, 12q13.13, 15q26.1, 17q22, 20p12.3, and 22q12.1, and two significant loci on 2q11.2 and 11q14.1. Two loci on 3q29 and 9q22.33 were also successfully replicated in our previous linkage analysis of 428 nuclear families. Moreover, two published risk variants, SNP rs46522 in UBE2Z and SNP rs6725887 in WDR12 by GWAS, were found within the 17q21.2 and 2q33.3 loci. These studies lay a foundation for future identification of causative variants and genes for CAD.
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7
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Association between three-dimensional vessel geometry and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques in the left anterior descending coronary artery of high-risk patients. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Bulant CA, Blanco PJ, Pereira A, Lima TP, Assunção AN, Liberato G, Bezerra CG, Parga JR, Ávila LF, Feijóo RA, Lemos PA. On the search of arterial geometry heritability. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:1013-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reinier K, Nichols GA, Huertas-Vazquez A, Uy-Evanado A, Teodorescu C, Stecker EC, Gunson K, Jui J, Chugh SS. Distinctive Clinical Profile of Blacks Versus Whites Presenting With Sudden Cardiac Arrest. Circulation 2015; 132:380-7. [PMID: 26240262 PMCID: PMC4526124 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.015673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a major contributor to mortality, but data are limited among nonwhites. Identification of differences in clinical profile based on race may provide opportunities for improved SCA prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS In the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (SUDS), individuals experiencing SCA in the Portland, OR, metropolitan area were identified prospectively. Patient demographics, arrest circumstances, and pre-SCA clinical profile were compared by race among cases from 2002 to 2012 (for clinical history, n=126 blacks, n=1262 whites). Incidence rates were calculated for cases from the burden assessment phase (2002-2005; n=1077). Age-adjusted rates were 2-fold higher among black men and women (175 and 90 per 100 000, respectively) compared with white men and women (84 and 40 per 100 000, respectively). Compared with whites, blacks were >6 years younger at the time of SCA and had a higher prearrest prevalence of diabetes mellitus (52% versus 33%; P<0.0001), hypertension (77% versus 65%; P=0.006), and chronic renal insufficiency (34% versus 19%; P<0.0001). There were no racial differences in previously documented coronary artery disease or left ventricular dysfunction, but blacks had more prevalent congestive heart failure (43% versus 34%; P=0.04) and left ventricular hypertrophy (77% versus 58%; P=0.02) and a longer QTc interval (466±36 versus 453±41 milliseconds; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS In this US community, the burden of SCA was significantly higher in blacks compared with whites. Blacks with SCA had a higher prearrest prevalence of risk factors beyond established coronary artery disease, providing potential targets for race-specific prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Black People/ethnology
- Black People/statistics & numerical data
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/ethnology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
- Diabetes Complications/complications
- Diabetes Complications/epidemiology
- Diabetes Complications/ethnology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypertension/complications
- Hypertension/epidemiology
- Hypertension/ethnology
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oregon
- Prevalence
- Prospective Studies
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/ethnology
- Retrospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- White People/ethnology
- White People/statistics & numerical data
- Black or African American
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyndaron Reinier
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Gregory A Nichols
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Adriana Huertas-Vazquez
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Audrey Uy-Evanado
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Carmen Teodorescu
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Eric C Stecker
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Karen Gunson
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Jonathan Jui
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Sumeet S Chugh
- From The Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles CA (K.R., A.H.-V., A.U.-E., C.T., S.S.C.); Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (G.A.N.); and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (E.C.S.), Department of Pathology (K.G.), and Department of Emergency Medicine (J.J.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland.
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Ichihara S, Yamamoto K, Asano H, Nakatochi M, Sukegawa M, Ichihara G, Izawa H, Hirashiki A, Takatsu F, Umeda H, Iwase M, Inagaki H, Hirayama H, Sone T, Nishigaki K, Minatoguchi S, Cho MC, Jang Y, Kim HS, Park JE, Tada-Oikawa S, Kitajima H, Matsubara T, Sunagawa K, Shimokawa H, Kimura A, Lee JY, Murohara T, Inoue I, Yokota M. Identification of a glutamic acid repeat polymorphism of ALMS1 as a novel genetic risk marker for early-onset myocardial infarction by genome-wide linkage analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 6:569-78. [PMID: 24122612 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Given that a family history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease, genetic variants are thought to contribute directly to the development of this condition. The identification of susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease or MI may thus help to identify high-risk individuals and offer the opportunity for disease prevention. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed a 5-step protocol, consisting of a genome-wide linkage study followed by association analysis, to identify novel genetic variants that confer susceptibility to coronary artery disease or MI. A genome-wide affected sib-pair linkage study with 221 Japanese families with coronary artery disease yielded a statistically significant logarithm of the odds score of 3.44 for chromosome 2p13 and MI. Further association analysis implicated Alström syndrome 1 gene (ALMS1) as a candidate gene within the linkage region. Validation association analysis revealed that representative single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the ALMS1 promoter region were significantly associated with early-onset MI in both Japanese and Korean populations. Moreover, direct sequencing of the ALMS1 coding region identified a glutamic acid repeat polymorphism in exon 1, which was subsequently found to be associated with early-onset MI. CONCLUSIONS The glutamic acid repeat polymorphism of ALMS1 identified in the present study may provide insight into the pathogenesis of early-onset MI.
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Abstract
Integrative genomics studies have greatly advanced our understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology over the last decade. Here, we highlight the strengths and challenges of this cutting-edge approach and provide examples where novel insights have arisen through the integration of multi-level genomic information and cardiac physiology. Going forward, the integration of comprehensive next-generation sequencing data sets with quantitative phenotypes at the molecular, cellular, and whole-heart level using advanced modelling approaches provides an unprecedented opportunity for cardiovascular science.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Ware
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial Centre for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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12
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Schunkert H, König IR, Erdmann J. Molecular Signatures of Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 12:281-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Wu C, Gong Y, Yuan J, Gong H, Zou Y, Ge J. Identification of shared genetic susceptibility locus for coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity: a meta-analysis of genome-wide studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:68. [PMID: 22697793 PMCID: PMC3481354 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (2DM), obesity, and coronary artery disease (CAD) are frequently coexisted being as key components of metabolic syndrome. Whether there is shared genetic background underlying these diseases remained unclear. We performed a meta-analysis of 35 genome screens for 2DM, 36 for obesity or body mass index (BMI)-defined obesity, and 21 for CAD using genome search meta-analysis (GSMA), which combines linkage results to identify regions with only weak evidence and provide genetic interactions among different diseases. For each study, 120 genomic bins of approximately 30 cM were defined and ranked according to the best linkage evidence within each bin. For each disease, bin 6.2 achieved genomic significanct evidence, and bin 9.3, 10.5, 16.3 reached suggestive level for 2DM. Bin 11.2 and 16.3, and bin 10.5 and 9.3, reached suggestive evidence for obesity and CAD respectively. In pooled all three diseases, bin 9.3 and 6.5 reached genomic significant and suggestive evidence respectively, being relatively much weaker for 2DM/CAD or 2DM/obesity or CAD/obesity. Further, genomewide significant evidence was observed of bin 16.3 and 4.5 for 2DM/obesity, which is decreased when CAD was added. These findings indicated that bin 9.3 and 6.5 are most likely to be shared by 2DM, obesity and CAD. And bin 16.3 and 4.5 are potentially common regions to 2DM and obesity only. The observed shared susceptibility regions imply a partly overlapping genetic aspects of disease development. Fine scanning of these regions will definitely identify more susceptibility genes and causal variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoneng Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Rudock ME, Cox AJ, Ziegler JT, Lehtinen AB, Connelly JJ, Freedman BI, Carr JJ, Langefeld CD, Hauser ER, Horne BD, Bowden DW. Cigarette smoking status has a modifying effect on the association between polymorphisms in KALRN and measures of cardiovascular risk in the diabetes heart study. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-011-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hagberg JM. Do genetic variations alter the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular disease and can we identify the candidate variants now or in the future? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:916-28. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00153.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors are highly heritable, and numerous lines of evidence indicate they have a strong genetic basis. While there is nothing known about the interactive effects of genetics and exercise training on CVD itself, there is at least some literature addressing their interactive effect on CVD risk factors. There is some evidence indicating that CVD risk factor responses to exercise training are also heritable and, thus, may have a genetic basis. While roughly 100 studies have reported significant effects of genetic variants on CVD risk factor responses to exercise training, no definitive conclusions can be generated at the present time, because of the lack of consistent and replicated results and the small sample sizes evident in most studies. There is some evidence supporting “possible” candidate genes that may affect these responses to exercise training: APO E and CETP for plasma lipoprotein-lipid profiles; eNOS, ACE, EDN1, and GNB3 for blood pressure; PPARG for type 2 diabetes phenotypes; and FTO and BAR genes for obesity-related phenotypes. However, while genotyping technologies and statistical methods are advancing rapidly, the primary limitation in this field is the need to generate what in terms of exercise intervention studies would be almost incomprehensible sample sizes. Most recent diabetes, obesity, and blood pressure genetic studies have utilized populations of 10,000–250,000 subjects, which result in the necessary statistical power to detect the magnitude of effects that would probably be expected for the impact of an individual gene on CVD risk factor responses to exercise training. Thus at this time it is difficult to see how this field will advance in the future to the point where robust, consistent, and replicated data are available to address these issues. However, the results of recent large-scale genomewide association studies for baseline CVD risk factors may drive future hypothesis-driven exercise training intervention studies in smaller populations addressing the impact of specific genetic variants on well-defined physiological phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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Abstract
Common chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, cancer, hypertension and obesity are significantly influenced by dietary and other behavioural habits. There is increasing scientific evidence that genetic factors (SNPs), conferring either protection or risk, also contribute importantly to the incidence of these diseases. SNPs are of particular interest because they influence disease in a complex but largely unknown manner by interacting with environmental and lifestyle factors. Because genetic factors also affect a person's response to dietary habits, SNPs likely will be useful in helping to determine and understand why individuals differ in their response to diets. Therefore, the discovery of SNPs will likely revolutionize not only the diagnosis of disease but also the practice of preventative medicine. Other developments, like new biomarkers and noninvasive imaging techniques, might turn out to be highly sensitive and specific in order to identify patients at risk, especially in cases with asymptomatic coronary heart disease. Thus, further knowledge of such new risk factors and their interaction with nutrition, has the potential to provide a more precise and personalized approach to prevent and treat chronic diseases like coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Seedorf
- Leibniz Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Munster, 49149, Munster, Germany,
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Gorący J, Gorący I, Kaczmarczyk M, Parczewski M, Cyryłowski L, Brykczyński M, Peregud-Pogorzelska M, Ciechanowicz A. VAMP-8 gene variant is associated with increased risk of early myocardial infarction. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:440-3. [PMID: 22295026 PMCID: PMC3258745 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.23409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Single nucleotide polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the vesicle-associated membrane protein gene (VAMP-8) has been associated with increased risk of early-onset myocardial infarction (MI). In this study the risk of early onset MI conferred by VAMP-8 gene polymorphism was investigated in a group of 171 male subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male patients with a history of MI who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled and divided into early (incident < 55 years of age) and late (incident ≥ 55 years of age) MI onset groups. Apart from the RFLP-PCR based analysis of the VAMP-8 variant, history of hypertension, lipid abnormalities, smoking and body mass index were recorded. In statistical analyses odds ratios and relative risk were used as a measure of genotype-MI association while logistic regression was implemented for evaluation of MI risk factor strength. RESULTS VAMP-8 A allele frequency proved to be significantly higher in the early-onset MI group and conferred higher relative risk of early MI in the investigated cohort, when calculated for the individual A allele (p = 0.029). In logistic regression analyses no association between risk genotypes and traditional risk factors was observed. CONCLUSIONS In this study VAMP-8 A variant was identified as a risk allele for early MI in male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Gorący
- Department of Cardiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Iwona Gorący
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kaczmarczyk
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Lech Cyryłowski
- CT and MRI Clinic, Non-public Health Care Clinic "Our Doctor", Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Lajer M, Tarnow I, Michelson AD, Jorsal A, Frelinger AL, Parving HH, Rossing P, Tarnow L. Soluble CD40 ligand is elevated in type 1 diabetic nephropathy but not predictive of mortality, cardiovascular events or kidney function. Platelets 2011; 21:525-32. [PMID: 20701458 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.500422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) derived from platelets mediates atherothrombosis, leading to proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic responses. We investigated the predictive value of plasma sCD40L for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, progression towards end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and rate of decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and nephropathy. The study was a prospective, observational follow-up study of 443 T1DM patients with diabetic nephropathy (274 men; age 42.1 ± 10.5 years [mean ± SD], duration of diabetes 28.3 ± 8.9 years, GFR 76 ± 33 ml/min/1.73 m2) and a control group of 421 patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes and persistent normoalbuminuria (232 men; age 45.4 ± 11.5 years, duration of diabetes 27.7 ± 10.1 years) at baseline. sCD40L was measured by ELISA. Plasma sCD40L levels were higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy compared to normoalbuminuric patients (median (range) 1.54 (0.02-13.38) vs. 1.30 (0.04-20.65) µg/L, respectively p = 0.004). The patients were followed for 8.1 (0.0-12.9) years (median (range)). Among normoalbuminuric patients, sCD40L levels did not predict all-cause mortality (p = 0.33) or combined fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) (p = 0.27). Similarly, among patients with diabetic nephropathy, the covariate adjusted sCD40L levels did not predict all-cause mortality (p = 0.86) or risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD (p = 0.08). Furthermore, high levels of sCD40L did not predict development of ESRD (p = 0.85) nor rate of decline in GFR (p = 0.69). Plasma sCD40L is elevated in T1DM nephropathy but is not a predictor of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and morbidity or deterioration of kidney function
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Burkhardt R, Sündermann S, Ludwig D, Ceglarek U, Holdt LM, Thiery J, Teupser D. Cosegregation of aortic root atherosclerosis and intermediate lipid phenotypes on chromosomes 2 and 8 in an intercross of C57BL/6 and BALBc/ByJ low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:775-84. [PMID: 21252064 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.213843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify novel atherosclerosis-modifying loci and their potential functional links in a genome-wide approach using cosegregation analysis of atherosclerosis and related intermediate phenotypes in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS We carried out an F2 intercross between atherosclerosis-susceptible C57BL/6 mice and atherosclerosis-resistant BALB/cByJ mice on the low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) background to examine the genetic basis for their differences in atherosclerosis susceptibility. Atherosclerotic lesion size and a comprehensive panel of 61 atherosclerosis-related phenotypes, including plasma levels of lipids, cytokines, and chemokines were measured in 376 F2 mice. Quantitative trait locus mapping revealed a novel significant locus (logarithm of odds, 6.18) for atherosclerosis on proximal mouse chromosome (Chr) 2 (Ath39), which was associated with major variations in lesion size (14%). Plasma very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, lanosterol, and phytosterol levels cosegregated with atherosclerosis at this locus. Moreover, these lipid traits showed significant correlations with lesion size, suggesting that they share the same underlying genetic factor. We also describe a second male-specific locus on Chr 8 (Ath40) where atherosclerosis and lipids cosegregated. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed new loci for atherosclerosis susceptibility on mouse Chr 2 and 8, which might exert their effects on lesion size via plasma lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Padmanabhan S, Hastie C, Prabhakaran D, Dominczak AF. Genomic approaches to coronary artery disease. Indian J Med Res 2010; 132:567-78. [PMID: 21150009 PMCID: PMC3028944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In addition to lifestyle and environmental factors which are major aetiologic determinants, there is considerable familial clustering of the disease indicating a genetic component in its causation. Although the total genetic contribution to CAD risk can be quantified, the determination of the size and number of contributing effects is impossible without identifying all CAD susceptibility genes. However, despite extensive studies, strong evidence of a molecular genetic association with coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction remains elusive. Genome wide association studies have been successful in identifying robust associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with CAD. Identifying the causal variant and dissecting pathways linking these variants to disease process is a major challenge. Technologies from whole genome sequencing, proteomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics are now available to extend analysis to a more complete range of potential susceptibility variants, and to support more explicit modelling of the joint effects of genes and environment. The availability of these high throughput technologies does not diminish the importance of rigorous phenotyping and appropriate study designs in all the endeavours to understand the aetiopathogenesis of CAD. Combining classical epidemiology with modern genomics will require collaborative efforts within the cardiovascular disease community at both bench and bedside and this will have the potential to expand our understanding of CAD and translate discoveries into clinically useful applications that will have a major impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom,Reprint requests: Dr Sandosh Padmanabhan, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom e-mail:
| | - Claire Hastie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anna F. Dominczak
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Coronary artery disease and its clinical manifestations, including myocardial infarction, are heritable traits, consistent with a role for inherited DNA sequence variation in conferring risk for disease. Knowledge of the new sequence variations in the genome that confer risk has the potential to illuminate new causal biologic pathways in humans and to thereby further improve diagnosis and treatment. Here, we review recent progress in mapping genetic loci related to coronary disease and risk factor phenotypes, including plasma lipoprotein concentrations. Genome-wide linkage (in families) and association (in populations) studies have identified more than a dozen genetic loci related to coronary disease. A key challenge now is to move from mapping loci to pinpointing causal genes and variants, and to develop a molecular understanding of how these genes lead to coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Musunuru
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02108, USA
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Ogawa N, Imai Y, Morita H, Nagai R. Genome-wide association study of coronary artery disease. Int J Hypertens 2010; 2010:790539. [PMID: 20981302 PMCID: PMC2958466 DOI: 10.4061/2010/790539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease with environmental and genetic determinants. The genetic determinants of CAD have previously been explored by the candidate gene approach. Recently, the data from the International HapMap Project and the development of dense genotyping chips have enabled us to perform genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a large number of subjects without bias towards any particular candidate genes. In 2007, three chip-based GWAS simultaneously revealed the significant association between common variants on chromosome 9p21 and CAD. This association was replicated among other ethnic groups and also in a meta-analysis. Further investigations have detected several other candidate loci associated with CAD. The chip-based GWAS approach has identified novel and unbiased genetic determinants of CAD and these insights provide the important direction to better understand the pathogenesis of CAD and to develop new and improved preventive measures and treatments for CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Ogawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Tousoulis D, Androulakis E, Papageorgiou N, Briasoulis A, Siasos G, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. From Atherosclerosis to Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Role of Soluble CD40 Ligand. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2010; 20:153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in men and women, and heart failure (HF) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Most common forms of HF are non-mendelian and the evidence for heritability is modest. Study of the genetic susceptibility to HF has been limited to patients with rare familial forms of HF and candidate gene association studies in patients with distinct subtypes of HF. However, with the completion of the human genome project and the development of the HapMap template, new large-scale genome-wide association studies are possible. This article reviews the status of these and other important developments in genomics, in particular genome-wide sequencing, and other "omics".
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghava S Velagaleti
- The NHLBI's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Avenue, Suite 2, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
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25
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Chico TJA, Milo M, Crossman DC. The genetics of cardiovascular disease: new insights from emerging approaches. J Pathol 2010; 220:186-97. [PMID: 19921712 DOI: 10.1002/path.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The prospect that sequencing the human genome would see rapid translation of a greater understanding of cardiovascular genetics into novel diagnostics and therapeutics has so far met with only limited success. However, diverse technological advances and exploitation of novel animal models of cardiovascular development and disease are providing ever more insight into cardiovascular diseases and development, and bring closer the prospect of 'post-genomic' diagnostics and therapies. Here we review some of these emerging approaches (genome wide association studies, deep sequencing, microRNA regulation, and zebrafish as a model of cardiovascular disease and development) and discuss their potential for finally fulfilling the promise of application to clinical cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J A Chico
- MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Sheffield, UK.
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26
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Genome scan for loci regulating HDL cholesterol levels in Finnish extended pedigrees with early coronary heart disease. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 18:604-13. [PMID: 19935834 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of mortality in Western societies. Its risk is inversely correlated with plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, and approximately 50% of the variability in these levels is genetically determined. In this study, the aim was to carry out a whole-genome scan for the loci regulating plasma HDL-C levels in 35 well-defined Finnish extended pedigrees (375 members genotyped) with probands having low HDL-C levels and premature CHD. The additive genetic heritability of HDL-C was 43%. A variance component analysis revealed four suggestive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for HDL-C levels, with the highest LOD score, 3.1, at the chromosomal locus 4p12. Other suggestive LOD scores were 2.1 at 2q33, 2.1 at 6p24 and 2.0 at 17q25. Three suggestive loci for the qualitative low HDL-C trait were found, with a nonparametric multipoint score of 2.6 at the chromosomal locus 10p15.3, 2.5 at 22q11 and 2.1 at 6p12. After correction for statin use, the strongest evidence of linkage was shown on chromosomes 4p12, 6p24, 6p12, 15q22 and 22q11. To search for the underlying gene on chromosome 6, we analyzed two functional and positional candidate genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARD), and retinoid X receptor beta, (RXRB)), but found no significant evidence of association. In conclusion, we identified seven chromosomal regions for HDL-C regulation exceeding the level for suggestive evidence of linkage.
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Balmforth AJ. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene polymorphisms in cardiovascular disease. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2009; 11:79-85. [PMID: 19861351 DOI: 10.1177/1470320309347782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable progress in our understanding of the role of the angiotensin II type 2 (AT(2)) receptor in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and coronary artery disease has been achieved using in vitro and in vivo animal models. Our understanding in humans, however, has been hindered by the lack of availability of specific AT(2) receptor agonists and antagonists suitable for human study. Nevertheless, an alternative approach involving genotyping humans for a functional polymorphism within the AT(2) receptor gene (-1332G/A) has been used in several association studies to elucidate the pathogenic role of the AT(2) receptor in cardiovascular disease. Both the A allele and the G allele have independently been associated with left ventricular remodelling. However, the methods of measuring left ventricular mass, sodium balance, age and degree of remodelling appear to influence the outcome. An association of carriers of the G allele and premature coronary artery disease has also been established, particularly in males presenting with stenotic atherosclerosis requiring revascularisation. At the molecular level, it remains unclear as to whether carriers of the G allele express more or fewer AT(2) receptors when compared to carriers of the A allele. Consequently, it is presently not possible to definitively interpret the role of the AT(2) receptor in human cardiovascular disease from these association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Balmforth
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Alsmadi O, Muiya P, Khalak H, Al-Saud H, Meyer BF, Al-Mohanna F, Alshahid M, Dzimiri N. Haplotypes Encompassing theKIAA0391andPSMA6Gene Cluster Confer a Genetic Link for Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Artery Disease. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:475-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Hsu LA, Chang CJ, Teng MS, Semon Wu, Hu CF, Chang WY, Ko YL. CAG repeat polymorphism of the MEF2A gene is not associated with the risk of coronary artery disease among Taiwanese. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2009; 16:301-5. [PMID: 19153100 DOI: 10.1177/1076029608330476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A 21-bp deletion mutation of the exon 11 of the myocyte enhancer factor-2A (MEF2A) gene was shown to cause familial coronary artery disease. This finding raises the possibility that MEF2A variants may contribute to the risk of coronary artery disease. In total, 258 patients with coronary artery disease and 258 controls were analyzed for the MEF2A variants. The analysis revealed that all patients were negative for Pro279Leu and 21-bp deletion mutations in exons 7 and 11, respectively. The distribution of the allele frequencies of MEF2A exon 11 CAG repeat (CAG)n polymorphism was similar in both patients and controls; Further, no significant association was noted between MEF2A exon 11 (CAG)n polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction. Our data suggest that there is no evidence of an association between the MEF2A exon 11 (CAG)n polymorphism and the risk of coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction in the Chinese population in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-An Hsu
- First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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Jayasinghe SR, Mishra A, Van Daal A, Kwan E. Genetics and cardiovascular disease: Design and development of a DNA biobank. Exp Clin Cardiol 2009; 14:33-37. [PMID: 20098575 PMCID: PMC2807777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a complex disease with environmental and genetic determinants. Many other cardiovascular (CV) conditions also have a genetic basis. A positive family history of CV disease in first-degree relatives is a strong independent risk factor for CAD as well as several other cardiac disorders. This genetic susceptibility to CV diseases will be understood more clearly when combined with genomics, proteomics and genotyping.The Department of Cardiology at Gold Coast Hospital (Queensland, Australia) with the Faculty of Health, Science and Medicine at Bond University (Queensland, Australia) established the Gold Coast Cardiovascular DNA bank in 2006. The dataset on each individual volunteer includes coronary angiograms, clinical information (including a coronary risk factor profile), biochemical (including cardiac biomarkers) and hematological parameters, and electrocardiograms and echocardiograms. The establishment of the DNA biobank was associated with several key challenges, both technical and logistic.Given the comprehensive nature of the information gathered, the present study has the added potential of identifying genes associated with nonischemic cardiomyopathies, valvular heart disease, congenital heart diseases and other cardiomyopathies. Pooling data from results obtained here with multiple existing DNA biobanks and registries will help in finding answers to the genetic conundrum in CV diseases. The present DNA biobank will serve as a resource well into the future as the technology and science of medical genetics evolve.The most frequent pathology encountered in the biobank is CAD. The significance of the familial occurrence of CAD has been the focus of research for at least 50 years, with a positive family history of CV disease emerging as an independent predictor of risk in the development of CAD. By applying the knowledge learned from studies on CV genetics together with the data from the DNA biobank, scientists may be able to effectively prevent and treat CV diseases in the future.
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Estudio del componente genético de la cardiopatía isquémica: de los estudios de ligamiento al genotipado integral del genoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1131-3587(09)71502-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Seidelmann SB, Kuo C, Pleskac N, Molina J, Sayers S, Li R, Zhou J, Johnson P, Braun K, Chan C, Teupser D, Breslow JL, Wight TN, Tall AR, Welch CL. Athsq1 is an atherosclerosis modifier locus with dramatic effects on lesion area and prominent accumulation of versican. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2180-6. [PMID: 18818413 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.176800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Susceptibility to atherosclerosis is genetically complex, and modifier genes that do not operate via traditional risk factors are largely unknown. A mouse genetics approach can simplify the genetic analysis and provide tools for mechanistic studies. METHODS AND RESULTS We previously identified atherosclerosis susceptibility QTL (Athsq1) on chromosome 4 acting independently of systemic risk factors. We now report confirmation of this locus in congenic strains carrying the MOLF-derived susceptibility allele in the C57BL/6J-Ldlr(-/-) genetic background. Homozygous congenic mice exhibited up to 4.5-fold greater lesion area compared to noncongenic littermates (P<0.0001). Analysis of extracellular matrix composition revealed prominent accumulation of versican, a presumed proatherogenic matrix component abundant in human lesions but almost absent in the widely-used C57BL/6 murine atherosclerosis model. The results of a bone marrow transplantation experiment suggested that both accelerated lesion development and versican accumulation are mediated, at least in part, by macrophages. Interestingly, comparative mapping revealed that the Athsq1 congenic interval contains the mouse region homologous to a widely-replicated CHD locus on human chromosome 9p21. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm the proatherogenic activity of a novel gene(s) in the MOLF-derived Athsq1 locus and provide in vivo evidence for a causative role of versican in lesion development.
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Tousoulis D, Briasoulis A, Papageorgiou N, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Candidate gene polymorphisms and the 9p21 locus in acute coronary syndromes. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:441-9. [PMID: 18786860 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that the classic environmental risk factors for atherosclerosis only partly explain the incidence of coronary artery disease and the development of acute coronary syndromes. Therefore, genetic factors that vary among human populations seem to be involved in the clinical manifestations of such patients. Substantial data suggest that a significant proportion of genetic polymorphisms involved in endothelial function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, thrombosis and fibrinolysis are often present in patients with acute coronary syndromes. In particular, a common variant on chromosome 9p21 was recently identified to affect the risk of myocardial infarction. Here, we review the progress of candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies in identifying the genetic bases of complex cardiovascular diseases such as acute coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Athens University Medical School, 16675 Glifada, Athens, Greece.
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34
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Is coronary artery disease a multifactorial inherited disorder with a sex-influenced trait? Med Hypotheses 2008; 71:449-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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35
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Molecular genetics of myocardial infarction. Genomic Med 2008; 2:7-22. [PMID: 18704761 DOI: 10.1007/s11568-008-9025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is an important clinical problem because of its large contribution to mortality. The main causal and treatable risk factors for MI include hypertension, hypercholesterolemia or dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and smoking. In addition to these risk factors, recent studies have shown the importance of genetic factors and interactions between multiple genes and environmental factors. Disease prevention is an important strategy for reducing the overall burden of MI, with the identification of markers for disease risk being key both for risk prediction and for potential intervention to lower the chance of future events. Although genetic linkage analyses of families and sib-pairs as well as candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have implicated several loci and candidate genes in predisposition to coronary heart disease (CHD) or MI, the genes that contribute to genetic susceptibility to these conditions remain to be identified definitively. In this review, we summarize both candidate loci for CHD or MI identified by linkage analyses and candidate genes examined by association studies. We also review in more detail studies that have revealed the association with MI or CHD of polymorphisms in MTHFR, LPL, and APOE by the candidate gene approach and those in LTA and at chromosomal region 9p21.3 by genome-wide scans. Such studies may provide insight into the function of implicated genes as well as into the role of genetic factors in the development of CHD and MI.
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36
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Franchini M, Peyvandi F, Mannucci PM. The Genetic Basis of Coronary Artery Disease: From Candidate Genes to Whole Genome Analysis. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Identifying the susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease: from hyperbole through doubt to cautious optimism. J Intern Med 2008; 263:538-52. [PMID: 18410597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is complex, and the fact that an alarmingly high proportion of reported associations between genetic variants and CAD are not replicated has generated uncertainty as to whether molecular genetics is ever going to deliver on the promises delivered in the late 1990s. However, during 2007, the first generation of large-scale genome-wide association studies using high-density, single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping arrays have revealed genetic variants that are robustly associated with CAD and CAD-related traits such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In particular, a robust susceptibility locus for CAD has been identified on chromosome 9p21. Also, evidence has been obtained that multiple rare alleles with fairly strong phenotypic effects may contribute to the genetic heritability of CAD, in addition to common variants with a modest impact on risk. Furthermore, new mechanistic connections have been discovered between different common complex diseases including CAD. This review focuses on the challenges and recent advances of molecular genetics in dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of atherothrombosis and defining novel targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan-Martin Brand-Herrmann
- From the Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Department of Molecular Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease, Münster, Germany
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Sherva R, Miller MB, Pankow JS, Hunt SC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH, Weder AB, Curb JD, Luke A, Morrison AC, Fornage M, Arnett DK. A whole-genome scan for stroke or myocardial infarction in family blood pressure program families. Stroke 2008; 39:1115-20. [PMID: 18323513 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.107.490433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Atherothrombotic diseases, including stroke and myocardial infarction, share a common pathogenesis. Chromosomal regions have been linked to atherothrombotic diseases in family studies, and association studies have identified candidate gene polymorphisms that affect the risk of stroke and/or myocardial infarction. Using data from the Family Blood Pressure Program, we tested for chromosomal regions linked to the composite phenotype of stroke or myocardial infarction in a large set of hypertensive families. METHODS Nonparametric linkage analysis was implemented in MERLIN, which tests for excess allele-sharing among affected siblings. Empirical distributions based on gene dropping simulations were constructed for each test statistic, and the -log(10) of the associated probability values were compared. RESULTS Analyses were based on 9607 individuals in 226 black, 395 Hispanic, and 207 white families; 106 families had multiple affected individuals. Several regions showed linkage to stroke or myocardial infarction, most significantly in Hispanics on chromosomes 2p21 (-log(10) P=3.0) and 7q21.1 (-log(10) P=2.8), 9q32 in blacks and Hispanics (-log(10) P=3.0), 11p13 in blacks (-log(10) P=2.1), and 12q24.33 in whites (-log(10) P=3.0). CONCLUSIONS There is statistically significant evidence for loci affecting stroke or myocardial infarction on chromosomes 2, 9, and 12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sherva
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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40
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Biros E, Karan M, Golledge J. Genetic variation and atherosclerosis. Curr Genomics 2008; 9:29-42. [PMID: 19424482 PMCID: PMC2674308 DOI: 10.2174/138920208783884856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A family history of atherosclerosis is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events. The genetic factors underlying the importance of inheritance in atherosclerosis are starting to be understood. Genetic variation, such as mutations or common polymorphisms has been shown to be involved in modulation of a range of risk factors, such as plasma lipoprotein levels, inflammation and vascular calcification. This review presents examples of present studies of the role of genetic polymorphism in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Golledge
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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Associations with myocardial infarction of six polymorphisms selected from a three-stage genome-wide association study. Am Heart J 2007; 154:969-75. [PMID: 17967605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary heart disease, including its clinical manifestation, myocardial infarction (MI), is a common, complex disease with a substantive genetic component. State-of-the-art genetic epidemiology evaluates thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in association with disease cases and controls. In an independent but demographically similar population, this study tested 6 SNPs that were previously reported to be associated with MI. METHODS Patients hospitalized for an acute MI (n = 413) at an early age (men < 55 years, women < 65 years) were compared with age-discordant (men > or = 65 years, women > or = 70 years) control patients (n = 792) who had no MI history and no hospitalization for MI at index angiography or during longitudinal follow-up. Six SNPs were genotyped in the genes palladin, ROS1, TAS2R50, OR13G1, and ZNF627. RESULTS Findings were not different from the null hypothesis, with ZNF627 (AG vs. GG: odds ratio [OR] 1.47, P = .16; AA vs. GG: OR 1.20, P = .50) and both ROS1 SNPs (GG vs AA: OR 0.72, P = .21; CC vs GG: OR 0.74, P = .24) showing potentially interesting ORs but nonsignificant probabilities. After full adjustment for all SNPs and covariables, only the ZNF627 heterozygote genotype had OR > 1.5 (P = .14). Comparison of MI cases with controls without obstructive coronary artery disease and analyses stratified by sex provided similar findings. CONCLUSIONS Six SNPs previously reported to be associated with MI were not validated, suggesting that further investigation is needed to verify the applicability of those SNPs to cardiovascular medicine. These findings emphasize the high potential for false-positive results even in staged genome-wide association studies and further emphasize the need for continued refinement of cardiovascular genetic methodologies for clinical application.
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Kalyanasundaram A, Gerhard GS, Skelding KA. Genomics, haplotypes and cardiovascular disease. Future Cardiol 2007; 3:601-10. [DOI: 10.2217/14796678.3.6.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has a complex genetic and environmental origin. Single-gene mutations have been identified for a variety of disorders, including several forms of sudden cardiac death, atrial fibrillation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease. The recent availability of haplotype data has further enabled genomic approaches to mapping genetic variants associated with the more common polygenic forms of cardiovascular disease. Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with coronary artery disease and are being applied to a variety of clinical problems such as in-stent restenosis. The combination of high-throughput genomic tools such as high density microarrays, genomic information such as sequence and haplotype data, and the careful clinical definition of phenotypes provides the framework for realizing the goals of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Geisinger Medical Center, 100 N. Academy Drive, Danville, PA 17822, USA
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43
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Damani SB, Topol EJ. Future use of genomics in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:1933-40. [PMID: 17996556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the number one cause of death in industrialized countries despite our collective efforts to minimize attributable risk from known contributors to CAD such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and smoking. In addition, clinical trials have consistently demonstrated a family history of coronary disease to be predictive for future cardiovascular events beyond that which would be explained by traditional risk factors. These findings support and have prompted widespread investigation into the genomic basis of CAD and myocardial infarction (MI). Recent advances in genotyping technology have allowed for easier identification and confirmation of susceptibility genes for complex traits across different cohorts via increased power of studies stemming from faster accrual of cases and control subjects and more precise genetic mapping. These technological advances have resulted in defining the genes contributing to a substantial or even majority of population-attributable risk for type 2 diabetes and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) cases. Similar progress in replicating novel susceptibility genes for CAD and specifically MI is now rapidly occurring, with a recent gene marker on chromosome 9p21 representing a highly significant and common variant susceptibility factor. With improved resequencing technology and better phenotypic characterization of our CAD cases and control subjects, we should achieve successes in gene identification and confirmation similar to diabetes and AMD, thereby allowing us to better quantify CAD risk earlier in life and institute more effective therapy reducing the individual propensity to develop CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir B Damani
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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44
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Kullo IJ, Ding K. Mechanisms of disease: The genetic basis of coronary heart disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:558-69. [PMID: 17893684 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since completion of the human genome sequence, considerable progress has been made in determining the genetic basis of human diseases. Understanding the genetic basis of coronary heart disease (CHD), the leading cause of mortality in developed countries, is a priority. Here we provide an update on the genetic basis of CHD, focusing mainly on the clinical manifestations rather than the risk factors, most of which are heritable and also influenced by genetic factors. The challenges faced when identifying clinically relevant genetic determinants of CHD include phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. In addition, the etiologic spectrum includes common genetic variants with small effects, as well as rare genetic variants with large effects. Advances such as the cataloging of human genetic variation, new statistical approaches for analyzing massive amounts of genetic data, and the development of high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping platforms, will increase the likelihood of success in the search for genetic determinants of CHD. Such knowledge could refine cardiovascular risk stratification and facilitate the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar J Kullo
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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45
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Engert JC, Lemire M, Faith J, Brisson D, Fujiwara TM, Roslin NM, Brewer CG, Montpetit A, Darmond-Zwaig C, Renaud Y, Doré C, Bailey SD, Verner A, Tremblay G, St-Pierre J, Bétard C, Platko J, Rioux JD, Morgan K, Hudson TJ, Gaudet D. Identification of a chromosome 8p locus for early-onset coronary heart disease in a French Canadian population. Eur J Hum Genet 2007; 16:105-14. [PMID: 17805225 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) has long been known to exhibit familial aggregation, with heritability estimated to be greater than 50%. The French Canadian population of the Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada is descended from a founder population that settled this region 300-400 years ago and this may provide increased power to detect genes contributing to complex traits such as CHD. Probands with early-onset CHD, defined by angiographically determined coronary stenosis, and their relatives were recruited from this population (average sibship size of 6.4). Linkage analysis was performed following a genome-wide microsatellite marker scan on 42 families with 284 individuals. Nonparametric linkage (NPL) analysis provided suggestive evidence for a CHD susceptibility locus on chromosome 8 with an NPL score of 3.14 (P=0.001) at D8S1106. Linkage to this locus was verified by fine mapping in an enlarged sample of 50 families with 320 individuals. This analysis provided evidence of linkage at D8S552 (NPL score=3.53, P=0.0003), a marker that maps to the same location as D8S1106. Candidate genes in this region, including macrophage scavenger receptor 1, farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1, fibrinogen-like 1, and GATA-binding protein 4, were resequenced in all coding exons in both affected and unaffected individuals. Association studies with variants in these and five other genes did not identify a disease-associated mutation. In conclusion, a genome-wide scan and additional fine mapping provide evidence for a locus on chromosome 8 that contributes to CHD in a French Canadian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Engert
- McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Chen Y, Rollins J, Paigen B, Wang X. Genetic and genomic insights into the molecular basis of atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2007; 6:164-79. [PMID: 17767904 PMCID: PMC2083632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease involving genetic and environmental risk factors, acting on their own or in synergy. Within the general population, polymorphisms within genes in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and thrombogenesis are probably responsible for the wide range of susceptibility to myocardial infarction, a fatal consequence of atherosclerosis. Genetic linkage studies have been carried out in both humans and mouse models to identify these polymorphisms. Approximately 40 quantitative trait loci for atherosclerotic disease have been found in humans, and approximately 30 in mice. Recently, genome-wide association studies have been used to identify atherosclerosis-susceptibility polymorphisms. Although discovering new atherosclerosis genes through these approaches remains challenging, the pace at which these polymorphisms are being found is accelerating due to rapidly improving bioinformatics resources and biotechnologies. The outcome of these efforts will not only unveil the molecular basis of atherosclerosis but also facilitate the discovery of drug targets and individualized medication against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Chen
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - Jarod Rollins
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - Beverly Paigen
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609
| | - Xiaosong Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- *Address correspondence to: Xiaosong Wang, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139. Tel.: (+1) 617 871 7285; Fax: (+1) 617 871 7053; E-mail:
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47
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Arnett DK. Summary of the American Heart Association's scientific statement on the relevance of genetics and genomics for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1682-6. [PMID: 17634522 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.147207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Assmann G, Schulte H, Seedorf U. The role of genetic predisposition and biomarkers in atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2007.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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49
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Stark K, Neureuther K, Sedlacek K, Hengstenberg W, Fischer M, Baessler A, Wiedmann S, Jeron A, Holmer S, Erdmann J, Schunkert H, Hengstenberg C. The common Y402H variant in complement factor H gene is not associated with susceptibility to myocardial infarction and its related risk factors. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 113:213-8. [PMID: 17472578 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the genetic variant Y402H in the CFH (complement factor H) gene was associated with an increased risk for MI (myocardial infarction) in a prospective Caucasian cohort. In another nested case-control study, however, the CFH-Y402H variant did not carry susceptibility to MI. The aim of the present study was to test for an association between the CFH-Y402H variant and MI in a large case-control sample with a familial background for CAD (coronary artery disease). A total of 2161 individuals from the German MI family study were studied by questionnaire, physical examination and biochemical analyses. MI patients (n=1188; 51.4±8.6 years at first MI) were recruited from families with at least two members affected by MI and/or severe CAD. Spouses, sisters-in-law and brothers-in-law respectively, without MI/CAD were included as unaffected controls (n=973; 56.9±9.8 years). Genotyping was performed using a TaqMan assay. The common Y402H variant in the CFH gene was not associated with classical cardiovascular risk factors (diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, obesity, smoking and C-reactive protein serum levels). No association was found between the CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI. Separate analyses in both men and women revealed no gender-specific influence of the gene variant on cardiovascular risk factors or MI. This investigation was unable to replicate the association between the common CFH-Y402H variant and susceptibility to MI in our large Caucasian population which is enriched for genetic factors. We conclude that the CFH-Y402H variant has no relevant risk-modifying effect in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Stark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum der Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Abstract
As pediatric cancer survivors age, long-term cardiovascular complications related to chemotherapeutic toxicities, as well as development of premature coronary artery disease (CAD) from radiation and increased prevalence of CAD risk factors such as obesity, are likely to become more prevalent. Despite advances in our understanding of CAD in the general population, a large amount of the variance in development of disease is unexplained. Given the strong heritability of CAD, some of this may be attributable to genetics. Premature CAD in particular segregates in families, and twin studies have shown that the genetic contribution is greater in premature CAD. In this article, we present a brief review of the literature on the genetics of CAD. Over 30 monogenic disorders feature CAD phenotypes. Recently, however, interest has shifted to understanding the genetic variation contributing to common, complex disease, where disease risk is polygenic and characterized by environmental factors, and gene-environment interactions. CAD epitomizes such a disease, and highlights the inherent difficulties in understanding the underlying genetic architecture of such diseases. Long-term cardiovascular complications in patients who survive pediatric cancers result in significant morbidity and mortality in this population. Clinicians need to be aware of screening and treatment strategies for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular complications in this group. Further research is necessary to define the epidemiology and risk factors of premature CAD in survivors of pediatric cancers, and to determine whether candidate genes for cardiovascular disease in the general population are also susceptibility genes in this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svati H Shah
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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