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Kobayashi N, Shimada K, Ishii A, Osaka R, Nishiyama T, Shigeta M, Yanagisawa H, Oka N, Kondo K. Identification of a strong genetic risk factor for major depressive disorder in the human virome. iScience 2024; 27:109203. [PMID: 38414857 PMCID: PMC10897923 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD) is reportedly 30-50%. However, the genetic basis of its heritability remains unknown. Within SITH-1, a risk factor for MDD in human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), we discovered a gene polymorphism with a large odds ratio for an association with MDD. It was a sequence whose number of repeats was inversely correlated with SITH-1 expression. This number was significantly lower in MDD patients. Rates for 17 or fewer repeats of the sequence were 67.9% for MDD and 28.6% for normal controls, with an odds ratio of 5.28. For patients with 17 or less repeats, the rate for presence of another MDD patient in their families was 47.4%, whereas there were no MDD patients in the families of patients with more than 17 repeats. Since HHV-6B is transmitted primarily mother to child and within families and persists for life, this gene polymorphism could potentially influence heritability of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishii
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Rui Osaka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshiko Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naomi Oka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Patrucco F, Curtoni A, Sidoti F, Zanotto E, Bondi A, Albera C, Boffini M, Cavallo R, Costa C, Solidoro P. Herpes Virus Infection in Lung Transplantation: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:2326. [PMID: 38140567 PMCID: PMC10747259 DOI: 10.3390/v15122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic allograft failure, infectious complications are highly incident. Viral infections represent nearly 30% of all infectious complications, with herpes viruses playing an important role in the development of acute and chronic diseases. Among them, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being associated with an increased risk of chronic lung allograft failure. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with transformation of infected B cells with the development of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Similarly, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 can also be responsible for acute manifestations in lung transplant patients. During these last years, new, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests have been developed, and preventive and prophylactic strategies have been studied aiming to reduce and prevent the incidence of these viral infections. In this narrative review, we explore epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options for more frequent herpes virus infections in lung transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Patrucco
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Curtoni
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Sidoti
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Zanotto
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bondi
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Albera
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Boffini
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Surgical Sciences Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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3
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Chen L, Zhao X, Liu Y, Wu M, Li S, Xu C, Shi Y. Comprehensive analysis of HHV-6 and HHV-7-related gene signature in prognosis and response to temozolomide of glioma. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28285. [PMID: 36349462 PMCID: PMC9827936 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 have been detected in central nervous system and glioma tissue, while their exact role in glioma remains uncertain. Omics profiles and clinical information were downloaded from public databases, including The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort for training set and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas cohorts for validation sets. Differentially expressed genes between HHV-6 and HHV-7 infected or noninfected glioma patients were screened for establishing the HHV-6 and HHV-7 infection (HI) model through Lasso regression analysis. Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze the correlation between HI scores and prognosis, metastasis in glioma patients. Predictable efficacy of HI in temozolomide-resistance and HI-related genetic signatures were also explored. The HI model was constructed as: Risk score = (0.014709*DIRAS3) + (0.029787*TEX26) + (0.223492*FBXO39) + (0.074951*MYBL1) + (0.060202*HILS1). The five gene signature showed good performance in predicting survival time for glioma patients, while higher HI score is correlated with malignant features. Moreover, DNA mismatch repair genes were augmented in glioma patients with higher HI score as well as nonresponse to temozolomide treatment, which was in parallel with the transcriptomic result of temozolomide-resistant glioma cell. Targeting the five gene signature is beneficial for prognosis of glioma patients, especially in glioma patients underwent temozolomide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyi Chen
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical CentreChinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Mengwan Wu
- Department of Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Shurong Li
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina,Department of Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Oncology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuanChina,Department of Integrative Cancer Center & Cancer Clinical Research Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
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4
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Mardanly SS, Mardanly SG, Kazakov AA, Demkin VV, Zatevalov AM, Mironov AY. Development of a PCR assay for the detection of human herpes virus type 7. Klin Lab Diagn 2022; 67:658-662. [PMID: 36398775 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-11-658-662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A PCR assay has been developed to identify the DNA of the human herpes virus type 7. The search and selection of conserved regions was carried out by comparing the whole genome nucleotide sequences of HHV-7. A fragment duplicated in the HHV-7 genomes was chosen as a target for amplification. The performance of the assay was tested on a synthetic matrix and clinical samples. The developed assay has high sensitivity and specificity and showed good efficiency in detecting HHV-7 DNA in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A A Kazakov
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute""
| | - V V Demkin
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute""
| | - A M Zatevalov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky research institute for epidemiology and microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor
| | - A Yu Mironov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky research institute for epidemiology and microbiology of the Rospotrebnadzor
- Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia
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5
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Janicka M, Ranoszek-Soliwoda K, Chodaczek G, Antos-Bielska M, Brytan M, Tomaszewska E, Celichowski G, Grobelny J, Cymerys J, Krzyżowska M, Chodkowski M. Functionalized Noble Metal Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Herpesvirus Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112161. [PMID: 36363754 PMCID: PMC9695377 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinfections caused by herpesviruses, mainly by HHV-1, represent a significant problem for modern medicine due to the small number of therapeutic substances available in the pharmaceutical sector. Furthermore, HHV-1 infection has been linked to neurodegenerative processes such as Alzheimer’s disease, which justifies the search for new effective therapies. The development of nanotechnology opens up new possibilities for the treatment of neuroinflammation. Gold and silver nanoparticles are gaining popularity, and the number of clinical trials involving metallic nanoparticles is constantly increasing. This paper reviews the research on gold and silver nanoparticles and their potential use in the treatment of herpesvirus neuroinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Janicka
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Bioimaging Laboratory, Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marek Brytan
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Tomaszewska
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Celichowski
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jarosław Grobelny
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163 St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krzyżowska
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (M.C.)
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Virus-Associated Nephropathies: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912014. [PMID: 36233315 PMCID: PMC9569621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While most viral infections cause mild symptoms and a spontaneous favorable resolution, some can lead to severe or protracted manifestations, specifically in immunocompromised hosts. Kidney injuries related to viral infections may have multiple causes related to the infection severity, drug toxicity or direct or indirect viral-associated nephropathy. We review here the described virus-associated nephropathies in order to guide diagnosis strategies and treatments in cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) occurring concomitantly with a viral infection. The occurrence of virus-associated nephropathy depends on multiple factors: the local epidemiology of the virus, its ability to infect renal cells and the patient's underlying immune response, which varies with the state of immunosuppression. Clear comprehension of pathophysiological mechanisms associated with a summary of described direct and indirect injuries should help physicians to diagnose and treat viral associated nephropathies.
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7
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Epstein–Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation in Acute COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091872. [PMID: 36146679 PMCID: PMC9504756 DOI: 10.3390/v14091872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their pulmonary disease, many COVID-19 patients experience a complex constellation of characteristics, including hyperinflammatory responses, autoimmune disorders, and coagulopathies. However, the pathogenesis of these aspects of COVID-19 is obscure. More than 90% of people are latently infected with the lymphotropic herpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and/or Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). Some of the inflammatory features of COVID-19 resemble clinical syndromes seen during EBV and HHV-6 infection, and these latent viruses can be reactivated by inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that EBV and HHV-6 reactivation might be a common feature of early COVID-19, particularly in patients with more inflammation. We tested for EBV and HHV-6 reactivation in 67 patients acutely hospitalized with COVID-19 using previously validated quantitative PCR assays on the plasma. In our cohort, we found that 15/67 (22.4%) patients had detectable EBV and 3/67 (4.5%) had detectable HHV-6. This frequency of activation is somewhat more than the frequency reported for some healthy cohorts, such as blood donors and other healthy control cohorts. There was no association between EBV or HHV-6 and markers indicative of more inflammatory disease. We conclude that EBV and HHV-6 activation at about day 7 of hospitalization occurred in a modest fraction of our cohort of COVID-19 patients and was not associated with high levels of inflammation. In the modest fraction of patients, EBV and HHV-6 reactivation could contribute to some features of acute disease and pre-disposition to post-acute sequelae in a subset of patients.
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8
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Human herpes simplex virus-6 (HHV-6) detection and seroprevalence among Qatari nationals and immigrants residing in Qatar. IJID REGIONS 2022; 2:90-95. [PMID: 35757074 PMCID: PMC9216376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of anti-human herpes virus-6 immunoglobulin G (IgG) was 71.7% among healthy donors in Qatar. One-quarter (24.3%) of healthy donors in Qatar had detectable viraemia. No strong association was found between viraemia and IgG positivity. A significant association was found between viraemia and the nationality of healthy donors.
Background Human herpes simplex virus-6 (HHV-6) is the causative agent of exanthema subitum. Transmission mainly occurs through salivary secretions, yet blood transfusions and organ transplantations have also been reported as routes of transmission. Studies of seroprevalence of HHV-6 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region and other parts of Asia are scarce. As such, this study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of HHV-6 among healthy blood donors in Qatar. Methods In total, 620 healthy blood donors from different nationalities residing in Qatar, mainly from the MENA region and Southeast Asia, were tested using a commercial anti-HHV-6 immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. In addition, HHV-6 DNA from randomly selected samples was tested and quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results Anti-HHV-6 IgG was detected in 71.7% (445/620) [95% confidence interval (CI) 68.2–75.3%] of the tested samples, while 24.3% (61/251) (95% CI 20.0–29.6%) had detectable HHV-6 viraemia. Only 22.5% of individuals with positive IgG status had detectable HHV-6 DNA in their blood, indicating a weak association between viraemia and IgG positivity (P=0.08). Furthermore, no significant difference was associated between HHV-6 viraemia and demographic characteristics, except for nationality. Conclusion The seroprevalence of HHV-6 in Qatar was found to be similar to rates reported in other parts of the world.
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Biswas L, Crain N, Spaeder MC, Gomez RJ, Starolis M, Poulter MD, Zeichner SL. iciHHV-6 in a Patient With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Pediatrics 2021; 148:peds.2021-051297. [PMID: 34078749 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-051297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a serious, sometimes life-threatening late complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with multiorgan involvement and evidence of immune activation. The pathogenesis of MIS-C is not known, nor is the pathogenesis of the severe organ damage that is the hallmark of MIS-C. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), the virus responsible for roseola, is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that causes close to universal infection by the age of 3 years. HHV-6 remains latent for life and can be activated during inflammatory states, by other viruses, and by host cell apoptosis. HHV-6 has been associated with end-organ diseases, including hepatitis, carditis, and encephalitis. In addition, ∼1% of people have inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6), which is HHV-6 that has been integrated into chromosomal telomeric regions and is transmitted through the germ line. iciHHV-6 can be reactivated and has been associated with altered immune responses. We report here a case of MIS-C in which an initial high HHV-6 DNA polymerase chain reaction viral load assay prompted testing for iciHHV-6, which yielded a positive result. Additional research may be warranted to determine if iciHHV-6 is commonly observed in patients with MIS-C and, if so, whether it may play a part in MIS-C pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Biswas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | | | - Robert J Gomez
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Meghan Starolis
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute Chantilly, Chantilly, Virginia
| | - Melinda D Poulter
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Steven L Zeichner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Pendleton Pediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, and Child Health Research Center .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Wu J, Engdahl E, Gustafsson R, Fogdell-Hahn A, Waterboer T, Hillert J, Olsson T, Alfredsson L, Hedström AK. High antibody levels against human herpesvirus-6A interact with lifestyle factors in multiple sclerosis development. Mult Scler 2021; 28:383-392. [PMID: 34124961 DOI: 10.1177/13524585211022011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) has been suggested to increase multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. However, potential interactions between HHV-6A and environmental/lifestyle risk factors for MS have not previously been studied. METHODS We used two Swedish population-based case-control studies comprising 5993 cases and 5995 controls. Using logistic regression models, subjects with different HHV-6A antibody levels, environmental exposures, and lifestyle habits were compared regarding MS risk, by calculating odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential interactions between high HHV-6A antibody levels and common environmental exposures and lifestyle factors were evaluated on the additive scale. RESULTS High HHV-6A antibody levels were associated with increased risk of developing MS (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.4-1.6). Regarding MS risk, significant interactions were observed between high HHV-6A antibody levels and both smoking (attributable proportion (AP) = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.3), low ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure (AP = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.1-0.4), and low vitamin D levels (AP = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.0-0.6). CONCLUSION High HHV-6A antibody levels are associated with increased MS risk and act synergistically with common environmental/lifestyle risk factors for MS. Further research is needed to investigate potential mechanisms underlying the interactions presented in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elin Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Waterboer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Hillert
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden/Department of Research and Education, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
AbstractHuman herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous and most common pathogen that affects humans. Human herpes virus 6B (HHV-6B) is a wide spread human herpesvirus that infects most people when they are children, establishes latent infections in the central nervous system (CNS), especially in the hippocampus and amygdala, and induces neurologic diseases. HHV-6 can establish a latent infection and be reactivated by various stimuli. Recently, viral genomic DNA of HHV-6B has been detected in surgically removed brain tissues of intractable epilepsy patients, suggesting the involvement of HHV-6B in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been shown to be closely related with HHV-6B. TLE patients with HHV-6B in their brains suffer from reiterative attacks of febrile seizures and hippocampal sclerosis. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of this virus to the development of TLE remains unknown. The direct damage and immune activation caused by the virus are involved in the process of neuron damage, abnormal neural circuit formation and glial cell proliferation. In addition, some cytokines like interleukin-17A (IL-17A), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κb), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phospholipase A2 are up-regulated and involved in the pathological process of TLE. More studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the link between HHV-6B and epilepsy, and identify biomarkers to recognize different patient groups for anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory therapies.
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12
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Human Herpesvirus-6 and -7 in the Brain Microenvironment of Persons with Neurological Pathology and Healthy People. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052364. [PMID: 33673426 PMCID: PMC7956495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During persistent human beta-herpesvirus (HHV) infection, clinical manifestations may not appear. However, the lifelong influence of HHV is often associated with pathological changes in the central nervous system. Herein, we evaluated possible associations between immunoexpression of HHV-6, -7, and cellular immune response across different brain regions. The study aimed to explore HHV-6, -7 infection within the cortical lobes in cases of unspecified encephalopathy (UEP) and nonpathological conditions. We confirmed the presence of viral DNA by nPCR and viral antigens by immunohistochemistry. Overall, we have shown a significant increase (p < 0.001) of HHV antigen expression, especially HHV-7 in the temporal gray matter. Although HHV-infected neurons were found notably in the case of HHV-7, our observations suggest that higher (p < 0.001) cell tropism is associated with glial and endothelial cells in both UEP group and controls. HHV-6, predominantly detected in oligodendrocytes (p < 0.001), and HHV-7, predominantly detected in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (p < 0.001), exhibit varying effects on neural homeostasis. This indicates a high number (p < 0.001) of activated microglia observed in the temporal lobe in the UEP group. The question remains of whether human HHV contributes to neurological diseases or are markers for some aspect of the disease process.
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Human herpesvirus 6 hepatitis in immunocompetent monozygotic twins – case reports. PEDIATRU.RO 2021. [DOI: 10.26416/pedi.63.3.2021.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Abstract
Roseola infantum is a clinical syndrome characterized by high fever followed by the emergence of a rash. Case reports have documented an association between bulging fontanelles and roseola. We propose a novel mechanism for the development of intracranial hypertension caused by human herpesvirus 6-induced cytokine elevation leading to increased cerebrospinal fluid production.
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15
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Li M, Yang F, Lu Y, Huang W. Identification of Enterococcus faecalis in a patient with urinary-tract infection based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:467. [PMID: 32615925 PMCID: PMC7330266 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by various pathogenic microorganisms is ubiquitous in the parts of the urinary system such as kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra. Currently, clinical detection of UTI is mainly focused on urine culture; however, the diagnostic value of urine culture remains limited due to the time-consuming procedure and low detection rate, especially in patients who have used antibiotics. Generally, treatment for UTI relies on empirical medication rather than pathogen diagnosis, which leads to the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents and a significant increase in resistant strains. Comparatively, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is capable of overcoming the disadvantages of clinical culture, and identifying pathogens for further treatment. Case presentation A 33-year-old male patient was admitted to hospital with a high fever and chills. None of his autoimmune disease or thyroid function related indicators were positive, and he had no risk of endocarditis. His white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, interleukin 6, and neutrophil proportion were markedly elevated. He was initially diagnosed as having an infection of unknown etiology. Since empirical treatment of Sulperazon and Metronidazole did not relieve his symptoms, both the blood and urine specimens were examined using traditional culture, serological testing, and mNGS assay. Traditional culture and serological testing produced negative results, while the mNGS assay revealed the presence of a potential pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis, in the urine specimen, which was further confirmed by both Sanger sequencing and qPCR analysis. A CT scan of the patient’s whole abdomen showed stones in the right kidney. Once targeted antibiotic therapy was administered, the patient recovered quickly. Conclusions Our case illustrated that mNGS, as a novel culture-independent approach, demonstrated the capability of rapid, sensitive, and accurate pathogen identification. Furthermore, this technology provides strong support for guiding clinicians to determine appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manshi Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fuhuo Yang
- Dinfectome Inc., Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yihan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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16
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Raposo JV, Sarmento DJDS, Pinto RBDS, Lopes AO, Gallottini M, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Braz-Silva PH, de Paula VS. Longitudinal study on oral shedding of human betaherpesviruses 6 and 7 in renal transplant recipients reveals active replication. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1785801. [PMID: 32944150 PMCID: PMC7482732 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1785801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNG Roseolovirus latency and persistence in salivary glands that are frequently reactivated after renal transplantation to cause infection have been reported. However, limited information is available on the persistence and excretion of HHV-6 and HHV-7 during and after transplant. METHODS 32 renal transplant recipients were followed up before (T1) and after transplant (T2 and T3) and viral replication (via assessment of mRNA) in oral fluid samples investigated. Roseolovirus DNA was detected and quantified via multiplex qPCR. For evaluation of mRNA replication, positive samples were subjected to nested RT-PCR. RESULTS Viral replication of HHV-7 was significantly increased during T3 (72.9%), compared to the pre-transplant period T1 (25%; McNemar Test, p= 0.001). Analysis of the viral replicative to quantitative ratio disclosed ahigher number of DNA copies (>106) in positive cases of replication (p < 0.001). Astrong positive correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.781; p< 0.001) was evident between viral quantities of Roseoloviruses. CONCLUSION Our findings consistently suggest that the salivary gland is an important site of active and persistent infection by roseoloviruses. In view of the increasing problem of Roseoloviruses, pre- and post-transplantation, viral surveillance and monitoring of active replication are pivotal steps for effective screening and treatment of renal transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amanda Oliveira Lopes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz – IOC/FIOCRUZ – Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marina Gallottini
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo – FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Tânia Regina Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo – IMTSP – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo – FOUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo – IMTSP – Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bell's palsy is a peripheral paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve, whose etiology is unknown. Using polymerase chain reaction technology, it is possible to sample accessible body fluids and identify possible viral factors. The purpose of this research is to investigate its connection to the herpes virus family by testing for the presence of the virus in the saliva and tear fluid of Bell's palsy patients. METHODS Saliva and tears were collected from 42 children and adolescents suffering from idiopathic facial nerve paralysis. Polymerase chain reaction was used to test for the presence of the viruses Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, varicella zoster virus and human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6). Samples were also taken from a control group without paralysis. A second specimen was taken from patients who tested positive for HHV-6 several months after their recovery. RESULTS Of the 42 patients in the study group, 71% (30 patients) tested positive for HHV-6, compared with only 37% of the control group (P = 0.001). The prevalence of the other 5 viruses tested was low-herpes simplex virus 1: 9.5%, Epstein-Barr virus: 9.5%, cytomegalovirus: 4.8%, varicella zoster virus: 2.3% and herpes simplex virus 2: 0%. Twenty-four of the 30 patients who were HHV-6-positive during their illness were reexamined following recovery. Only 13 patients (54.2%) excreted the virus after recovery from the paralysis. CONCLUSIONS Herpes 6 virus appears to play some role in the etiology of facial nerve paralysis. The virus was detected in the saliva of children during acute illness and decreased with resolution. Our research opens new insights linking HHV-6 to the etiology of Bell's palsy in children.
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18
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Slenker AK, Royer TL, Villalobos T. Human Herpesvirus 6 Positivity on the FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel Needs Clinical Interpretation. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69:192-194. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Slenker
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Health Network
| | - Tricia L Royer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Health Network
| | - Tibisay Villalobos
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Lehigh Valley Children’s Hospital, Allentown, Pennsylvania
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19
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Precision Medicine: The Role of the MSIDS Model in Defining, Diagnosing, and Treating Chronic Lyme Disease/Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome and Other Chronic Illness: Part 2. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:healthcare6040129. [PMID: 30400667 PMCID: PMC6316761 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6040129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a precision medical perspective to assist in the definition, diagnosis, and management of Post Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)/chronic Lyme disease. PTLDS represents a small subset of patients treated for an erythema migrans (EM) rash with persistent or recurrent symptoms and functional decline. The larger population with chronic Lyme disease is less understood and well defined. Multiple Systemic Infectious Disease Syndrome (MSIDS) is a multifactorial model for treating chronic disease(s), which identifies up to 16 overlapping sources of inflammation and their downstream effects. A patient symptom survey and a retrospective chart review of 200 patients was therefore performed on those patients with chronic Lyme disease/PTLDS to identify those variables on the MSIDS model with the greatest potential effect on regaining health. Results indicate that dapsone combination therapy decreased the severity of eight major Lyme symptoms, and multiple sources of inflammation (other infections, immune dysfunction, autoimmunity, food allergies/sensitivities, leaky gut, mineral deficiencies, environmental toxins with detoxification problems, and sleep disorders) along with downstream effects of inflammation may all affect chronic symptomatology. In part two of our observational study and review paper, we postulate that the use of this model can represent an important and needed paradigm shift in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic disease.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Morrison
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida; and
| | - Robert A Dudas
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kimberly Collins
- Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, Saint Petersburg, Florida; and
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Bartolini L, Piras E, Sullivan K, Gillen S, Bumbut A, Lin CTM, Leibovitch EC, Graves JS, Waubant EL, Chamberlain JM, Gaillard WD, Jacobson S. Detection of HHV-6 and EBV and Cytokine Levels in Saliva From Children With Seizures: Results of a Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study. Front Neurol 2018; 9:834. [PMID: 30344507 PMCID: PMC6182262 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: One third of children with epilepsy are refractory to medications. Growing data support a role of common childhood infections with neurotropic viruses and inflammation in epileptogenesis. Our objective was to determine the frequency of Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection and cytokine levels in saliva from children with seizures compared to healthy controls and to controls with a febrile illness without seizures. Methods: In this cross-sectional multi-center study, we collected saliva from 115 consecutive children with acute seizures (cases), 51 children with a fever and no seizures or underlying neurological disease (fever controls) and 46 healthy children (healthy controls). Specimens were analyzed by a novel droplet digital PCR for HHV-6 and EBV viral DNA and a bead-based immunoassay for neuroinflammatory cytokines. Results: Cases included febrile seizures (n = 30), acute seizures without (n = 53) and with fever (n = 4) in chronic epilepsy, new onset epilepsy (n = 13), febrile status epilepticus (n = 3), and first lifetime seizure (n = 12). HHV-6 DNA was found in 40% of cases vs. 37% fever controls and 35% healthy controls, with no statistically significant differences. EBV DNA was also detected with no differences in 17% cases, 16% fever controls, and 28% healthy controls. IL-8 and IL-1β were increased in saliva of 32 random samples from cases compared with 30 fever controls: IL-8 cases mean (SD): 1158.07 pg/mL (1427.41); controls 604.92 (754.04); p = 0.02. IL-1β 185.76 (230.57); controls 86.99 (187.39); p = 0.0002. IL-1β level correlated with HHV6 viral load (p = 0.007). Conclusion: Increase in inflammatory cytokines may play a role in the onset of acute seizures and saliva could represent an inexpensive and non-invasive method for detection of viral DNA and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bartolini
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eleonora Piras
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Neuroimmunology Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Kathryn Sullivan
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Sean Gillen
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Adrian Bumbut
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Cheng-Te Major Lin
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer S Graves
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emmanuelle L Waubant
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James M Chamberlain
- Emergency Medicine and Trauma Services, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - William D Gaillard
- Center for Neuroscience, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, United States
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22
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Celeste DB, Miller MS. Reviewing the evidence for viruses as environmental risk factors for ALS: A new perspective. Cytokine 2018; 108:173-178. [PMID: 29684753 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease whose etiology remains poorly understood. Since the genetic basis of disease is known in only a small subset of cases, there has been substantial interest in determining whether environmental factors act as triggers of ALS. Viruses have received longstanding attention as potential ALS triggers. Yet, existing studies have not provided a compelling case for causation. This review summarizes the evidence supporting a link between viral infection and motor neuron disease, with a focus on ALS. Limitations of prior studies are discussed and contextualized, and recent work that has provided stronger mechanistic evidence for viruses in disease pathogenesis is highlighted. Finally, we offer a new perspective on the association of viruses with ALS, and underscore the need for multidisciplinary approaches bridging neurology and infectious diseases research to move the field forward in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Celeste
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew S Miller
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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23
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Rouka E. Hypothesis: Is there a link between the immune response to Human Herpes Virus type 6Α (HHV-6Α) infection and the interaction network (interactome) of the genes encoding the CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3 and BST2 proteins? Med Hypotheses 2018; 112:47-50. [PMID: 29447938 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Herpes Virus type 6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous virus consisting of two viral species, HHV-6A and HHV-6B that have been associated with numerous and diverse pathologies. As many other viruses HHV-6 modulates the apoptotic machinery of its host to subvert immune response to infection, yet the exact mechanisms behind this process remain under investigation. The genes encoding the CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3 and BST2 proteins have been linked to HHV-6Α related neurologic diseases whilst also associated with apoptosis. This study aimed at the identification and functional analysis of the gene interaction network (interactome) of CTSS-PTX3-CHI3L1-Mx1-CXCL16-BIRC3-BST2 so as to evaluate the hypothesis of a probable link between the latter and host's immune response to HHV-6A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erasmia Rouka
- Transfusion Medicine Department, University Hospital of Larisa, Biopolis, 41334 Larisa, Greece.
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24
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EBV and HHV-6 Circulating Subtypes in People Living with HIV in Burkina Faso, Impact on CD4 T cell count and HIV Viral Load. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2017; 9:e2017049. [PMID: 28894558 PMCID: PMC5584768 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2017.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) and Human Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) are responsible for severe diseases, particularly in immunocompromised persons. There is limited data of the infection of these opportunistic viruses in Burkina Faso. The purpose of this study was to characterize EBV and HHV-6 subtypes and to assess their impact on CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and antiretroviral treatment in people living with HIV-1. The study population consisted of 238 HIV-positive patients with information on the CD4 T cell count, HIV-1 viral load and HAART. Venous blood samples collected in EDTA tubes were used for EBV and HHV-6 Real Time PCR subtyping. An infection rate of 6.7% (16/238) and 7.1% (17/238) were found respectively for EBV and HHV-6 in the present study. Among EBV infections, similar prevalence was noted for both subtypes (3.9% (9/238) for EBV-1 vs 4.6% (11/238) for EBV-2) with 2.1% (5/238) of co-infection. HHV-6A infection represented 6.3% (15/238) of the study population against 5.0% (12/238) for HHV-6B. EBV-2 infection was significantly higher in patients with CD4 T cell count ≥ 500 compared to those with CD4 T cell count less than 500 cells (1.65% vs 8.56%, p = 0,011). The prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 infections was almost similar in HAART-naive and HAART-experienced patients. The present study provides information on the prevalence of EBV and HHV-6 subtypes in people living with HIV-1 in Burkina Faso. The study also suggests that HAART treatment has no effect on infection with these opportunistic viruses in people living with HIV-1.
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25
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Righi E, Carnelutti A, Muser D, Zaja F, Lucchini E, Pea F, Di Gregorio F, Alavi A, Bassetti M. Successful treatment and FDG-PET/CT monitoring of HHV-6 encephalitis in a non-neutropenic patient: case report and literature review. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:908-912. [PMID: 28822107 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 reactivation is associated with severe forms of encephalitis among patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Cases in non-neutropenic patients are uncommon. The efficacy of ganciclovir and other compounds that are used for the treatment of HHV-6 encephalitis remains suboptimal and linked to toxicity. Valganciclovir, the oral prodrug of ganciclovir, could be practical to treat outpatients, but it is not commonly used for severe cases. We report a case of HHV-6 encephalitis in a non-neutropenic patient successfully treated with valganciclovir and undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring in plasma and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Resolution of infectious foci was documented by cerebral MRI and F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). A review of the literature on HHV-6 encephalitis is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Righi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Alessia Carnelutti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Muser
- Department of Cardiology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Francesco Zaja
- Department of Hematology, DISM, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Lucchini
- Department of Hematology, DISM, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Federico Pea
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Fernando Di Gregorio
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Abass Alavi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 50, Colugna Street, 33100, Udine, Italy
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Law A, Shmukler A, Burns J, Haramati LB. Viruses, Immunity and Unusual Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Chest: Integrating Imaging With Pathogenesis and Clinical Presentations. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2015; 40:71-9. [PMID: 26484956 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Unusual lymphoproliferative diseases result from the stimulation of intrathoracic lymphoid tissue by viruses and immune dysfunction, ranging from benign hyperplasia to malignant transformation. We review the clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of unusual lymphoproliferative disorders, which have been linked to viruses or immune dysfunction, focusing on thoracic manifestations. Understanding these advances in science enhances the radiologist's skills in integrating the imaging findings to the clinical scenario to suggest the correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Law
- From the *Department of Radiology, and †Departments of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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Ocular herpes: the pathophysiology, management and treatment of herpetic eye diseases. Virol Sin 2014; 29:327-42. [PMID: 25547680 PMCID: PMC8206444 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are a prominent cause of human viral disease, second only to the cold and influenza viruses. Most herpesvirus infections are mild or asymptomatic. However, when the virus invades the eye, a number of pathologies can develop and its associated sequelae have become a considerable source of ocular morbidity. The most common culprits of herpetic eye disease are the herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). While primary infection can produce ocular disease, the most destructive manifestations tend to arise from recurrent infection. These recurrent infections can wreck devastating effects and lead to irreversible vision loss accompanied by a decreased quality of life, increased healthcare usage, and significant cost burden. Unfortunately, no method currently exists to eradicate herpesviruses from the body after infection. Treatment and management of herpes-related eye conditions continue to revolve around antiviral drugs, although corticosteroids, interferons, and other newer therapies may also be appropriate depending on the disease presentation. Ultimately, the advent of effective vaccines will be crucial to preventing herpesvirus diseases altogether and cutting the incidence of ocular complications.
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28
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Abstract
Roseola infantum, also known as exanthem subitum or sixth disease, is a generally benign febrile exanthem of infancy. It has a characteristic clinical course of high fever followed by the appearance of an exanthem upon defervescence. Febrile seizures are a frequent complication. Roseola is caused by infection with human herpesviruses 6 or 7 (HHV-6/7), which are acquired at a young age. Diagnosis is made by serology or by virus detection in body fluids and tissues. Treatment of roseola is supportive; recovery is usually complete with no significant sequelae. However, HHV-6/7 can reactivate in immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised individuals with severe systemic consequence.
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29
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Mészáros B, Sápy T, Gergely L, Csoma E. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6A and 6B during pregnancy. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2014; 61:309-16. [PMID: 25102917 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.61.2014.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection during pregnancy. 100-100 blood samples were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women, then nucleic acid was isolated from both plasma and leukocytes fraction. Nested and real-time PCR were used to detect and differentiate HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA and to determine viral loads. Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) for HHV-6 U79/80 mRNA was performed in order to reveal active HHV-6 replication.HHV-6A and HHV-6B active infections were not detected in blood samples neither from pregnant nor from non-pregnant women. Frequency of HHV-6B and HHV-6A latency did not show difference between the studied groups (15% vs. 16%). HHV-6B latency was dominant in both studied groups (14/15 and 15/16). Beside these results, in leukocyte samples of one pregnant and three non-pregnant women high HHV-6A viral loads (1.28 × 10⁵ - 5.07 × 10⁵ GEq / 1.5 × 10⁶ leukocytes) were detected, and viral DNA was also found in plasma samples. Although RT-PCR did not confirm virus replication, but chromosomal integration was also not proved unequivocally, the number of 0.08-0.33 HHV-6 copy / 1 leukocyte refers more to postnatal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Mészáros
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
| | - Tamás Sápy
- 2 University of Debrecen Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Debrecen Hungary
| | - Lajos Gergely
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
| | - Eszter Csoma
- 1 University of Debrecen Department of Medical Microbiology Debrecen Hungary
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Nefzi F, Ben Salem NA, Khelif A, Feki S, Aouni M, Gautheret-Dejean A. Quantitative analysis of human herpesvirus-6 and human cytomegalovirus in blood and saliva from patients with acute leukemia. J Med Virol 2014; 87:451-60. [PMID: 25163462 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNAs were quantified by real-time PCR assays in blood and saliva obtained from 50 patients with acute leukemia at the time of diagnosis (50 of each matrix), aplasia (65 of each matrix), remission (55 of each matrix), and relapse (20 of each matrix) to evaluate which biological matrix was more suitable to identify a viral reactivation, search for a possible link between HHV-6 and HCMV reactivations, and evaluate the relations between viral loads and count of different leukocyte types in blood. The median HHV-6 loads were 136; 219; 226, and 75 copies/million cells in blood at diagnosis, aplasia, remission and relapse, respectively. The HCMV loads were 193 and 317 copies/million cells in blood at diagnosis and remission. In the saliva samples, the HHV-6 loads were 22,165; 15,238; 30,214, and 17,454 copies/million cells at diagnosis, aplasia, remission, and relapse, respectively. The HCMV loads were 8,991; 1,461; 2,980, and 4,283 copies/million cells at diagnosis, aplasia, remission, and relapse, respectively. The HHV-6 load in the blood was correlated to the counts of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (R(2) = 0.5; P < 0.0001) and lymphocytes (R(2) = 0.4; P = 0.001) and was not correlated to the monocyte counts (R(2) = 0.07; P = 0.7). Saliva appears to be a more sensitive biological matrix than whole blood in the detection of HHV-6 or HCMV reactivations. The HHV-6 and HCMV reactivations were linked only in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Nefzi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Turriziani O, Falasca F, Maida P, Gaeta A, De Vito C, Mancini P, De Seta D, Covelli E, Attanasio G, Antonelli G. Early collection of saliva specimens from Bell's palsy patients: Quantitative analysis of HHV-6, HSV-1, and VZV. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1752-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Falasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Paola Maida
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Corrado De Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department of Sense Organs; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Daniele De Seta
- Department of Sense Organs; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | - Edoardo Covelli
- Department of Sense Organs; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
| | | | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Sapienza University of Rome; Rome Italy
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Hakacova N, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Engdahl E, Fogdell-Hahn A, Higgins T. First therapeutic use of Artesunate in treatment of human herpesvirus 6B myocarditis in a child. J Clin Virol 2013; 57:157-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baudoux L, Ingen-Housz-Oro S, Corneille J, Sbidian E, Duong T, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Bagot M, Chosidow O, Wolkenstein P. Suspected Viral Maculopapular Eruptions: An Audit of Practice. Dermatology 2013; 227:72-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000352078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Ben-Fredj N, Ben-Selma W, Rotola A, Nefzi F, Benedetti S, Frih-Ayed M, Di Luca D, Aouni M, Caselli E. Prevalence of human herpesvirus U94/REP antibodies and DNA in Tunisian multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurovirol 2012. [PMID: 23179681 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has been linked to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on antibody detection and quantitative HHV-6 polymerase chain reaction assay, this study aimed to analyze the possible association between infection with HHV-6 and MS. A total of 131 serum samples were analyzed by ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies to HHV-6 latency-associated U94/REP protein: 68 serum samples from 60 MS patients (20 in relapse and 48 in remission phase) and 63 serum samples from 63 healthy controls. Real-time quantitative PCR for HHV-6 U94/rep DNA was also performed in total blood of MS patients and healthy controls. The serological analysis by ELISA showed that MS patients had increased prevalence and titers of anti-U94/REP immunoglobulins in comparison with control group (seroprevalence 51.47 % versus 28.57 % and mean titer of positive samples 1:248 versus 1:110; p=0.0005), with significant difference between relapse and remission phases. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 4 of 60 MS patients (6.66 %) and in 2 of 63 healthy controls (3.17 %), confirming previous data of prevalence obtained by qualitative nested PCR. However, viral load was higher in MS patients compared to controls, and differences were statistically significant (p=0.02). The results show that, in spite of the low presence of HHV-6 DNA in peripheral blood, MS patients have increased prevalence and titer of IgGs reacting with HHV-6 latency-associated U94/REP protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ben-Fredj
- Laboratory of Transmissible Diseases and Biological Active substances, LR99-ES27, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne street 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Meyding-Lamadé U, Strank C. Herpesvirus infections of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012; 5:279-96. [PMID: 22973424 DOI: 10.1177/1756285612456234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses may cause infections of the central nervous system during primary infection or following reactivation from a latent state. Especially in immunosuppressed patients the infection can take a life-threatening course, and therefore early diagnosis of herpesvirus-associated neurological diseases should have high priority. Clinical presentation in these patients is usually without typical features, making diagnosis even more challenging. Therefore general broad testing for different herpesviruses in cerebrospinal fluid samples is highly recommended. In addition, determination of the virus DNA level in the cerebrospinal fluid by quantitative assays seems to be of high importance to determine prognosis. Moreover, it might help to differentiate between specific virus-associated disease and unspecific presence of virus in the cerebrospinal fluid, especially in immunocompromised patients. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of cerebrospinal fluid has revolutionized the diagnosis of nervous system viral infections, particularly those caused by human herpesviruses. This review summarizes the role human herpesviruses play in central nervous system infections in immunocompromised patients, with a focus on the clinical manifestation of encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Meyding-Lamadé
- Head, Department of Neurology Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt/M. Germany
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36
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β-HHVs and HHV-8 in Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2011; 3:e2011043. [PMID: 22110893 PMCID: PMC3219645 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2011.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) is a γ-herpesvirus, recently recognized to be associated with the occurrence of rare B cell lymphomas and atypical lymphoproliferations, especially in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected subjects. Moreover, the human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), a β-herpesvirus, has been shown to be implicated in some non-malignant lymph node proliferations, such as the Rosai Dorfman disease, and in a proportion of Hodgkin’s lymphoma cases. HHV-6 has a wide cellular tropism and it might play a role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human diseases, but given its ubiquity, disease associations are difficult to prove and its role in hematological malignancies is still controversial. The involvement of another β-herpesvirus, the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), has not yet been proven in human cancer, even though recent findings have suggested its potential role in the development of CD4+ large granular lymphocyte (LGL) lymphocytosis. Here, we review the current knowledge on the pathogenetic role of HHV-8 and human β-herpesviruses in human lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Magalhães IM, Martins RVN, Cossatis JJ, Cavaliere RM, Afonso LA, Moysés N, Oliveira SA, Cavalcanti SMB. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 and 7 DNA in saliva from healthy adults from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 105:925-7. [PMID: 21120365 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762010000700015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate virus shedding in the saliva of healthy adults from the metropolitan region of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in order to verify the prevalence of both human herpesviruses 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7). The studied group comprised 182 healthy individuals at Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, who were being seen for annual odontologic revisions. Saliva specimens were subjected to a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of HHV-6A, HHV-6B and HHV-7. The total Roseolovirus DNA prevalence was 22.4%. The PCR detected a HHV-6 prevalence of 9.8%, with HHV-6A detected in 7.1% of the samples and HHV-6B in 2.7%. HHV-7 DNA was revealed in 12.6% of the studied cases. Multiple infections caused by HHV-6A and 7 were found in 2.1% of the samples. No statistical differences were observed regarding age, but for HHV-7 infection, an upward trend was observed in female patients. Compared to studies from other countries, low prevalence rates of herpesvirus DNA were detected in saliva from the healthy individuals in our sample. PCR methodology thus proved to be a useful tool for Roseolovirus detection and it is important to consider possible geographic and populations differences that could explain the comparatively low prevalence rates described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivna M Magalhães
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Human herpesvirus-6 entry into the central nervous system through the olfactory pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13734-9. [PMID: 21825120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105143108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have been implicated in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a neurotropic virus that has been associated with a wide variety of neurologic disorders, including encephalitis, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis. Currently, the route of HHV-6 entry into the CNS is unknown. Using autopsy specimens, we found that the frequency of HHV-6 DNA in the olfactory bulb/tract region was among the highest in the brain regions examined. Given this finding, we investigated whether HHV-6 may infect the CNS via the olfactory pathway. HHV-6 DNA was detected in a total of 52 of 126 (41.3%) nasal mucous samples, showing the nasal cavity is a reservoir for HHV-6. Furthermore, specialized olfactory-ensheathing glial cells located in the nasal cavity were demonstrated to support HHV-6 replication in vitro. Collectively, these results support HHV-6 utilization of the olfactory pathway as a route of entry into the CNS.
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Altay M, Akay H, Ünverdi S, Altay F, Çeri M, Altay FA, Cesur S, Duranay M, Demiroz AP. Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. Perit Dial Int 2011; 31:320-4. [DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2010.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection occurs worldwide and can be reactivated from latency during periods of immunosuppression, especially after organ transplantation. No previous study has evaluated the influence of dialysis type on HHV-6 infection. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of HHV-6 antibodies in hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods W e studied 36 PD patients, 35 HD patients, and 20 healthy subjects, all with no history of organ transplantation. After systematic inquiries and a physical examination, blood was drawn for determination of biochemical parameters, cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG), hepatitis B surface antigen, and the hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Titers of HHV-6 IgM and IgG antibodies were determined by ELISA. Results Titers for HHV-6 IgM antibody were positive in 9 HD patients (25.7%), 8 PD patients (22.2%), and 2 control subjects (10.0%, p > 0.05). More HD patients (20.0%) than PD patients (5.6%, p = 0.07) or control subjects (0.0%, p =0.03) were positive for HHV-6 IgG antibody. In HD patients, HHV-6 IgG seropositivity and duration of dialysis were positively correlated (R = 0.33, p = 0.05). Conclusions Infection with HHV-6 is not rare in PD and HD patients. In addition, HHV-6 IgG seropositivity was significantly higher in H D patients than in control subjects and approached significance when compared with seropositivity in PD patients. Moreover, in HD patients, HHV-6 IgG seropositivity correlated with duration on HD. These preliminary findings provide insight into the pre-transplantation period for patients and may aid our understanding of how to best protect patients against HHV-6 after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Altay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Education and Research Hospital
| | - Hatice Akay
- Department of Microbiology, Ankara Diskapi Pediatric Education and Research Hospital
| | - Selman Ünverdi
- Department of Nephrology and Department of Infectious Disease
| | - Filiz Altay
- Department of Microbiology, Ankara Diskapi Pediatric Education and Research Hospital
| | - Mevlüt Çeri
- Department of Nephrology and Department of Infectious Disease
| | | | - Salih Cesur
- Ankara Education and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murat Duranay
- Department of Nephrology and Department of Infectious Disease
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Özcan D, Seçkin D, Bilezikçi B, Arslan H. The role of human herpesvirus-6, Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections in the etiopathogenesis of different types of cutaneous drug reactions. Int J Dermatol 2010; 49:1250-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) belongs to the herpesvirus family and is categorized into variant A and B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B). Primary HHV-6 infection in children and its related diseases are almost exclusively caused by HHV-6B and no disease caused by HHV-6A has been identified. The cellular receptor of HHV-6 has been shown to be a human CD46, and its viral ligand is an envelope glycoprotein complex, gH/gL/gQ1/gQ2 in HHV-6A. Furthermore, both cellular and viral lipid rafts play an important role in the HHV-6 entry process, suggesting that HHV-6 may enter its target cells through a lipid raft-associated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Tang
- Laboratoy of Virology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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Glâtre F, Rousseau E, Bacin F. Uvéite unilatérale avec polymerase chain reaction positive pour HHV6 dans l’humeur aqueuse chez une patiente sous étanercept : à propos d’un cas. J Fr Ophtalmol 2010; 33:561-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV) 6, the etiologic agent of roseola, is nearly universally acquired during childhood. The virus establishes lifelong infection, including within the central nervous system (CNS), and replicates within several CNS cell types. HHV-6 has been linked to CNS disease during primary infection, including febrile seizures and possibly hippocampal injury. HHV-6 may also be associated with neurologic disease later in life, particularly in transplant patients. Recent reports offer evidence that HHV-6 reactivation may underlie a characteristic limbic encephalitis syndrome following hematopoietic cell transplant; the cardinal features of this syndrome include memory loss, insomnia, electroencephalographic evidence of temporal lobe seizure activity, MRI signal intensity abnormalities of the mesial temporal lobe, and the syndrome of inappropriate release of antidiuretic hormone. HHV-6 DNA is frequently detectable by nucleic acid amplification tests in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood upon symptom onset, which may provide a screening strategy in high-risk patients. Possible associations of HHV-6 with meningoencephalitis, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and multiple sclerosis in apparently immunocompetent hosts are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Viral infections of the pediatric central nervous system (CNS) encompass a broad spectrum of both perinatally and postnatally acquired diseases with potentially devastating effects on the developing brain. In children, viral infections have been associated with chronic encephalopathy, encephalitis, demyelinating disease, tumors, and epilepsy. Older diagnostic techniques of biopsy, viral culture, electron microscopy, gel-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and viral titer quantification are being replaced with more rapid, sensitive, and specific real-time and microarray-based PCR technologies. Advances in neuroimaging technologies have provided for earlier recognition of CNS injury without elucidation of specific viral etiology. Although the mainstay therapy of many pediatric neurovirologic diseases, aside from HIV, includes intravenous acyclovir, much work is being done to develop novel antiviral immunotherapies aimed at both treating and preventing pediatric CNS viral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive Box 0935, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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46
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Fazakas Á, Csire M, Berencsi G, Szepesi Á, Matolcsy A, Jakab L, karádi I, Várkonyi J. Multicentric plasmocytic Castleman's disease with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, M protein, skin changes syndrome and coexistent human herpes virus-6 infection – a possible relationship. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 50:1661-5. [DOI: 10.1080/10428190903162743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Galic MA, Riazi K, Henderson AK, Tsutsui S, Pittman QJ. Viral-like brain inflammation during development causes increased seizure susceptibility in adult rats. Neurobiol Dis 2009; 36:343-51. [PMID: 19660546 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Revised: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the CNS and their accompanying inflammation can cause long-term neurological effects, including increased risk for seizures. To examine the effects of CNS inflammation, we infused polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, intracerebroventricularly to mimic a viral CNS infection in 14 day-old rats. This caused fever and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1beta in the brain. As young adults, these animals were more susceptible to lithium-pilocarpine and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and showed memory deficits in fear conditioning. Whereas there was no alteration in adult hippocampal cytokine levels, we found a marked increase in NMDA (NR2A and C) and AMPA (GluR1) glutamate receptor subunit mRNA expression. The increase in seizure susceptibility, glutamate receptor subunits, and hippocampal IL-1beta levels were suppressed by neonatal systemic minocycline. Thus, a novel model of viral CNS inflammation reveals pathophysiological relationships between brain cytokines, glutamate receptors, behaviour and seizures, which can be attenuated by anti-inflammatory agents like minocycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Galic
- Epilepsy and Brain Circuits Program, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Li H, Meng S, Levine SM, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Sensitive, qualitative detection of human herpesvirus-6 and simultaneous differentiation of variants A and B. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:20-3. [PMID: 19540801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current limitations of laboratory testing for the detection of human herpesvirus virus 6 (HHV-6) in clinical specimens with low HHV-6 viral loads make this area a priority for further research and development. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a sensitive qualitative assay for simultaneous HHV-6 detection and variant differentiation. METHODS We developed a diagnostic procedure, which combines a magnetic bead-based nucleic acid extraction, PCR amplification, and colorimetric microtiter plate identification (MAG-PCR-EIA), for the sensitive detection of HHV-6 and the simultaneous differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B. RESULTS Analytic sensitivities of the MAG-PCR-EIA assay were 10 copies per reaction for both HHV-6A and HHV-6B variants, which is equivalent to 20 copies/ml when 1ml of clinical specimen was processed. A proficiency panel containing 11 blinded specimens covering HHV-6A viral loads from 0 to 100,000 copies was tested, and the MAG-PCR-EIA was able to detect the lowest concentration at one copy in 200microl. A panel of 27 urine specimens, which were collected from patients with and without chronic fatigue syndrome, was tested by the MAG-PCR-EIA. HHV-6 was detected in two (HHV-6A) patients who have chromosomally integrated HHV-6A and in one (HHV-6B) patient who was a healthy control and diagnosed as cervical cancer later on. The HHV-6 results did not correlate with results previously determined by HHV-6 antigenemia in urine. CONCLUSION With large specimen volumes processed and an additional signal amplification incorporated, the MAG-PCR-EIA provides a sensitive and qualitative system for HHV-6 detection and simultaneous variant differentiation. Clinical relevance of the assay awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Li
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
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Milbradt J, Auerochs S, Korn K, Marschall M. Sensitivity of human herpesvirus 6 and other human herpesviruses to the broad-spectrum antiinfective drug artesunate. J Clin Virol 2009; 46:24-8. [PMID: 19501020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiviral therapy for HHV-6 infection with conventional anti-herpesviral drugs is problematic so novel drugs are required. Artesunate is a well-tolerated drug approved for malaria therapy which possesses antiviral activity. OBJECTIVE The artesunate sensitivity of HHV-6 was analyzed and compared to that of several other human herpesviruses. STUDY DESIGN Cultured human cells were productively infected with strains of HHV-6 or other human herpesviruses to measure artesunate inhibition of viral protein synthesis (Western blot analysis) or viral genome replication (qPCR), and to determine IC(50) values by immunofluorescence or plaque reduction assays. RESULTS Sensitivity of HHV-6 to artesunate was demonstrated with an IC(50) of 3.80+/-1.06microM. This is in a range similar to IC(50) values for HCMV and EBV. Artesunate treatment of HHV-6-infected cells significantly reduced viral early and late protein synthesis that occurred in the absence of drug-induced apoptosis or necrotic cytotoxicity. HHV-6A genome replication was markedly reduced by artesunate. CONCLUSIONS Artesunate possesses anti-HHV-6 activity in vitro and may be useful for treatment of HHV-6 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Milbradt
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Medical Center Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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50
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Hubacek P, Muzikova K, Hrdlickova A, Cinek O, Hyncicova K, Hrstkova H, Sedlacek P, Stary J. Prevalence of HHV-6 integrated chromosomally among children treated for acute lymphoblastic or myeloid leukemia in the Czech Republic. J Med Virol 2009; 81:258-63. [PMID: 19107978 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal integration of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a novel situation found in a small percentage of individuals. While active HHV-6 infection is treatable using antivirals, the abnormally high level of HHV-6 DNA found in chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (CI-HHV-6) is not affected by such drugs. Stored DNA samples taken originally for detection of fusion genes and minimal residual disease from 339 pediatric patients treated for leukemia in the Czech Republic between the years 1995-2007 were tested retrospectively. Using real-time quantitative PCR technology, the quantity of HHV-6 DNA detected was normalized to 100,000 human genome equivalents as assessed by quantitation of the albumin gene. HHV-6 DNA was detected in 107 samples from 91 patients (26.8%). In the majority of samples (99) only a minute level of normalized viral copies (NVCs) (median 1.84 NVCs) was detected. A high viral load of approximately 100,000 NVCs was detected in 5 patients (1.5%; median 140,150 NVCs), in all of whom were confirmed subsequently CI-HHV-6 by a detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles or in the nails. In all but one patient with HHV-6 variant B, variant A of the virus was detected. None of the patients with CI-HHV-6 had complications attributable to HHV-6 infection. The prevalence of CI-HHV-6 in childhood leukemia does not differ from that published for other patients or healthy populations. Where high levels of HHV-6 DNA are present, CI-HHV-6 should be confirmed as soon as possible so that potentially toxic but ineffective antiviral treatment can be stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Hubacek
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
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