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Haghshenas-Gorgabi N, Poorjavd N, Khajehali J, Wybouw N. Cardinium symbionts are pervasive in Iranian populations of the spider mite Panonychus ulmi despite inducing an infection cost and no demonstrable reproductive phenotypes when Wolbachia is a symbiotic partner. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:369-380. [PMID: 37819592 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Maternally transmitted symbionts such as Cardinium and Wolbachia are widespread in arthropods. Both Cardinium and Wolbachia can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, a reproductive phenotype that interferes with the development of uninfected eggs that are fertilized by infected sperm. In haplodiploid hosts, these symbionts can also distort sex allocation to facilitate their spread through host populations. Without other fitness effects, symbionts that induce strong reproductive phenotypes tend to spread to high and stable infection frequencies, whereas variants that induce weak reproductive phenotypes are typically associated with intermediate and variable frequencies. To study the spread of Cardinium in a haplodiploid host, we sampled Iranian populations of the economically important spider mite Panonychus ulmi in apple orchards. Within several field populations, we also studied the Wolbachia infection frequencies. All P. ulmi field populations carried a Cardinium infection and exhibited high infection frequencies. In contrast, Wolbachia frequency ranged between ca. 10% and ca. 70% and was only found in co-infected mites. To test whether Cardinium induce reproductive phenotypes in P. ulmi, a Cardinium-cured derived line was generated by antibiotic treatment from a co-infected field population. Genetic crosses indicated that Cardinium do not induce demonstrable levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility and sex allocation distortion in co-infected P. ulmi. However, Cardinium infection was associated with a longer developmental time and reduced total fecundity for co-infected females. We hypothesize that Cardinium spread through P. ulmi populations via uncharacterized fitness effects and that co-infection with Wolbachia might impact these drive mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Haghshenas-Gorgabi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Poorjavd
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Jahangir Khajehali
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Wybouw N, Van Reempts E, Zarka J, Zélé F, Bonte D. Egg provisioning explains the penetrance of symbiont-mediated sex allocation distortion in haplodiploids. Heredity (Edinb) 2023; 131:221-229. [PMID: 37443389 PMCID: PMC10462646 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-023-00638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternally transmitted symbionts such as Wolbachia can alter sex allocation in haplodiploid arthropods. By biasing population sex ratios towards females, these changes in sex allocation may facilitate the spread of symbionts. In contrast to symbiont-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), the mechanisms that underpin sex allocation distortion remain poorly understood. Using a nuclear genotype reference panel of the haplodiploid mite Tetranychus urticae and a single Wolbachia variant that is able to simultaneously induce sex allocation distortion and CI, we unraveled the mechanistic basis of Wolbachia-mediated sex allocation distortion. Host genotype was an important determinant for the strength of sex allocation distortion. We further show that sex allocation distortion by Wolbachia in haplodiploid mites is driven by increasing egg size, hereby promoting egg fertilization. This change in reproductive physiology was also coupled to increased male and female adult size. Our results echo previous work on Cardinium symbionts, suggesting that sex allocation distortion by regulating host investment in egg size is a common strategy among symbionts that infect haplodiploids. To better understand the relevance that sex allocation distortion may have for the spread of Wolbachia in natural haplodiploid populations, we parametrized a model based on generated phenotypic data. Our simulations show that empirically derived levels of sex allocation distortion can be sufficient to remove invasion thresholds, allowing CI to drive the spread of Wolbachia independently of the initial infection frequency. Our findings help elucidate the mechanisms that underlie the widespread occurrence of symbionts in haplodiploid arthropods and the evolution of sex allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Emma Van Reempts
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Zarka
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Flore Zélé
- Institute of Evolutionary Science (ISEM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Dries Bonte
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Rodrigues LR, Zélé F, Santos I, Magalhães S. No evidence for the evolution of mating behaviour in spider mites due to
Wolbachia
‐induced cytoplasmic incompatibility. Evolution 2022; 76:623-635. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonor R. Rodrigues
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Edifício C2, 3° piso Lisboa 1749‐016 Portugal
| | - Flore Zélé
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Edifício C2, 3° piso Lisboa 1749‐016 Portugal
- Institute of Evolution Sciences (ISEM), University of Montpellier CNRS, IRD, EPHE Montpellier France
| | - Inês Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Edifício C2, 3° piso Lisboa 1749‐016 Portugal
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculty of Sciences University of Lisbon Edifício C2, 3° piso Lisboa 1749‐016 Portugal
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Zélé F, Santos I, Matos M, Weill M, Vavre F, Magalhães S. Endosymbiont diversity in natural populations of Tetranychus mites is rapidly lost under laboratory conditions. Heredity (Edinb) 2020; 124:603-617. [PMID: 32047292 PMCID: PMC7080723 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-020-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the diversity of bacterial endosymbionts in arthropods is well documented, whether and how such diversity is maintained remains an open question. We investigated the temporal changes occurring in the prevalence and composition of endosymbionts after transferring natural populations of Tetranychus spider mites from the field to the laboratory. These populations, belonging to three different Tetranychus species (T. urticae, T. ludeni and T. evansi) carried variable infection frequencies of Wolbachia, Cardinium, and Rickettsia. We report a rapid change of the infection status of these populations after only 6 months of laboratory rearing, with an apparent loss of Rickettsia and Cardinium, while Wolbachia apparently either reached fixation or was lost. We show that Wolbachia had variable effects on host longevity and fecundity, and induced variable levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in each fully infected population, despite no sequence divergence in the markers used and full CI rescue between all populations. This suggests that such effects are largely dependent upon the host genotype. Subsequently, we used these data to parameterize a theoretical model for the invasion of CI-inducing symbionts in haplodiploids, which shows that symbiont effects are sufficient to explain their dynamics in the laboratory. This further suggests that symbiont diversity and prevalence in the field are likely maintained by environmental heterogeneity, which is reduced in the laboratory. Overall, this study highlights the lability of endosymbiont infections and draws attention to the limitations of laboratory studies to understand host-symbiont interactions in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flore Zélé
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3 Campo Grande, 1749016, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Inês Santos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3 Campo Grande, 1749016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Margarida Matos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3 Campo Grande, 1749016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mylène Weill
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD-EPHE), 34095, CEDEX 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabrice Vavre
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio C2, Piso-3 Campo Grande, 1749016, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Rood ES, Freedberg S. Intragenomic conflict produces sex ratio dynamics that favor maternal sex ratio distorters. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8085-8093. [PMID: 27878080 PMCID: PMC5108260 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal sex ratio distorters (MSDs) are selfish elements that enhance their transmission by biasing their host's sex allocation in favor of females. While previous models have predicted that the female-biased populations resulting from sex ratio distortion can benefit from enhanced productivity, these models neglect Fisherian selection for nuclear suppressors, an unrealistic assumption in most systems. We used individual-based computer simulation modeling to explore the intragenomic conflict between sex ratio distorters and their suppressors and explored the impacts of these dynamics on population-level competition between species characterized by MSDs and those lacking them. The conflict between distorters and suppressors was capable of producing large cyclical fluctuations in the population sex ratio and reproductive rate. Despite fitness costs associated with the distorters and suppressors, MSD populations often exhibited enhanced productivity and outcompeted non-MSD populations in single and multiple-population competition simulations. Notably, the conflict itself is beneficial to the success of populations, as sex ratio oscillations limit the competitive deficits associated with prolonged periods of male rarity. Although intragenomic conflict has been historically viewed as deleterious to populations, our results suggest that distorter-suppressor conflict can provide population-level advantages, potentially helping to explain the persistence of sex ratio distorters in a range of taxa.
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Alexander HJ, Richardson JML, Anholt BR. Multigenerational response to artificial selection for biased clutch sex ratios in Tigriopus californicus
populations. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1921-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. R. Anholt
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre; Bamfield BC Canada
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7
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Zug R, Hammerstein P. Bad guys turned nice? A critical assessment of Wolbachia mutualisms in arthropod hosts. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:89-111. [PMID: 24618033 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia are the most abundant bacterial endosymbionts among arthropods. Although maternally inherited, they do not conform to the widespread view that vertical transmission inevitably selects for beneficial symbionts. Instead, Wolbachia are notorious for their reproductive parasitism which, although lowering host fitness, ensures their spread. However, even for reproductive parasites it can pay to enhance host fitness. Indeed, there is a recent upsurge of reports on Wolbachia-associated fitness benefits. Therefore, the question arises how such instances of mutualism are related to the phenotypes of reproductive parasitism. Here, we review the evidence of Wolbachia mutualisms in arthropods, including both facultative and obligate relationships, and critically assess their biological relevance. Although many studies report anti-pathogenic effects of Wolbachia, few actually prove these effects to be relevant to field conditions. We further show that Wolbachia frequently have beneficial and detrimental effects at the same time, and that reproductive manipulations and obligate mutualisms may share common mechanisms. These findings undermine the idea of a clear-cut distinction between Wolbachia mutualism and parasitism. In general, both facultative and obligate mutualisms can have a strong, and sometimes unforeseen, impact on the ecology and evolution of Wolbachia and their arthropod hosts. Acknowledging this mutualistic potential might be the key to a better understanding of some unresolved issues in the study of Wolbachia-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zug
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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8
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McCulloch JB, Owen JP. Arrhenotoky and oedipal mating in the northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) (Acari: Gamasida: Macronyssidae). Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:281. [PMID: 23210934 PMCID: PMC3519749 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The northern fowl mite (NFM; Ornithonyssus sylviarum) is a blood-feeding ectoparasite of birds and a major pest of poultry in the United States. Mite populations spread rapidly in commercial flocks, reach peak burdens of >70,000 mites per bird and have developed resistance to many pesticides. Despite decades as a pest in the United States, the reproductive biology of NFM remains unclear. Based on karyotypes, the NFM has haplodiploid sex determination, which suggests unmated females could produce male offspring (arrhenotoky). Thus, unmated females could disseminate to a new host and initiate an infestation by producing and mating with sons (oedipal mating). Methods We used small capsules to isolate and recover NFM on host chickens. Mites in capsules could blood feed, develop and reproduce, but could not contact other mites. Individual larvae were matured in isolation to produce known, unmated females. We evaluated reproduction of (I) previously mated females (i) in isolation, or (ii) paired with a male, and (II) unmated (virgin) females in isolation. In each treatment we recorded the number and sexes of offspring produced over time. Results Mated NFM produced female and male offspring in isolation, or when paired with a male. When paired with a male, females produced a female-biased sex ratio of the offspring (F:M ratio ~5:1). Unmated, female NFM produced exclusively male offspring when in isolation. When paired with their sons that had developed to maturity, the "virgin" females were able to mate and subsequently produce female offspring. Conclusions This study found that females with immediate access to sperm produced mostly female offspring. Virgin female NFM initially produced only male offspring and subsequently used oedipal mating to produce female offspring. Using this reproductive system NFM could successfully colonize new hosts as immature, or unmated females. The strong female-biased sex ratio of NFM populations suggests a large proportion of the parasite population is capable of disseminating to new hosts, which is essential for an obligate parasite to persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B McCulloch
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, PO Box 646382, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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9
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Macke E, Magalhães S, Do-Thi Khanh H, Frantz A, Facon B, Olivieri I. Mating modifies female life history in a haplodiploid spider mite. Am Nat 2012; 179:E147-62. [PMID: 22504549 DOI: 10.1086/665002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mating usually modifies females' resource allocation pattern, often as a result of conflicts between male and female partners. Can such a switch occur even in the absence of sexual conflicts? We addressed this issue in the haplodiploid spider mite Tetranychus urticae, whose biology and population structure considerably reduce conflicts between males and females over reproductive decisions. Comparing virgin and mated females, we tested the hypothesis that mated females modify their allocation pattern so as to maximize their probability of producing daughters. Mated females produced fewer but larger eggs, resulting in an overall similar reproductive effort but an increased probability of producing daughters, since in this species larger eggs are more likely to be fertilized and thus to become female. Moreover, mated females concentrated their reproduction early in life. Again, this might be a way to produce more daughters, since sperm is more abundant early in life. For virgins, spreading reproductive investment might be a way to save resources to extend life span, thus increasing their probability of encountering a sexual partner. Females with multiple opportunities for mating produced fewer eggs and a less female-biased sex ratio than once-mated females, raising the question of why multiple mating often occurs in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Université Montpellier 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5554, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France
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10
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Macke E, Magalhães S, Bach F, Olivieri I. Experimental evolution of reduced sex ratio adjustment under local mate competition. Science 2011; 334:1127-9. [PMID: 22052976 DOI: 10.1126/science.1212177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that local mate competition (LMC) favors the evolution of female-biased sex ratios. Empirical support of this prediction is indirect and comes from comparative studies or from studies showing that individuals can adjust their offspring sex ratio in response to varying LMC intensities. Replicate lines from a population of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae were selected under three LMC intensities for up to 54 generations. Within each selection regime, the final sex ratio matched theoretical predictions. Furthermore, the ability of individuals to adjust their offspring sex ratio diminished in females evolving under strict LMC, but not in females evolving under relaxed LMC levels. These results provide direct experimental evidence for the evolutionary process by which LMC modifies sex-allocation strategies and suggest that evolution under strict and constant LMC may lead to a loss of phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Macke
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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11
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White JA. Caught in the act: rapid, symbiont-driven evolution: endosymbiont infection is a mechanism generating rapid evolution in some arthropods--but how widespread is the phenomenon? Bioessays 2011; 33:823-9. [PMID: 22006824 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Facultative bacterial endosymbionts can transfer horizontally among lineages of their arthropod hosts, providing the recipient with a suite of traits that can lead to rapid evolutionary response, as has been recently demonstrated. But how common is symbiont-driven evolution? Evidence suggests that successful symbiont transfers are most likely within a species or among closely related species, although more distant transfers have occurred over evolutionary history. Symbiont-driven evolution need not be a function of a recent horizontal transfer, however. Many endosymbionts infect only a small proportion of a host population, but could quickly increase in frequency under favorable selection regimes. Some host species appear to accumulate a diversity of facultative endosymbionts, and it is among these species that symbiont-driven evolution should be most prevalent. It remains to be determined how frequently symbionts enable rapid evolutionary response by their hosts, but substantial ecological effects are a likely consequence whenever it does occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A White
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, USA.
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12
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GUNNARSSON BENGT, GOODACRE SARAL, HEWITT GODFREYM. Sex ratio, mating behaviour and Wolbachia infections in a sheetweb spider. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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de Vries EJ, van der Wurff AWG, Jacobs G, Breeuwer JAJ. Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, have gut bacteria that are closely related to the symbionts of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2008; 8:1-11. [PMID: 20298113 PMCID: PMC3061595 DOI: 10.1673/031.008.2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that many insects have Enterobacteriaceae bacteria in their gut system. The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande [Thysanoptera: Thripidae], has a symbiotic relation with Erwinia species gut bacteria. To determine if other Thripidae species have similar bacterial symbionts, the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, was studied because, like F. occidentalis, it is phytophagous. Contrary to F. occidentalis, T. tabaci is endemic in Europe and biotypes have been described. Bacteria were isolated from the majority of populations and biotypes of T. tabaci examined. Bacteria were present in high numbers in most individuals of the populations studied. Like F. occidentalis, T. tabaci contained one type of bacterium that clearly outnumbered all other types present in the gut. This bacterium was identified as an Erwinia species, as was also the case for F. occidentalis. However, its biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence differed from the bacteria present in F. occidentalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert J de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Negri I, Pellecchia M, Mazzoglio P, Patetta A, Alma A. Feminizing Wolbachia in Zyginidia pullula (Insecta, Hemiptera), a leafhopper with an XX/X0 sex-determination system. Proc Biol Sci 2006; 273:2409-16. [PMID: 16928646 PMCID: PMC1636090 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zyginidia pullula is a grass-dwelling leafhopper characterized by a bisexual reproduction mode. In this species, some females collected in Northern Italy, when mated with males, gave origin to an exclusively female brood. Here, we demonstrated that in these lineages an infection by a new strain of Wolbachia pipientis-designated as wZygpul-was detected by amplifying and sequencing the wsp and 16S rRNA genes. About half of the female progeny were characterized by intersexual phenotypes, i.e. showing upper pygofer appendages, a typical male secondary sexual feature. The karyological analysis proved that while phenotypically normal females had a female genotype, those with upper pygofer appendages had a male genotype and were thus feminized males. The complete removal of W. pipientis after tetracycline treatment of morphologically normal females, and the consequent re-appearance of males in the brood, permitted us to connect the feminizing effect with the presence of the bacterium. This is the first case of feminization by W. pipientis in an XX/X0 sex-determination system, and is the second case reported in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Negri
- Di.Va.P.R.A., Entomologia e Zoologia Applicate all'Ambiente ‘Carlo Vidano’, Università di TorinoVia L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - M Pellecchia
- Laboratorio di Genetica Animale, Istituto di Zootecnica, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia Emilia Parmense 84, 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - P.J Mazzoglio
- Di.Va.P.R.A., Entomologia e Zoologia Applicate all'Ambiente ‘Carlo Vidano’, Università di TorinoVia L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - A Patetta
- Di.Va.P.R.A., Entomologia e Zoologia Applicate all'Ambiente ‘Carlo Vidano’, Università di TorinoVia L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - A Alma
- Di.Va.P.R.A., Entomologia e Zoologia Applicate all'Ambiente ‘Carlo Vidano’, Università di TorinoVia L. da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- Author for correspondence ()
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Puttaraju HP, Prakash BM. Wolbachia and reproductive conflict in Exorista sorbillans. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 60:230-5. [PMID: 16304620 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many arthropods harbour endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. These endosymbionts are transmitted vertically from one generation to the next and are obligatory in several Dipterans that have been studied to date. These bacteria induce an array of reproductive isolation mechanisms that are implicated in pest management to evolutionary biology of respective hosts. The uzifly, Exorista sorbillans, a tachinid endoparasitoid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), causes enormous losses to the silk industry; now it is known that it harbours Wolbachia endobacteria. The elimination of Wolbachia by antibiotics interrupts embryogenesis and causes various reproductive conflicts such as (1) a reduction of fecundity of uninfected female, (2) cytoplasmic incompatibility in the uninfected females crossed with infected males, (3) genomic incompatibility in crosses between males and females from uninfected population, and (4) sex-ratio distortion in uninfected females irrespective of the presence of Wolbachia in males. These results suggest that the relationship of Wolbachia with its uzifly host is one of mutual symbiosis as it controls the reproductive physiology of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Puttaraju
- Department of Sericulture, Bangalore University, Karnataka, India.
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16
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Dedeine F, Vavre F, Shoemaker DD, Boulétreau M. Intra-individual coexistence of a Wolbachia strain required for host oogenesis with two strains inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility in the wasp Asobara tabida. Evolution 2005; 58:2167-74. [PMID: 15562683 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmically inherited symbiotic Wolbachia bacteria are known to induce a diversity of phenotypes on their numerous arthropod hosts including cytoplasmic incompatibility, male-killing, thelytokous parthenogenesis, and feminization. In the wasp Asobara tabida (Braconidae), in which all individuals harbor three genotypic Wolbachia strains (wAtab1, wAtab2 and wAtab3), the presence of Wolbachia is required for insect oogenesis. To elucidate the phenotype of each Wolbachia strain on host reproduction, especially on oogenesis, we established lines of A. tabida harboring different combinations of these three bacterial strains. We found that wAtab3 is essential for wasp oogenesis, whereas the two other strains, wAtabl and wAtab2, seem incapable to act on this function. Furthermore, interline crosses showed that strains wAtab1 and wAtab2 induce partial (about 78%) cytoplasmic incompatibility of the female mortality type. These results support the idea that bacterial genotype is a major factor determining the phenotype induced by Wolbachia on A. tabida hosts. We discuss the implications of these findings for current hypotheses regarding the evolutionary mechanisms by which females of A. tabida have become dependent on Wolbachia for oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Dedeine
- Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, 69 622 Villeurbanne cédex, France.
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Vala F, Egas M, Breeuwer JAJ, Sabelis MW. Wolbachia affects oviposition and mating behaviour of its spider mite host. J Evol Biol 2004; 17:692-700. [PMID: 15149411 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria are transmitted from mother to offspring via the cytoplasm of the egg. When mated to males infected with Wolbachia bacteria, uninfected females produce unviable offspring, a phenomenon called cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Current theory predicts that 'sterilization' of uninfected females by infected males confers a fitness advantage to Wolbachia in infected females. When the infection is above a threshold frequency in a panmictic population, CI reduces the fitness of uninfected females below that of infected females and, consequently, the proportion of infected hosts increases. CI is a mechanism that benefits the bacteria but, apparently, not the host. The host could benefit from avoiding incompatible mates. Parasite load and disease resistance are known to be involved in mate choice. Can Wolbachia also be implicated in reproductive behaviour? We used the two-spotted spider mite - Wolbachia symbiosis to address this question. Our results suggest that uninfected females preferably mate to uninfected males while infected females aggregate their offspring, thereby promoting sib mating. Our data agrees with other results that hosts of Wolbachia do not necessarily behave as innocent bystanders - host mechanisms that avoid CI can evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vala
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Endosymbiotic bacteria live within a host species. There are many and diverse examples of such relationships, the study of which provides important lessons for ecology and evolution
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Wernegreen
- Josephine Bay Paul Center in Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA.
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Dedeine F, Vavre F, DeWayne Shoemaker D, Boulétreau M. INTRA-INDIVIDUAL COEXISTENCE OF A WOLBACHIA STRAIN REQUIRED FOR HOST OOGENESIS WITH TWO STRAINS INDUCING CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATIBILITY IN THE WASP ASOBARA TABIDA. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/04-176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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