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Structural and Functional Implication of Natural Variants of Gαs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044064. [PMID: 36835474 PMCID: PMC9959179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are among the most important cellular signaling components, especially G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). G proteins comprise three subunits, Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. Gα is the key subunit, and its structural state regulates the active status of G proteins. Interaction of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) with Gα switches G protein into basal or active states, respectively. Genetic alteration in Gα could be responsible for the development of various diseases due to its critical role in cell signaling. Specifically, loss-of-function mutations of Gαs are associated with parathyroid hormone-resistant syndrome such as inactivating parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTH/PTHrP) signaling disorders (iPPSDs), whereas gain-of-function mutations of Gαs are associated with McCune-Albright syndrome and tumor development. In the present study, we analyzed the structural and functional implications of natural variants of the Gαs subtype observed in iPPSDs. Although a few tested natural variants did not alter the structure and function of Gαs, others induced drastic conformational changes in Gαs, resulting in improper folding and aggregation of the proteins. Other natural variants induced only mild conformational changes but altered the GDP/GTP exchange kinetics. Therefore, the results shed light on the relationship between natural variants of Gα and iPPSDs.
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A Novel GNAS Mutation in a Patient with Ia Pseudohypoparathyroidism (iPPSD2) Phenotype. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020324. [PMID: 36833251 PMCID: PMC9956201 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous orphan disease characterized by multihormonal resistance and several phenotypic features. In some cases, PHP is caused by a mutation in the GNAS that encodes the alpha subunit of the G protein, one of the key transmitters of intracellular signals. A correlation between the genotype and phenotype of patients with GNAS mutations has not yet been described. This often makes diagnosis, drug prescription, and timely diagnosis difficult. Information about GNAS functioning and the impact of specific mutations on the clinical course of the disease is limited. Establishing of the pathogenicity by newly identified GNAS mutations will expand the understanding of this gene functioning in the cAMP signaling pathway and may become the basis for personalized treatment. This paper provides a clinical description of a patient with the Ia PHP phenotype caused by a previously unknown mutation in GNAS (NC_000020.11(NM_000516.7)): c.719-29_719-13delinsACCAAAGAGAGCAAAGCCAAG in the heterozygous state. Verification of the pathogenicity of the detected mutation is also described.
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Ohata Y, Kakimoto H, Seki Y, Ishihara Y, Nakano Y, Yamamoto K, Takeyari S, Fujiwara M, Kitaoka T, Takakuwa S, Kubota T, Ozono K. Pathogenic variants of the GNAS gene introduce an abnormal amino acid sequence in the β6 strand/α5 helix of Gsα, causing pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism in two unrelated Japanese families. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101637. [PMID: 36407415 PMCID: PMC9668531 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1A (PHP1A) and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP) are caused by loss-of-function variants of GNAS, which encodes Gsα. We present two unrelated Japanese families with PHP1A and PPHP harboring unreported pathogenic variants of GNAS (c.1141delG, p.Asp381Thrfs*23 and c.1117delC, p.Arg373Alafs*31). These variants introduce abnormal amino acids in the β6 strand/α5 helix of Gsα, which interact with G protein coupling receptor (GPCR). We conclude that these variants alter the association of Gsα with GPCR and cause PHP1A or PPHP. Reports of GNAS variants causing extra amino acid sequences are limited. Two cases with extended Gsα mutants showed clinical characteristics of PHP1A/PPHP. No change was found in the affinity between mutant Gsα and GDP using I-TASSER. I-TASSER and AlphaFold2 suggested the Gsα mutants caused dysfunction with GPCR. Prediction by I-TASSER and AlphaFold2 are useful in determination of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Ohata
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Haruna Kakimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuko Seki
- Department of Pediatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- The first Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukako Nakano
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Shinji Takeyari
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- The first Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Taichi Kitaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takakuwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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Tong Y, Yue D, Xin Y, Zhang D. GNAS mutation is an unusual cause of primary adrenal insufficiency: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:472. [PMID: 35927642 PMCID: PMC9351131 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-022-03517-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary adrenal insufficiency in children has non-specific and extensive clinical features, so the diagnosis of its etiology is complex and challenging. Although congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common cause, more and more other genetic causes have been identified. GNAS mutation is easily overlooked as a rare cause of primary adrenal insufficiency. Here we firstly report a neonatal case of primary adrenal insufficiency caused by GNAS mutation. Case presentation A boy was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism 10 days post-partum and treated immediately. He also had persistent hyperkalaemia and hyponatraemia with elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone. At 70 days after birth, he was transferred to our hospital on suspicion of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Physical examination found no other abnormalities except for growth retardation. Laboratory examination revealed increased aldosterone and normal cortisol, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione levels. Abnormally elevated parathyroid hormone was accompanied by normal blood calcium. Genetic assessment found a de novo, heterozygous c.432 + 1G > A variant in GNAS. Conclusions We report this case to highlight that GNAS mutation is an unusual cause of primary adrenal insufficiency. The combination of primary hypothyroidism and /or pseudohypoparathyroidism will provide diagnostic clues to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, P. R. China.
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Kagami R, Sato T, Ishii T, Araki E, Yamashita Y, Shibata H, Ishihara J, Hasegawa T. Central precocious puberty in a boy with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia due to a novel GNAS mutation. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2020; 29:89-90. [PMID: 32313379 PMCID: PMC7160456 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.29.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Araki
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamashita
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hironori Shibata
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Ishihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Maass PG, Weise A, Rittscher K, Lichtenwald J, Barutcu AR, Liehr T, Aydin A, Wefeld-Neuenfeld Y, Pölsler L, Tinschert S, Rinn JL, Luft FC, Bähring S. Reorganization of inter-chromosomal interactions in the 2q37-deletion syndrome. EMBO J 2018; 37:e96257. [PMID: 29921581 PMCID: PMC6068439 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes occupy distinct interphase territories in the three-dimensional nucleus. However, how these chromosome territories are arranged relative to one another is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the inter-chromosomal interactions between chromosomes 2q, 12, and 17 in human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived cell types by DNA-FISH We compared our findings in normal karyotypes with a three-generation family harboring a 2q37-deletion syndrome, featuring a heterozygous partial deletion of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) on chr2q37. In normal karyotypes, we detected stable, recurring arrangements and interactions between the three chromosomal territories with a tissue-specific interaction bias at certain loci. These inter-chromosomal interactions were confirmed by Hi-C. Interestingly, the disease-related HDAC4 deletion resulted in displaced inter-chromosomal arrangements and altered interactions between the deletion-affected chromosome 2 and chromosome 12 and/or 17 in 2q37-deletion syndrome patients. Our findings provide evidence for a direct link between a structural chromosomal aberration and altered interphase architecture that results in a nuclear configuration, supporting a possible molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp G Maass
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Rittscher
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Lichtenwald
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - A Rasim Barutcu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Atakan Aydin
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Laura Pölsler
- Zentrum Medizinische Genetik, Medizinische Universität, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sigrid Tinschert
- Zentrum Medizinische Genetik, Medizinische Universität, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, BioFrontiers, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sylvia Bähring
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a joint cooperation between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Germany
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Elli FM, Linglart A, Garin I, de Sanctis L, Bordogna P, Grybek V, Pereda A, Giachero F, Verrua E, Hanna P, Mantovani G, Perez de Nanclares G. The Prevalence of GNAS Deficiency-Related Diseases in a Large Cohort of Patients Characterized by the EuroPHP Network. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:3657-3668. [PMID: 27428667 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-4310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) was coined to describe the clinical condition resulting from end-organ resistance to parathormone (rPTH), caused by genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within or upstream of GNAS. Although knowledge about PHP is growing, there are few data on the prevalence of underlying molecular defects. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our study was to ascertain the relative prevalence of PHP-associated molecular defects. DESIGN With a specially designed questionnaire, we collected data from all patients (n = 407) clinically and molecularly characterized to date by expert referral centers in France, Italy, and Spain. RESULTS Isolated rPTH (126/407, 31%) was caused only by epigenetic defects, 70% of patients showing loss of imprinting affecting all four GNAS differentially methylated regions and 30% loss of methylation restricted to the GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR. Multihormone resistance with no Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) signs (61/407, 15%) was essentially due to epigenetic defects, although 10% of patients had point mutations. In patients with rPTH and AHO (40/407, 10%), the rate of point mutations was higher (28%) and methylation defects lower (about 70%). In patients with multihormone resistance and AHO (155/407, 38%), all types of molecular defects appeared with different frequencies. Finally, isolated AHO (18/407, 4%) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (7/407, 2%) were exclusively caused by point mutations. CONCLUSION With European data, we have established the prevalence of various genetic and epigenetic lesions in PHP-affected patients. Using these findings, we will develop objective criteria to guide cost-effective strategies for genetic testing and explore the implications for management and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marta Elli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Agnès Linglart
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Intza Garin
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Luisa de Sanctis
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Paolo Bordogna
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Virginie Grybek
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Arrate Pereda
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Federica Giachero
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Elisa Verrua
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Patrick Hanna
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez de Nanclares
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (F.M.E., E.V., P.B., G.M.), Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Milan, Italy; APHP (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Reference Center for Rare Disorders of the Mineral Metabolism and Plateforme d'expertise Paris Sud Maladies Rares, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France; INSERM U1169 (A.L., V.G., P.H.), Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, et Université Paris-Saclay, France; Molecular (Epi)Genetics Laboratory (I.G., A.P., G.P.d.N.), BioAraba National Health Institute, Hospital Universitario Araba-Txagorritxu, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Department of Public Health and Pediatrics (L.d.S., F.G.), University of Turin, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Health and Science City, Turin, Italy; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.P.), University of Basque Country, Leioa, Spain
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Thiele S, Werner R, Grötzinger J, Brix B, Staedt P, Struve D, Reiz B, Farida J, Hiort O. A positive genotype-phenotype correlation in a large cohort of patients with Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type Ia and Pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism and 33 newly identified mutations in the GNAS gene. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2014; 3:111-20. [PMID: 25802881 PMCID: PMC4367083 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternally inherited inactivating GNAS mutations are the most common cause of parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) leading to pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (PHPIa) due to Gsα deficiency. Paternally inherited inactivating mutations lead to isolated AHO signs characterizing pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP). Mutations are distributed throughout the Gsα coding exons of GNAS and there is a lack of genotype–phenotype correlation. In this study, we sequenced exon 1–13 of GNAS in a large cohort of PHPIa- and PPHP patients and identified 58 different mutations in 88 patients and 27 relatives. Thirty-three mutations including 15 missense mutations were newly discovered. Furthermore, we found three hot spots: a known hotspot (p.D190MfsX14), a second at codon 166 (p.R166C), and a third at the exon 5 acceptor splice site (c.435 + 1G>A), found in 15, 5, and 4 unrelated patients, respectively. Comparing the clinical features to the molecular genetic data, a significantly higher occurrence of subcutaneous calcifications in patients harboring truncating versus missense mutations was demonstrated. Thus, in the largest cohort of PHPIa patients described to date, we extend the spectrum of known GNAS mutations and hot spots and demonstrate for the first time a correlation between the genetic defects and the expression of a clinical AHO-feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Thiele
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf Werner
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Joachim Grötzinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel Kiel, Germany
| | - Bettina Brix
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pia Staedt
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Dagmar Struve
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Benedikt Reiz
- Institute for Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jennane Farida
- Service de Pédiatrie 2 unité, Hôpital universitaire Abderrahim Harouchi Chu ibn Rochd Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Olaf Hiort
- Division of Experimental Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics, University of Lübeck Lübeck, Germany
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9
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Fernández-Rebollo E, Lecumberri B, Gaztambide S, Martinez-Indart L, Perez de Nanclares G, Castaño L. Endocrine profile and phenotype-(epi)genotype correlation in Spanish patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E996-1006. [PMID: 23533243 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Recent advances in genetics and epigenetics have revealed an overlap between molecular and clinical features of pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) subtypes, broadening the previous spectrum of PHP genotype-phenotype correlations and indicating limitations of the current classification of the disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to screen patients with clinical diagnoses of PHP type I or pseudo-PHP for underlying molecular defects and explore possible correlations between molecular findings and clinical features. PATIENTS AND METHODS We investigated the GNAS locus at the molecular level in 72 affected patients (46 women and 26 men) from 56 nonrelated families. Clinical data were obtained for 63 of these patients (38 women and 25 men). RESULTS The molecular analysis showed that 35 patients carried structural mutations, 32 had loss of methylation, and 2 had a 2q37 deletion but did not reveal any (epi)mutation for 3 patients. Comparing these results and the clinical data, we observed that a younger age at diagnosis was associated with structural defects at the GNAS gene and epigenetic defects with a diagnosis later in life (9.19 ± 1.64 vs 24.57 ± 2.28 years, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS This first global review of PHP in Spain highlights the importance of a detailed clinical and genetic study of each patient and the integrated analysis of the findings from the two approaches. It may also help geneticists and clinicians to raise the suspicion of PHP earlier, reach more accurate diagnoses, and provide patients with PHP and their families with useful genetic information and counseling, thereby improving outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fernández-Rebollo
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
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10
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Elli FM, deSanctis L, Ceoloni B, Barbieri AM, Bordogna P, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A, Mantovani G. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism: the growing spectrum of GNAS inactivating mutations. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:411-6. [PMID: 23281139 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder characterized by end-organ resistance to parathyroid hormone due to partial deficiency of the α subunit of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα), encoded by the GNAS gene. Heterozygous inactivating GNAS mutations lead to either PHP type Ia (PHP-Ia), when maternally inherited, or pseudo-pseudohypoparathroidism (PPHP), if paternally derived. Both diseases feature typical physical traits identified as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy in the presence or absence of multihormone resistance, respectively. GNAS mutations are detected in 60-70% of affected subjects, most patients/families harbor private mutations and no genotype-phenotype correlation has been found to date. We investigated Gsα-coding GNAS exons in a large panel of PHP-Ia-PPHP patients collected over the past decade in the two Italian referring centers for PHP. Of 49 patients carrying GNAS mutations, we identified 15 novel mutations in 19 patients. No apparent correlation was found between clinical/biochemical data and results of molecular analysis. Furthermore, we summarized the current knowledge of GNAS molecular pathology and updated the GNAS-locus-specific database. These results further expand the spectrum of GNAS mutations associated with PHP/PPHP and underline the importance of identifying such genetic alterations to supplement clinical evaluation and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marta Elli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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11
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Snyder EE, Walts B, Pérusse L, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Rankinen T, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2003 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:369-439. [PMID: 15044658 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This is the tenth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results up to the end of October 2003 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome-wide scans and animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. Transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity are also incorporated (N = 55). As of October 2003, 41 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 183. There are 208 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome-wide scans and candidate regions in targeted studies. A total of 35 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 272 studies reporting positive associations with 90 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, more than 430 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric E Snyder
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808-4124, USA
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12
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Pérusse L, Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Snyder EE, Bouchard C. The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2004 Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:381-490. [PMID: 15833932 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the eleventh update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2004. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2004, 173 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 10 different genes have been reported, and 49 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 166 genes which, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 221. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we have now 204 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 50 genome-wide scans. A total of 38 genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to four studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably with 358 findings of positive associations with 113 candidate genes. Among them, 18 genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. Overall, >600 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and genomic and other relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérusse
- Division of Kinesiology, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada
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13
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Kelsey G. Imprinting on chromosome 20: Tissue-specific imprinting and imprinting mutations in the GNAS locus. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 154C:377-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Lebrun M, Richard N, Abeguilé G, David A, Coëslier Dieux A, Journel H, Lacombe D, Pinto G, Odent S, Salles JP, Taieb A, Gandon-Laloum S, Kottler ML. Progressive osseous heteroplasia: a model for the imprinting effects of GNAS inactivating mutations in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:3028-38. [PMID: 20427508 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Heterozygous GNAS inactivating mutations are known to induce pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a when maternally inherited and pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism when paternally inherited. Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) is a rare disease of ectopic bone formation, and studies in different families have shown that POH is also caused by paternally inherited GNAS mutations. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to characterize parental origin of the mutated allele in de novo cases of POH and to draw phenotype/genotype correlations according to maternal or paternal transmission of a same GNAS mutation. DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective study on patients addressed to our referral center for the rare diseases of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS We matched 10 cases of POH with cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a carrying the same GNAS mutations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The parental origin of the mutated allele was studied using informative intragenic polymorphisms and subcloning of PCR products. RESULTS Paternal origin of GNAS mutations was clearly demonstrated in eight POH cases including one patient with mutation in exon 1. Genotype/phenotype analyses suggest that there is no direct correlation between the ossifying process and the position of the inactivating GNAS mutation. It is, however, more severe in patients in whom origin of the mutation is paternal. Severe intrauterine growth retardation was clearly evidenced in paternally inherited mutations. CONCLUSIONS Clinical heterogeneity makes genetic counseling a delicate matter, especially in which paternal inheritance is concerned because it can lead to either a mild expression of pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism or a severe expression of POH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lebrun
- Department of Genetics and Reproduction, University Hospital-Caen, 14033 Caen, France
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15
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Verkerk AJMH, Schot R, van Waterschoot L, Douben H, Poddighe PJ, Lequin MH, de Vries LS, Terhal P, Hahnemann JMD, de Coo IFM, de Wit MCY, Wafelman LS, Garavelli L, Dobyns WB, Van der Spek PJ, de Klein A, Mancini GMS. Unbalanced der(5)t(5;20) translocation associated with megalencephaly, perisylvian polymicrogyria, polydactyly and hydrocephalus. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1488-97. [PMID: 20503325 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The combination of megalencephaly, perisylvian polymicrogyria, polydactyly and hydrocephalus (MPPH) is a rare syndrome of unknown cause. We observed two first cousins affected by an MPPH-like phenotype with a submicroscopic chromosome 5q35 deletion as a result of an unbalanced der(5)t(5;20)(q35.2;q13.3) translocation, including the NSD1 Sotos syndrome locus. We describe the phenotype and the deletion breakpoints of the two MPPH-like patients and compare these with five unrelated MPPH and Sotos patients harboring a 5q35 microdeletion. Mapping of the breakpoints in the two cousins was performed by MLPA, FISH, high density SNP-arrays and Q-PCR for the 5q35 deletion and 20q13 duplication. The 5q35 deletion area of the two cousins almost completely overlaps with earlier described patients with an atypical Sotos microdeletion, except for the DRD1 gene. The five unrelated MPPH patients neither showed submicroscopic chromosomal aberrations nor DRD1 mutations. We reviewed the brain MRI of 10 Sotos patients and did not detect polymicrogyria in any of them. In our two cousins, the MPPH-like phenotype is probably caused by the contribution of genes on both chromosome 5q35 and 20q13. Some patients with MPPH may harbor a submicroscopic chromosomal aberration and therefore high-resolution array analysis should be part of the diagnostic workup.
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16
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de Nanclares GP, Fernández-Rebollo E, Gaztambide S, Castaño L. Genetics of pseudohypoparathyroidism: bases for proper genetic counselling. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2008; 55:476-483. [PMID: 22980463 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(08)75844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH). Patients with PHP-Ia often show additional hormone resistance and characteristic physical features that are collectively termed Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). These features are also present in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP), but patients with this disorder do not show hormone resistance. PHP-Ib patients, on the other hand, predominantly show renal PTH resistance and lack features of AHO. From the genetic point of view, PHP-I is caused by defects in the GNAS gene or in the 5' region of this gene locus. PHP-Ia is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in any of the 13 exons codifying the alpha subunit of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Gsα), while PHP-Ib is due to alterations in the methylation pattern of the 5' regions of the locus, usually associated with upstream microdeletions that are maternally transmitted. The imprinting pattern that affects the GNAS locus has important implications for the inheritance pattern and consequently for appropriate genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiomar Pérez de Nanclares
- Grupo de Investigación en Endocrinología y Diabetes. Hospital de Cruces. Baracaldo. Vizcaya. España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII. Baracaldo. Vizcaya. España
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17
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Fernandez-Rebollo E, Barrio R, Pérez-Nanclares G, Carcavilla A, Garin I, Castaño L, de Nanclares GP. New mutation type in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 69:705-12. [PMID: 18394017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The GNAS gene encodes the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G proteins, which play a crucial role in intracellular signal transduction of peptide and neurotransmitter receptors. Heterozygous inactivating maternally inherited mutations of GNAS (including translation initiation mutations, amino acid substitutions, nonsense mutations, splice site mutations and small insertions or deletions) lead to a phenotype in which Albright hereditary osteodystrophy is associated with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia. OBJECTIVE We sought to identify the molecular defect in a patient who was thought to have PHP-Ia. METHODS AND RESULTS The GNAS gene of a 5-year-old boy with brachydactily, mental retardation, pseudohypoparathyroidism and congenital hypothyroidism was investigated. We found a heterozygous inversion of exon 2 and part of intron 1 of de novo origin. Molecular studies of cDNA from blood RNA demonstrated that both the normal and the mutant variants were stable and that new splice-sites were generated. CONCLUSION This report demonstrates the first evidence for an inversion at the GNAS gene responsible of pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia.
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Mouallem M, Shaharabany M, Weintrob N, Shalitin S, Nagelberg N, Shapira H, Zadik Z, Farfel Z. Cognitive impairment is prevalent in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia, but not in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism: possible cerebral imprinting of Gsalpha. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:233-9. [PMID: 17803690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia (PHP-Ia) is a hereditary disorder characterized by resistance to multiple hormones that work via cAMP such as PTH and TSH, accompanied by typical skeletal features including short stature and brachydactyly, termed Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). In affected kindreds, some members may have AHO but not hormone resistance; they are termed as pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP). The molecular basis for the disorder is heterozygous inactivating mutation of the Gsalpha gene. In affected families, subjects with both PHP-Ia and PPHP have the same Gsalpha mutations. The skeletal features common to PPHP and PHP-Ia are presumably caused by tissue-specific Gsalpha haploinsufficiency. Other features that distinguish between PPHP and PHP-Ia, such as the multihormone resistance, are presumably caused by tissue-specific paternal imprinting of Gsalpha. This suggests that major differences in phenotype between PHP-Ia and PPHP point to specific tissues with Gsalpha imprinting. One such major difference may be cognitive function in PHP-Ia and PPHP. DESIGN Description of a large family with PHP-Ia and PPHP. PATIENTS Eleven affected subjects with PHP-Ia or PPHP in one family. MEASUREMENTS Cognitive impairment (CI) was defined by a history of developmental delay, learning disability and the Wechsler intelligence scale. RESULTS CI occurred only in the five PHP-Ia but not in the six PPHP subjects. Hypothyroidism which occurred in all PHP-Ia subjects was apparently not the cause of CI as it was mild, and was treated promptly. Analysis of additional Israeli cases, and the published cases from the literature, all with documented Gsalpha mutations, revealed that CI is prevalent in PHP-Ia [60 of 77 subjects (79%)] but not in PPHP [3 of 30 subjects (10%)] (P < 1 x 10(-6)). CONCLUSION We suggest that Gsalpha is imprinted in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mouallem
- Department of Medicine E, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, and Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Hsu SC, Groman JD, Merlo CA, Naughton K, Zeitlin PL, Germain-Lee EL, Boyle MP, Cutting GR. Patients with mutations in Gsalpha have reduced activation of a downstream target in epithelial tissues due to haploinsufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3941-8. [PMID: 17652219 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) have defects in stimulatory G protein signaling due to loss of function mutations in GNAS. The mechanism by which these mutations lead to the AHO phenotype has been difficult to establish due to the inaccessibility of the affected tissues. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to gain insight into the downstream consequences of abnormal stimulatory G protein signaling in human epithelial tissues. PATIENTS AND DESIGN We assessed transcription of GNAS and Gsalpha-stimulated activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in AHO patients, compared with normal controls and patients with cystic fibrosis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Relative expression of Gsalpha transcripts from each parental GNAS allele and cAMP measurements from nasal epithelial cells were compared among normal controls and AHO patients. In vivo measurements of CFTR function, pulmonary function, and pancreatic function were assessed in AHO patients. RESULTS GNAS was expressed equally from each allele in normals and two of five AHO patients. cAMP generation was significantly reduced in nasal respiratory epithelial cells from AHO patients, compared with normal controls (0.4 vs. 0.6, P = 0.0008). Activation of CFTR in vivo in nasal (P = 0.0065) and sweat gland epithelia (P = 0.01) of AHO patients was significantly reduced from normal. In three patients, the reduction in activity was comparable with patients with cystic fibrosis due to mutations in CFTR. Yet no AHO patients had pulmonary or pancreatic disease consistent with cystic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In humans, haploinsufficiency of GNAS causes a significant reduction in the activation of the downstream target, CFTR, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hsu
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology , Johns Hopkins University, 733 North Broadway, Suite 551, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Vorechovský I. Aberrant 3' splice sites in human disease genes: mutation pattern, nucleotide structure and comparison of computational tools that predict their utilization. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:4630-41. [PMID: 16963498 PMCID: PMC1636351 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequency distribution of mutation-induced aberrant 3' splice sites (3'ss) in exons and introns is more complex than for 5' splice sites, largely owing to sequence constraints upstream of intron/exon boundaries. As a result, prediction of their localization remains a challenging task. Here, nucleotide sequences of previously reported 218 aberrant 3'ss activated by disease-causing mutations in 131 human genes were compared with their authentic counterparts using currently available splice site prediction tools. Each tested algorithm distinguished authentic 3'ss from cryptic sites more effectively than from de novo sites. The best discrimination between aberrant and authentic 3'ss was achieved by the maximum entropy model. Almost one half of aberrant 3'ss was activated by AG-creating mutations and approximately 95% of the newly created AGs were selected in vivo. The overall nucleotide structure upstream of aberrant 3'ss was characterized by higher purine content than for authentic sites, particularly in position -3, that may be compensated by more stringent requirements for positive and negative nucleotide signatures centred around position -11. A newly developed online database of aberrant 3'ss will facilitate identification of splicing mutations in a gene or phenotype of interest and future optimization of splice site prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Vorechovský
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Mailpoint 808, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Rankinen T, Zuberi A, Chagnon YC, Weisnagel SJ, Argyropoulos G, Walts B, Pérusse L, Bouchard C. The human obesity gene map: the 2005 update. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:529-644. [PMID: 16741264 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 685] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the 12th update of the human obesity gene map, which incorporates published results up to the end of October 2005. Evidence from single-gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, transgenic and knockout murine models relevant to obesity, quantitative trait loci (QTL) from animal cross-breeding experiments, association studies with candidate genes, and linkages from genome scans is reviewed. As of October 2005, 176 human obesity cases due to single-gene mutations in 11 different genes have been reported, 50 loci related to Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for most of these syndromes. There are 244 genes that, when mutated or expressed as transgenes in the mouse, result in phenotypes that affect body weight and adiposity. The number of QTLs reported from animal models currently reaches 408. The number of human obesity QTLs derived from genome scans continues to grow, and we now have 253 QTLs for obesity-related phenotypes from 61 genome-wide scans. A total of 52 genomic regions harbor QTLs supported by two or more studies. The number of studies reporting associations between DNA sequence variation in specific genes and obesity phenotypes has also increased considerably, with 426 findings of positive associations with 127 candidate genes. A promising observation is that 22 genes are each supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. The electronic version of the map with links to useful publications and relevant sites can be found at http://obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA
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Abstract
Bone and cartilage and their disorders are addressed under the following headings: functions of bone; normal and abnormal bone remodeling; osteopetrosis and osteoporosis; epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, condensation and differentiation; osteoblasts, markers of bone formation, osteoclasts, components of bone, and pathology of bone; chondroblasts, markers of cartilage formation, secondary cartilage, components of cartilage, and pathology of cartilage; intramembranous and endochondral bone formation; RUNX genes and cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD); osterix; histone deacetylase 4 and Runx2; Ligand to receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANKL), RANK, osteoprotegerin, and osteoimmunology; WNT signaling, LRP5 mutations, and beta-catenin; the role of leptin in bone remodeling; collagens, collagenopathies, and osteogenesis imperfecta; FGFs/FGFRs, FGFR3 skeletal dysplasias, craniosynostosis, and other disorders; short limb chondrodysplasias; molecular control of the growth plate in endochondral bone formation and genetic disorders of IHH and PTHR1; ANKH, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, and chondrocalcinosis; transforming growth factor beta, Camurati-Engelmann disease (CED), and Marfan syndrome, types I and II; an ACVR1 mutation and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva; MSX1 and MSX2: biology, mutations, and associated disorders; G protein, activation of adenylyl cyclase, GNAS1 mutations, McCune-Albright syndrome, fibrous dysplasia, and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy; FLNA and associated disorders; and morphological development of teeth and their genetic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Michael Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Abstract
Studies in mouse and human have established that the exon encoding the neuroendocrine secretory protein Nesp55 is transcribed exclusively from the maternal allele. To study the imprinting status of Nesp55 in cattle, we examined transcripts of this exon in a wide range of tissues from four fetuses and the dam of one of the fetuses (not all tissues were examined in all subjects). A polymorphic site was used to determine transcript status as monoallelic or biallelic. The expression analysis was by direct sequencing of RT-PCR products amplified from the tissues. Nesp55 transcripts were detected in many tissues, in contrast to previous studies in which Nesp55 was detected by immunoassays in endocrine and nervous tissues only. In all five individuals, Nesp55 showed monoallelic expression. In one of the fetuses, parental origin of the expressed allele could not be determined; in the others monoallelic expression was clearly maternal. Thus, bovine Nesp55 is maternally expressed like its counterparts in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Khatib
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison 53706, USA.
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Levine MA, Germain-Lee E, Jan de Beur S. Genetic basis for resistance to parathyroid hormone. HORMONE RESEARCH 2004; 60 Suppl 3:87-95. [PMID: 14671404 DOI: 10.1159/000074508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is associated with biochemical hypoparathyroidism (i.e. hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia) due to parathyroid hormone (PTH) resistance rather than to PTH deficiency. Patients with PHP type 1a have a generalized form of hormone resistance plus a constellation of developmental defects termed Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Within PHP type 1a families some individuals will show AHO but have normal hormone responsiveness, a variant phenotype termed pseudo-PHP. By contrast, patients with PHP type 1b manifest only PTH resistance and lack features of AHO. These various forms of PHP are due to defects in the GNAS1 gene that lead to decreased expression or activity of the alpha-subunit of the stimulatory G protein (G(s)alpha). Tissue-specific genomic imprinting of GNAS1 accounts for the variable phenotypes of patients with GNAS1 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Levine
- The Children's Hospital at The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the most pressing problems in the industrialized world. Twin, adoption and family studies have shown that genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of obesity. Rare mutations in humans and model organisms have provided insights into the pathways involved in body weight regulation. Studies of candidate genes indicate that some of the genes involved in pathways regulating energy expenditure and food intake may play a role in the predisposition to obesity. Amongst these genes, sequence variations in the adrenergic receptors, uncoupling proteins, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and the leptin receptor genes are of particular relevance. Results that have been replicated in at least three genome-wide scans suggest that key genes are located on chromosomes 2p, 3q, 5p, 6p, 7q, 10p, 11q, 17p and 20q. We conclude that the currently available evidence suggests four levels of genetic determination of obesity: genetic obesity, strong genetic predisposition, slight genetic predisposition, and genetically resistant. This growing body of research may help in the development of anti-obesity agents and perhaps genetic tests to predict the risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J F Loos
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Liu J, Erlichman B, Weinstein LS. The stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit Gs alpha is imprinted in human thyroid glands: implications for thyroid function in pseudohypoparathyroidism types 1A and 1B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:4336-41. [PMID: 12970307 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit G(s)alpha couples receptors to adenylyl cyclase and is required for hormone-stimulated cAMP generation. In Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, heterozygous G(s)alpha null mutations only lead to PTH, TSH, and gonadotropin resistance when inherited maternally [pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A; (PHP1A)]. Maternal-specific expression of G(s)alpha in specific hormone targets could explain this observation. Using hot-stop PCR analysis on total RNA from six normal human thyroid specimens, we showed that the majority of the G(s)alpha mRNA (72 +/- 3%) was derived from the maternal allele. This is consistent with the presence of TSH resistance in patients with maternal G(s)alpha null mutations (PHP1A) and the absence of TSH resistance in patients with paternal G(s)alpha mutations (pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism). Patients with PTH resistance in the absence of Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (PHP1B) have an imprinting defect of the G(s)alpha gene resulting in both alleles having a paternal epigenotype, which would lead to a more moderate level of thyroid-specific G(s)alpha deficiency. We found evidence of borderline TSH resistance in 10 of 22 PHP1B patients. This study provides further evidence for tissue-specific imprinting of G(s)alpha in humans and provides a potential mechanism for mild to moderate TSH resistance in PHP1A and borderline resistance in some patients with PHP1B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Metabolic Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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