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Reardon W, Dunlop A, Holden ST, Blennerhassett R. Bipolar affective disorder associated with 11q24.2 disruption—A second report. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:1263-7. [PMID: 17497717 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A recent report identified bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de novo deletion 11q24.2. We record a further instance involving this cytogenetic region and bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a balanced translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Reardon
- National Centre for Medical Genetics, Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
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2
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Wu J, Wu GY, Zern MA. The prospects of hepatic drug delivery and gene therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 7:1795-817. [PMID: 15991930 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.7.11.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liver targeted therapy is designed to deliver a substance preferentially to the organ in order to increase the accumulation, improve the therapeutic effect and reduce toxicity to other organs. The aim of selective targeting is to deliver a substance to a specific cell type in the liver. A variety of vehicles have been designed and further modified for selective targeting of therapeutics to the liver. The targeting properties and strategies of commonly used agents, such as liposomes, microspheres and recombinant chylomicrons, are discussed. Viral and non-viral vectors, such as cationic liposomes, reconstituted chylomicron remnants, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, and SV-40, are currently being evaluated for the delivery of DNA to the liver. New developments in improving the targeting efficiency of the available vectors while avoiding their disadvantages have made their use in clinical trials of various genetic disorders possible. For viral hepatitis, antisense and ribozyme techniques are being employed with selective targeting approaches. A commonly employed current strategy for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma cells is to make the tumour cells convert non-toxic 'prodrugs' to toxic metabolites in situ, achieving a high concentration of the toxic product in the local milieu, while avoiding systemic toxicity. Although gene therapy itself is in its infancy, some encouraging results have been developed in studies of familial hypercholesterolaemia, haemophilia, alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency and Crigler-Najjar syndrome. The potential strengths as well as the problems with these studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107-5083, USA.
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3
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Foulds N, Walpole I, Elmslie F, Mansour S. Carbimazole embryopathy: An emerging phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 132A:130-5. [PMID: 15578620 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Concerns about the safety of carbimazole in pregnancy were raised in 1985. Since this time many reports of children believed to have been affected by carbimazole in utero have appeared in the medical literature. Initial reports were of an increased incidence of scalp defects in the infants of treated mothers, but many other anomalies have now been described. Choanal atresia, gastrointestinal anomalies-particularly esophageal atresia, athelia/hypothelia, developmental delay, hearing loss, and dysmorphic facial features have all been reported. The phenotype associated with exposure to carbimazole appears to be rare but specific with distinctive facial features. We report on two new cases of carbimazole embryopathy with strikingly similar facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Foulds
- SW Thames Regional Genetics Services, St. George's Hospital, London, UK.
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Barbero P, Ricagni C, Mercado G, Bronberg R, Torrado M. Choanal atresia associated with prenatal methimazole exposure: Three new patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 129A:83-6. [PMID: 15266622 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report three patients with bilateral choanal atresia in children prenatally exposed to methimazole (MMI) in order to define a MMI embryopathy clinical pattern. The combination of choanal atresia and other specific malformations strongly resembles previously reported patients exposed to MMI in utero. At present, propylthiouracil is considered the best treatment in pregnancies. However in Argentina and some other countries MMI is the only antithyroid drug, possibly posing a significant risk to the unborn fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barbero
- Centro Nacional de Genética Médica, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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5
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Selleck WA, Canfield SE, Hassen WA, Meseck M, Kuzmin AI, Eisensmith RC, Chen SH, Hall SJ. IFN-gamma sensitization of prostate cancer cells to Fas-mediated death: a gene therapy approach. Mol Ther 2003; 7:185-92. [PMID: 12597906 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(02)00040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While human prostate cancers and cell lines express Fas, most of these cell lines are resistant to Fas-mediated death. In the present studies we addressed the ability of IFN-gamma to influence Fas-mediated cell death in prostate cancer cells. In vitro exposure of the human cell lines LNCaP and PC3 and the mouse cell line RM-1 to agonist anti-Fas antibody and/or soluble Fas ligand resulted in killing of only PC3 cells. However, preincubation with IFN-gamma resulted in synergistic killing in all three cell lines. In vitro treatment of RM-1 with a replication-incompetent adenovirus expressing mouse FasL (Ad.FasL) resulted in maximal cell kill near 40%, which correlated with baseline Fas expression. The addition of IFN-gamma enhanced cell kill to a degree consistent with the resulting higher levels of Fas and maintained synergistic killing at very low doses of vector. Co-inoculation of orthotopic RM-1 primary tumors with Ad.mFasL and an adenovirus expressing mouse IL-12 (Ad.mIL-12) to drive host production of IFN-gamma negated the survival advantage of Ad.mIL-12 alone. However, the staggered injection of Ad.mIL-12 and Ad.FasL achieved almost threefold higher levels of apoptosis in primary tumor tissue and doubled median survival. Therefore, IFN-gamma is capable of bestowing increased sensitivity to Fas-mediated cell death in prostate cancer cells and, in a gene therapy approach, may define a powerful tool to treat prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Selleck
- Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave Levy L. Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Al-Gazali LI, Hamid Z, Hertecant J, Bakir M, Nath D, Kakadekar A. An autosomal recessive syndrome of choanal atresia, hypothelia/athelia and thyroid gland anomalies overlapping bamforth syndrome, ANOTHER syndrome and methimazole embryopathy. Clin Dysmorphol 2002; 11:79-85. [PMID: 12002153 DOI: 10.1097/00019605-200204000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two sibs from an inbred Arab family are described with an autosomal syndrome of choanal atresia, hypothelia/athelia and thyroid gland anomalies overlapping Bamforth syndrome, ANOTHER syndrome and methimazole embryopathy. In one case the syndrome described was lethal. Cases with similar features are reviewed and genetic mutations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Al-Gazali
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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7
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Diav-Citrin O, Ornoy A. Teratogen update: antithyroid drugs-methimazole, carbimazole, and propylthiouracil. TERATOLOGY 2002; 65:38-44. [PMID: 11835230 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Orna Diav-Citrin
- The Israeli Teratogen Information Service, Israeli Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
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Di Gianantonio E, Schaefer C, Mastroiacovo PP, Cournot MP, Benedicenti F, Reuvers M, Occupati B, Robert E, Bellemin B, Addis A, Arnon J, Clementi M. Adverse effects of prenatal methimazole exposure. TERATOLOGY 2001; 64:262-6. [PMID: 11745832 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A specific phenotype of methimazole (MMI) induced malformations has recently been postulated. MMI embryopathy is characterized by minor dysmorphic features, choanal atresia and/or esophageal atresia, growth retardation, and developmental delay. METHODS We prospectively studied the outcome of pregnancy in 241 women counseled by 10 Teratology Information Services (TIS) of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS) because of MMI exposure, and compared them with those of 1,089 pregnant women referred to TIS because of exposure to nonteratogenic drugs (control group). Information was obtained by mail or telephone interview. RESULTS There was no increase in the general rate of major anomalies or of spontaneous or induced abortions in the MMI-exposed group in comparison with the control group. Two newborns were affected with one of the major malformations that are part of the postulated embryopathy. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that choanal as well as esophageal atresia may have a higher incidence than expected in fetuses exposed to MMI between 3 and 7 gestational weeks. Until further data are available, thyrotoxicosis should be treated with propylthiouracil, as it is apparently safer for use during the fertile period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Di Gianantonio
- Servizio di Informazione Teratologica (SIT), Genetica Clinica ed Epidemiologica, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
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Ray P, Bauer E, Iyer M, Barrio JR, Satyamurthy N, Phelps ME, Herschman HR, Gambhir SS. Monitoring gene therapy with reporter gene imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2001; 31:312-20. [PMID: 11710773 DOI: 10.1053/snuc.2001.26209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid advances in imaging technologies and gene transfer strategies offer a great opportunity to optimize clinical trials of human gene therapy. Reporter genes are emerging as very powerful tools to monitor the delivery, magnitude, and time variation of therapeutic gene transfer in vivo. Several reporter genes, such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase, the dopamine type 2 receptor, and the somatostatin receptor type 2, are currently being successfully used with gamma camera, single photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography imaging. These reporter genes can be coupled with a therapeutic gene of interest to indirectly monitor the expression of the therapeutic gene. Finally, applications of the reporter gene technology to other areas, such as cell trafficking studies and transgenic animal models, are now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ray
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1770, USA
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ADENOVIRUS MEDIATED CYTOSINE DEAMINASE GENE TRANSDUCTION AND 5-FLUOROCYTOSINE THERAPY SENSITIZES MOUSE PROSTATE CANCER CELLS TO IRRADIATION. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200012000-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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ANELLO RUSSELL, COHEN SETH, ATKINSON GERTRUDE, HALL SIMONJ. ADENOVIRUS MEDIATED CYTOSINE DEAMINASE GENE TRANSDUCTION AND 5-FLUOROCYTOSINE THERAPY SENSITIZES MOUSE PROSTATE CANCER CELLS TO IRRADIATION. J Urol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66992-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RUSSELL ANELLO
- From the Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - SETH COHEN
- From the Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - GERTRUDE ATKINSON
- From the Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - SIMON J. HALL
- From the Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Urology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
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Martin-Denavit T, Edery P, Plauchu H, Attia-Sobol J, Raudrant D, Aurand JM, Thomas L. Ectodermal abnormalities associated with methimazole intrauterine exposure. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2000; 94:338-40. [PMID: 11038449 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20001002)94:4<338::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Gene therapy involves the introduction of normal, healthy genes into cells to correct the underlying cause of a wide variety of inherited and acquired diseases. Future progress in developing effective clinical protocols involving gene therapy for the treatment of cellular dysfunction associated with disease may incorporate metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering can be applied to gene therapy for the successful identification of disease genes; elucidation of disease pathways; development of safe and efficient gene-delivery systems; and regulation and control of gene expression. Cystic fibrosis, cancer, and diabetes are reviewed as examples of diseases where gene therapy approaches are being studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065-0900, USA
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Krawetz SA, Kramer JA, McCarrey JR. Reprogramming the male gamete genome: a window to successful gene therapy. Gene X 1999; 234:1-9. [PMID: 10393233 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(99)00147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis both initiate from a stem cell capable of renewal and differentiation. Each pathway reflects the expression of unique combinations of facultative, i.e. tissue-specific and constitutive, i.e. housekeeping, genes in each cell type. In spermatogenesis, as in hematopoiesis, commitment is mediated by the mechanism of potentiation whereby specific chromatin domains are selectively opened along each chromosome. Within each open chromatin domain, a unique battery of gene(s) is availed to tissue-specific and ubiquitous transacting factors that are necessary to initiate transcription. In the absence of an open domain, trans-factor access is denied, and the initiation of transcription cannot proceed. Cell-fate is thus ultimately defined by the unique series of open-potentiated cell-specific chromatin domains. Defining the mechanism that opens chromatin domains is fundamental in understanding how differentiation from stem cells is controlled and whether cell-fate can be modified. A recent examination of the mammalian spermatogenic pathway [Kramer, J.A., McCarrey, J.M, Djakiew, D., Krawetz, S.A., 1998. Differentiation: the selective potentiation of chromatin domains. Development 125, 4749-4755] supports the view that cell fate is mediated by global changes in chromatin conformation. This stride underscores the possibility of moderating differentiation through chromatin conformation. It is likely that gene therapeutics capable of selectively potentiating individual genic domains in populations of differentiating and/or replicating cells that modify cellular phenotype will be developed in the next millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Krawetz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Wolkoff AW, Suchy FJ, Moseley RH, Meier PJ, Gollan JL, Freimer N, Fitz JG, Boyer JL, Berk PD, Scharschmidt BF. Advances in hepatic transport: molecular mechanisms, genetic disorders, and treatment. A summary of the 1998 AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 1998; 28:1713-9. [PMID: 9828241 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A W Wolkoff
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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