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Ahammad I, Bushra Lamisa A, Sharmin S, Bhattacharjee A, Mahmud Chowdhury Z, Ahamed T, Uzzal Hossain M, Chandra Das K, Salimullah M, Ara Keya C. Subtractive genomics study for the identification of therapeutic targets against Cronobacter sakazakii: A threat to infants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30332. [PMID: 38707387 PMCID: PMC11066692 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with severe infection in neonates such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), neonatal meningitis, and bacteremia. This pathogen can survive in a relatively dry environment, especially in powdered infant formula (PIF). Unfortunately, conventional drugs that were once effective against C. sakazakii are gradually losing their efficacy due to rising antibiotic resistance. In this study, a subtractive genomic approach was followed in order to identify potential therapeutic targets in the pathogen. The whole proteome of the pathogen was filtered through a step-by-step process, which involved removing paralogous proteins, human homologs, sequences that are less essential for survival, proteins with shared metabolic pathways, and proteins that are located in cells other than the cytoplasmic membrane. As a result, nine novel drug targets were identified. Further, the analysis also unveiled that the FDA-approved drug Terbinafine can be repurposed against the Glutathione/l-cysteine transport system ATP-binding/permease protein CydC of C. sakazakii. Moreover, molecular docking and dynamics studies of Terbinafine and CydC suggested that this drug can be used to treat C. sakazakii infection in neonates. However, for clinical purposes further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Anika Bushra Lamisa
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Sharmin
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Ahamed
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
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Khattra AK, Wason S, Thompson K, Mauromoustakos A, Subbiah J, Acuff JC. Bootstrapping for Estimating the Conservative Kill Ratio of the Surrogate to the Pathogen for Use in Thermal Process Validation at the Industrial Scale. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100264. [PMID: 38493872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
A surrogate is commonly used for process validations. The industry often uses the target log cycle reduction for the test (LCRTest) microorganism (surrogate) to be equal to the desired log cycle reduction for the target (LCRTarget) microorganism (pathogen). When the surrogate is too conservative with far greater resistance than the pathogen, the food may be overprocessed with quality and cost consequences. In aseptic processing, the Institute for Thermal Processing Specialists recommends using relative resistance (DTarget)/(DTest) to calculate LCRTest (product of LCRTarget and relative resistance). This method uses the mean values of DTarget and DTest and does not consider the estimating variability. We defined kill ratio (KR) as the inverse of relative resistance.The industry uses an extremely conservative KR of 1 in the validation of food processes for low-moisture foods, which ensures an adequate reduction of LCRTest, but can result in quality degradation. This study suggests an approach based on bootstrap sampling to determine conservative KR, leading to practical recommendations considering experimental and biological variability in food matrices. Previously collected thermal inactivation kinetics data of Salmonella spp. (target organism) and Enterococcus faecium (test organism) in Non-Fat Dried Milk (NFDM) and Whole Milk Powder (WMP) at 85, 90, and 95°C were used to calculate the mean KR. Bootstrapping was performed on mean inactivation rates to get a distribution of 1000 bootstrap KR values for each of the treatments. Based on minimum temperatures used in the industrial process and acceptable level of risk (e.g., 1, 5, or 10% of samples that would not achieve LCRTest), a conservative KR value can be estimated. Consistently, KR increased with temperature and KR for WMP was higher than NFDM. Food industries may use this framework based on the minimum processing temperature and acceptable level of risk for process validations to minimize quality degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshpreet Kaur Khattra
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Surabhi Wason
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Kevin Thompson
- Center for Agricultural Data Analytics, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Andy Mauromoustakos
- Center for Agricultural Data Analytics, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer C Acuff
- Food Microbiology & Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, N206, 2650 N. Young Ave., Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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Teng L, Huang L, Zhou H, Wang B, Yue M, Li Y. Microbiological hazards in infant and toddler food in China: A comprehensive study between 2004 and 2022. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114100. [PMID: 38395570 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Infant and toddler food (ITF), including powdered infant and follow-up formula (PIFF) and complementary food (CF), provides the majority of early-life nutrients for young children. As infants and toddlers are more vulnerable to foodborne diseases, the safety concern of ITF is the ultimate priority. However, nationwide surveillance for the presence of hazards, specifically microbiological hazards, in the Chinese ITF is partially known, posing a significant knowledge gap for risk ranking. Most importantly, the related regional surveys were largely published in Chinese, making the data unavailable for global sharing. To bridge these gaps, we screened 5,306 publications and conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis for microbiological hazards using 129 qualified studies. The four most reported microbiological hazards in ITF were Bacillus cereus (13.4 %), Cronobacter (4.8 %), Staphylococcus aureus (1.3 %), and Salmonella (1.1 %). B. cereus is a risk factor in ITF, specifically in PIFF, cereals, and ready-to-eat food. The prevalence of B. cereus was high in Northern and Southern China, while the prevalence of Cronobacter was high in Central China. Cronobacter is a microbiological hazard, specifically in PIFF, with a prevalence of 3.0 %. Interestingly, the prevalence dynamics of Cronobacter and B. cereus in ITF were rising and stable, respectively, whereas the prevalence of S. aureus and Salmonella decreased over time. Together, our analysis will promote the global sharing of these critical findings and may guide future policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Teng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Linlin Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Haiyang Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Baikui Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Min Yue
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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Ma Z, Xu W, Li S, Chen S, Yang Y, Li Z, Xing T, Zhao Z, Hou D, Li Q, Lu Z, Zhang H. Effect of RpoS on the survival, induction, resuscitation, morphology, and gene expression of viable but non-culturable Salmonella Enteritidis in powdered infant formula. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110463. [PMID: 38039925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Involvement of the transcriptional regulator RpoS in the persistence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state has been demonstrated in several species of bacteria. This study investigated the role of the RpoS in the formation and resuscitation of VBNC state in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis CICC 21482 by measuring bacterial survival, morphology, physiological characteristics, and gene expression in wild-type (WT) and rpoS-deletion (ΔrpoS) strains during long-term storage in powdered infant formula (PIF). The ΔrpoS strain was produced by allelic exchange using a suicide plasmid. Bacteria were inoculated into PIF for 635-day storage. Survival, morphology, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intercellular quorum sensing autoinducer-2 (AI-2) contents were regularly measured. Resuscitation assays were conducted after obtaining VBNC cells. Gene expression was measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that RpoS and low temperature conditions were associated with enhanced culturability and recoverability of Salmonella Enteritidis after desiccation storage in low water activity (aw) PIF. In addition, the synthesis of intracellular ROS and intercellular quorum sensing AI-2 was regulated by RpoS, inducing the formation and resuscitation of VBNC cells. Gene expression of soxS, katG and relA was found strongly associated with RpoS. Due to the lack of RpoS factor, the ΔrpoS strain could not normally synthesize SoxS, catalase and (p)ppGpp, resulting in its early shift to the VBNC state. This study elucidates the role of rpoS in desiccation stress and the formation and resuscitation mechanism of VBNC cells under desiccation stress. It serves as the basis for preventing and controlling the recovery of pathogenic bacteria in VBNC state in low aw foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Ma
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiying Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaoting Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zefeng Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tong Xing
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zepeng Zhao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dongping Hou
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziying Lu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, No. 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Wang Z, Liao S, Huang G, Feng M, Yin R, Teng L, Jia C, Yao Y, Yue M, Li Y. Infant food production environments: A potential reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococci non-nosocomial infections. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 389:110105. [PMID: 36731202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enterococcus has been considered one of the most important nosocomial pathogens for human infections, and the hospital environment is an important reservoir for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) that leads to antimicrobial therapeutic failure. However, infant foods and their production environments could pose risks for the immature population, while this question remains unaddressed. This study conducted an extensive and thorough Enterococcus isolation, VRE risk assessment of the Chinese infant food production chains and additional online-marketing infant foods, including powdered infant formula (PIF) and infant complementary food (ICF). To investigate the prevalence of Enterococcus along infant food chains and commodities, a total of 482 strains of Enterococcus, including E. faecium (n = 363), E. faecalis (n = 84), E. casseliflavus (n = 13), E. mundtii (n = 12), E. gallinarum (n = 4), E. hirae (n = 4), and E. durans (n = 2) were recovered from 459 samples collected from infant food production chains (71/254) and food commodities (67/205). A decreasing trend for Enterococcus detection rate was found in the PIF production chain (PIF-PC), particularly during the preparation of the PIF base powder (From 100 % in raw milk to 8.70 % in end products), while an increasing trend was observed in the ICF production chain (ICF-PC) mainly during the initial processing of farm crops and the further processing of the product (20 % at farm crops increasing to 76.92 % at end products). The result indicated that the PIF-PC process effectively reduced Enterococcus contamination, while the ICF-PC showed the opposite trend. Importantly, eleven VRE isolates were recovered from the infant food production chain, including seven E. casseliflavus isolates carrying vanC2/C3 and four E. gallinarum isolates carrying vanC1. Ten VRE isolates were from food production environments. Collectively, our study demonstrated that infant food production environments represent potential reservoirs for VRE non-nosocomial infections in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zining Wang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sihao Liao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guanwen Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengyao Feng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Yin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lin Teng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yicheng Yao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ahmad NH, Marks BP, Ryser ET. Effect of Lactose and Milk Protein on Thermal Resistance of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 and Salmonella in Dairy Powders. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1865-1874. [PMID: 36173901 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Microbial challenge studies using nonpathogenic surrogates provide a practical means for validating thermally based pathogen controls for low-moisture foods. Because the relative thermal resistance, or kill ratio, of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 (a nonpathogenic surrogate) to Salmonella is greatly influenced by food composition, this study assessed relative thermal resistance of a five-strain Salmonella cocktail and E. faecium in skim milk powder (SMP), lactose-free skim milk powder (LSMP), 90% milk protein isolate (MPI), and lactose powder (LP). The impact of sugar composition (lactose versus glucose-galactose) on resuscitation of bacterial survivors, by using SMP and LSMP, was also determined. Dairy powders were inoculated with agar-grown cultures, mixed, preequilibrated at 0.25 water activity (aw), ground to achieve homogeneity, reequilibrated, and subjected to isothermal treatment. After enumeration on nonselective differential media, log-linear and Bigelow models were fit to the survivor data via one-step global regression. The aw changes and glass transition temperature were assessed at elevated temperatures by using uninoculated, equilibrated powder samples. Estimated D90°C-values were approximately two times higher for E. faecium (P < 0.05) than for Salmonella in SMP, LP, and MPI, but statistically similar (P > 0.05) in LSMP. Addition of sugars to recovery media did not influence survivor resuscitation from heat-treated SMP and LSMP, confirming that microbial inactivation was impacted primarily by the thermal treatment, not the recovery step. Thermally induced changes in aw were seen only for LP and MPI, with the glass transition temperature observed only for SMP and MPI. In conclusion, rather than always requiring greater lethality of E. faecium than Salmonella, these findings suggest that sufficient pathogen controls for low-moisture foods can also be validated by thoroughly documenting the appropriate kill ratios of E. faecium to Salmonella. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Hawa Ahmad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystem and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Sawale M, Ozadali F, Valentine CJ, Benyathiar P, Drolia R, Mishra DK. Impact of bovine lactoferrin fortification on pathogenic organisms to attenuate the risk of infection for infants. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Parra-Flores J, Holý O, Acuña S, Lepuschitz S, Pietzka A, Contreras-Fernández A, Chavarría-Sepulveda P, Cruz-Córdova A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Mancilla-Rojano J, Castillo A, Ruppitsch W, Forsythe S. Genomic Characterization of Cronobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. Strains Isolated From Powdered Infant Formula in Chile. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:884721. [PMID: 35722296 PMCID: PMC9201451 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.884721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized five Cronobacter spp. and six Salmonella spp. strains that had been isolated from 155 samples of powdered infant formula (PIF) sold in Chile and manufactured in Chile and Mexico in 2018–2020. Two strains of Cronobacter sakazakii sequence type (ST) ST1 and ST31 (serotypes O:1 and O:2) and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus ST60 (O:1) were identified. All Salmonella strains were identified as Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (serotype O:4) by average nucleotide identity, ribosomal multilocus sequence typing (rMLST), and core genome MLST (cgMLST). The C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates were resistant to cephalothin, whereas the Salmonella isolates were resistant to oxacillin and ampicillin. Nineteen antibiotic resistance genes were detected in the C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus isolates; the most prevalent were mcr-9.1, blaCSA, and blaCMA. In Salmonella, 30 genes encoding for aminoglycoside and cephalosporin resistance were identified, including aac(6′)-Iaa, β-lactamases ampH, ampC1, and marA. In the Cronobacter isolates, 32 virulence-associated genes were detected by WGS and clustered as flagellar proteins, outer membrane proteins, chemotaxis, hemolysins, invasion, plasminogen activator, colonization, transcriptional regulator, survival in macrophages, use of sialic acid, and toxin-antitoxin genes. In the Salmonella strains, 120 virulence associated genes were detected, adherence, magnesium uptake, resistance to antimicrobial peptides, secretion system, stress protein, toxin, resistance to complement killing, and eight pathogenicity islands. The C. sakazakii and C. malonaticus strains harbored I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems and carried Col(pHHAD28) and IncFIB(pCTU1) plasmids, respectively. The Salmonella strains harbored type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems and carried IncFII(S) plasmids. The presence of C. sakazakii and Salmonella in PIF is a health risk for infants aged less than 6 months. For this reason, sanitary practices should be reinforced for its production and retail surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ondřej Holý
- Science and Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sergio Acuña
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ariane Pietzka
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico.,Faculty of Medicine, Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Castillo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
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Garbaj AM, Gawella TBB, Sherif JA, Naas HT, Eshamah HL, Azwai SM, Gammoudi FT, Abolghait SK, Moawad AA, Barbieri I, Eldaghayes IM. Occurrence and antibiogram of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica isolated from dairy products in Libya. Vet World 2022; 15:1185-1190. [PMID: 35765472 PMCID: PMC9210834 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1185-1190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Foodborne illnesses are a serious challenge to human health and the economic sector. For example, salmonellosis remains a burden in developed and developing nations. Rapid and reliable molecular methods to identify Salmonella strains are essential for minimizing human infection. This study aimed to identify Salmonella spp. in raw milk and dairy products using conventional and molecular techniques and to test the antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated strains.
Materials and Methods: One hundred and thirty-one milk and dairy product samples were randomly collected from different localities in Libya. Samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella by conventional culture techniques, including cultivation in Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and streaking on xylose lysine deoxycholate agar. Identification also used polymerase chain reaction and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Twenty-four antibiotics were used for the examination of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. isolates with the agar disk diffusion method (Kirby–Bauer technique). Multi-antibiotic resistance index and antibiotic resistance index (ARI)for Salmonella enterica isolates were calculated.
Results: Twenty-one of 131 samples (16%) were positive for Salmonella spp. recovered from 9 (16%), 2 (11%), 4 (22.2%), and 6 (46%) samples of raw cow milk, fermented raw milk, and fresh locally made soft cheeses, Maasora and Ricotta), respectively. Samples of ice cream, milk powder, and infant formula showed no Salmonella spp. contamination. Only 9 of 21 (42.8%) isolates were confirmed as S. enterica by partial sequence 16S rDNA analysis. All isolates were resistant to amoxycillin, bacitracin, penicillin G, lincomycin, vancomycin, clindamycin, and cloxacillin with an ARI of 0.042. In contrast, all tested strains were sensitive to levofloxacin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin. In addition, all of the tested isolates (100%) were resistant to more than one antibiotic.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated the applicability of molecular techniques, compared with conventional methods, as preferable for the identification of Salmonella in milk and dairy products and thus reduction of milk-borne transmission to the consumers. From the view of public health, isolation and identification of Salmonella multidrug-resistant strains from raw cow's milk and locally prepared dairy products sold in the Libyan markets indicate the need to improve the handling and processing of milk and dairy products to minimize the prevalence of Salmonella, one of the most important foodborne microorganisms that cause food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboubaker M. Garbaj
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Tahani B. Ben Gawella
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Jihan A. Sherif
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Hesham T. Naas
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Hanan L. Eshamah
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Salah M. Azwai
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Fatim T. Gammoudi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Said K. Abolghait
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ashraf A. Moawad
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Department of Genetics, The Lombardy and Emilia Romagna Experimental Zootechnic Institute, Via Bianchi 9, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Ibrahim M. Eldaghayes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
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10
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Radio frequency assisted thermal processing for pasteurization of packaged whole milk powder surrounded by oil. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Malik S, Krishnaswamy K, Mustapha A. Hazard Analysis and Risk-Based Preventive Controls (HARPC): Current Food Safety and Quality Standards for Complementary Foods. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092199. [PMID: 34574310 PMCID: PMC8468952 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety is imperative, especially for infants and young children because of their underdeveloped immune systems. This requires adequate nutritious food with appropriate amounts of macro- and micronutrients. Currently, a well-established system for infant food is enforced by the regulatory bodies, but no clear system exists for complementary food, which is consumed by children from the age of 6 month to 24 months. As the child grows beyond 6 months, the need for nutrients increases, and if the nutritional needs are not fulfilled, it can lead to health problems, such as stunted growth, weak immune system, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is important to have regulatory bodies monitoring complementary food in a similar capacity as is required for infant formula. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the existing regulatory bodies, such as the Codex Alimentarius, International Standard Organization (ISO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), etc., and their regulations specifically for infant formula that can be adopted for complementary foods. This study focuses on the development of a hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC)-based food safety plan to ensure safe food processing and prevent any possible outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargun Malik
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Kiruba Krishnaswamy
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Azlin Mustapha
- Division of Food, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (S.M.); (A.M.)
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12
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Desiccation and thermal resistance of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in almond meal as impacted by water activity and storage temperature. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Chen G, Lin M, Chen Y, Xu W, Zhang H. Induction of a Viable but Nonculturable State, Thermal and Sanitizer Tolerance, and Gene Expression Correlation with Desiccation-Adapted Biofilm and Planktonic Salmonella in Powdered Infant Formula. J Food Prot 2021; 84:1194-1201. [PMID: 33770177 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the physiological state, desiccation adaptation, and storage of powdered infant formula on Salmonella cell survival and expression of desiccation stress-related genes. Powdered infant formula was inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium in the biofilm state on beads and in the planktonic state on nitrocellulose filters and stored at 25°C for up to 270 days. Both 5-cyano-2,3-ditoyl tetrazolium chloride flow cytometry and xylose lysine deoxycholate agar plate counts revealed that biofilm-forming Salmonella cells tended to enter the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state (P < 0.05). The population reduction of all desiccation-adapted Salmonella Typhimurium decreased significantly in both physiological states after exposure to mild heat (60°C) compared with nonadapted control cells (P < 0.05). Salmonella cells were cross-protected from heat in both physiological states, but cross-protection against hydrogen peroxide was induced for only planktonic Salmonella cells. The reverse transcription quantitative PCR results revealed that the rpoS gene in biofilm Salmonella cells on all desiccation adaption days and in planktonic Salmonella cells on day 7 of dry storage was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05). The rpoE, grpE, and invA genes in Salmonella cells in both physiological states were significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05). Physiological state and storage time might affect expression of these genes. Prior exposure to adverse conditions, including low water activity, and the physiological state impacted Salmonella survival, and its ability to enter the VBNC state and gene expression. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiliu Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhe Lin
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiying Xu
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Science, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuan Xi Road, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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14
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Point-of-care and visual detection of Salmonella spp. and Cronobacter spp. by multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification label-based lateral flow dipstick in powdered infant formula. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Verma T, Chaves BD, Irmak S, Subbiah J. Pasteurization of dried basil leaves using radio frequency heating: A microbial challenge study and quality analysis. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Xie X, Liu Z. Simultaneous enumeration of Cronobacter sakazakii and Staphylococcus aureus in powdered infant foods through duplex TaqMan real-time PCR. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wu LJ, Luo Y, Shi GL, Li ZY. Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics and Changes of Antibiotic Resistance in Children with Nontyphoidal Salmonella Infections from 2009-2018 in Chongqing, China. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:1403-1413. [PMID: 33880045 PMCID: PMC8053510 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s301318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading bacterial cause for acute gastroenteritis in children. With the increasing use of antibiotics worldwide, antibiotic resistance has become a global problem. However, data on NTS infections and changes in antibiotic resistance among children remain limited in China. We aimed to characterize the prevalence, clinical feature, serotype and the changes of antibiotic resistance of NTS in children in Chongqing. Methods 501 hospitalized children with NTS infections (confirmed by positive NTS culture) in Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from January 2009 to December 2018 were included. The clinical data and drug sensitivity test results were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Antibiotic resistance in NTS infections was compared between 2009–2013 and 2014–2018. Results A total of 501 isolates were detected. Most NTS infections occurred in children under three years old, which mainly occurred between July and October. The numbers of patients with diarrhea, fever, and vomiting were 472 (94.2%), 422 (84.2%) and 146 (29.1%), respectively. Serogroup B (67.5%) was the predominant serogroup isolates. And Salmonella Typhimurium was the most common serotype (79.2%). The study compared the drug resistance of NTS from 2009 to 2013 with that from 2014 to 2018. We found the drug resistance rates of NTS to cefazolin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and imipenem showed an upward trend. The drug resistance rates of NTS to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefepime and compound sulfamethoxazole decreased slightly, but still showed high drug resistance rates. And drug resistance rates of NTS to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime decreased significantly in the last ten years. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates, were detected among 69 cases (13.7%) of 501 children with NTS infections. Conclusion The overall antibiotic resistance rates remained at a high level in Chongqing. Continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance in NTS and control measures such as avoiding unnecessary antibiotic therapy in general NTS gastroenteritis are important. For severe or invasive infections caused by NTS infection in Southwest China, the use of ceftazidime is recommended until antibiotic sensitivity test results are available. And the choice of antibiotics should be based on the curative effect and the antibiotics sensitivity results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Wushan County People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Lu Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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18
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Labská K, Špačková M, Daniel O, Včelák J, Vlasáková V, Černý T, Gelbíčová T, Florianová M, Karpíšková R, Gavačová D, Štefkovičová M, Orlíková H. A cross-border outbreak of Salmonella Bareilly cases confirmed by whole genome sequencing, Czech Republic and Slovakia, 2017 to 2018. Euro Surveill 2021; 26:2000131. [PMID: 33834963 PMCID: PMC8034059 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2021.26.14.2000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In August 2017, an increased incidence of Salmonella Bareilly was detected in the Czech Republic. An investigation was conducted with Slovakia to confirm the outbreak and identify the source. Probable outbreak cases were defined as cases with laboratory-confirmed S. Bareilly reported in either of the national surveillance systems, and/or the Czech and Slovak National Reference Laboratory databases from July 2017. Confirmed cases had the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) outbreak pulsotype or up to 5 alleles difference from outbreak cluster members by core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). PFGE and whole genome sequencing were used for isolate comparison. The same trawling questionnaire was used in both countries. By the end of October 2018, 325 cases were identified. Among 88 human S. Bareilly isolates analysed by PFGE, 82 (93%) shared an identical pulsotype; cgMLST of 17 S. Bareilly human isolates showed 1-2 allele difference. The trawling questionnaire excluded consumption of unusual or imported foods. In September 2018, an isolate closely related to the outbreak isolates was identified in a powdered egg product. A spray dryer was recognised as the contamination source and the production plant was closed. Using molecular typing methods, we detected a diffuse cross-border outbreak caused by S. Bareilly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Labská
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic,ECDC Fellowship Programme, public health microbiology path (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ondřej Daniel
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Včelák
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vlasáková
- Food Safety Division, State Veterinary Administration, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Černý
- National Reference Laboratory for salmonella, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | - Dagmar Gavačová
- National Reference Centre for Salmonellosis, Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Štefkovičová
- Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Regional Public Health Authority, Trenčín, Slovakia
| | - Hana Orlíková
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
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19
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Steinbrunner P, Marks BP, Ryser ET, Suehr QJ, Jeong S. Fate of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium during Pilot-Scale Spray Drying of Soy Protein Isolate. J Food Prot 2021; 84:674-679. [PMID: 33270864 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Outbreaks and recalls associated with microbial contamination of powdered foods have raised concern for the safety of the spray-drying process and its products. However, little research on the fate of bacteria during the spray-drying process has been done, leaving much unknown about the risks of contamination in spray dryers. Therefore, quantifying the contamination levels of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium (as a surrogate) in various locations within a pilot-scale spray dryer can help illustrate the distribution of bacterial contamination, including in the final product. A 10% (w/w) dispersion of water and soy protein isolate was mixed with tryptic soy broth containing yeast extract inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 30 (PT30) or E. faecium strain NRRL B-2354. This dispersion was spray dried using a pilot-scale tall-form cocurrent spray dryer at an inlet air temperature of 180, 200, or 220°C. After drying, samples of powder from eight locations within the system were collected or surface swabbed, plated, and enumerated. Spray drying achieved 2.40 to 4.15 and 2.33 to 2.83 log reductions in the concentrations of Salmonella and E. faecium, respectively, in the final powder product accumulated in the dryer's collectors. Salmonella and E. faecium were found in various concentrations in all locations within the spray dryer after a complete drying cycle. Differences in inlet air temperature between 180 and 220°C had no significant effect on the inactivation levels. As a surrogate, E. faecium was more resistant to spray drying than Salmonella. Overall, spray drying is capable of significant bacterial reduction in the final powder product, which can be combined with other hurdle technologies. However, adequate cleaning and sanitization procedures must be taken into consideration to prevent cross-contamination. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Steinbrunner
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Bradley P Marks
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.,Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Elliot T Ryser
- Department of Food Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Quincy J Suehr
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sanghyup Jeong
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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20
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Natural Antimicrobials Suitable for Combating Desiccation-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Milk Powder. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020421. [PMID: 33670672 PMCID: PMC7923161 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Some Salmonella enterica strains survive well in low-water activity (low-aw) foods and cause frequent salmonellosis outbreaks in these products. Methods are needed to overcome such desiccation-resistant Salmonella and to improve the safety of low-aw foods. Building on a recent finding, we hypothesized that natural antimicrobial food additives, which are active against cytoplasmic membrane, could overcome this desiccation resistance phenomenon, and thus, sensitize the pathogen to drying and mild processing. Food additives were screened for the ability to cause leakage of intracellular potassium ions; retention of these ions is vital for protecting Salmonella against desiccation. Two antimicrobial food additives, carvacrol and thymol, caused considerable potassium leakage from the desiccation-resistant S. enterica serovars, Tennessee and Livingstone. Thus, carvacrol and thymol were investigated for their ability to sensitize the desiccation-adapted S. enterica to heat treatment. The combined use of food additives, at their minimum inhibitory concentrations, with heat treatment at 55 °C for 15 min caused 3.1 ± 0.21 to more than 5.5 log colony forming unit (CFU)/mL reduction in desiccation-adapted S. enterica, compared to 2.4 ± 0.53–3.2 ± 0.11 log CFU/mL reduction by sole heat treatment. Carvacrol was the additive that caused the greatest potassium leakage and sensitization of Salmonella to heat; hence, the application of this compound was investigated in a food model against Salmonella Typhimurium ASD200. Addition of carvacrol at 200 or 500 ppm into liquid milk followed by spray-drying reduced the strain’s population by 0.9 ± 0.02 and 1.3 ± 0.1 log CFU/g, respectively, compared to 0.6 ± 0.02 log CFU/g reduction for non-treated spray-dried milk. Additionally, freeze-drying of milk treated with high levels of carvacrol (5000 ppm) reduced the population of Salmonella Typhimurium ASD200 by more than 4.5 log CFU/g, compared to 1.1 ± 0.4 log CFU/g reduction for the freeze-dried untreated milk. These findings suggest that carvacrol can combat desiccation-resistant S. enterica, and thus, potentially improve the safety of low-aw foods.
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21
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Wei X, Agarwal S, Subbiah J. Evaluation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as a surrogate for Salmonella enterica in milk powders at different storage times and temperatures. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:198-210. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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22
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Microplastic release from the degradation of polypropylene feeding bottles during infant formula preparation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 1:746-754. [PMID: 37128027 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-00171-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene-based products are commonly used for food preparation and storage, but their capacity to release microplastics is poorly understood. We investigated the potential exposure of infants to microplastics from consuming formula prepared in polypropylene (PP) infant feeding bottles (IFBs). Here, we show that PP IFBs release microplastics with values as high as 16,200,000 particles per litre. Scenario studies showed that PP IFB sterilization and exposure to high-temperature water significantly increase microplastic release. A 21-d test of PP IFBs showed periodic fluctuations in microplastic release. To estimate the potential global exposure to infants up to 12 months old, we surveyed 48 regions, finding values ranging from 14,600-4,550,000 particles per capita per day, depending on the region. We demonstrate that infant exposure to microplastics is higher than was previously recognized due to the prevalence of PP-based products used in formula preparation and highlight an urgent need to assess whether exposure to microplastics at these levels poses a risk to infant health.
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23
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Nguyen MM, Gil J, Brown M, Cesar Tondo E, Soraya Martins de Aquino N, Eisenberg M, Erickson S. Accurate and sensitive detection of Salmonella in foods by engineered bacteriophages. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17463. [PMID: 33060781 PMCID: PMC7567081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74587-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a major causative agent of foodborne illness and rapid identification of this pathogen is essential to prevent disease. Currently most assays require high bacterial burdens or prolonged enrichment to achieve acceptable performance. A reduction in testing time without loss of sensitivity is critical to allow food processors to safely decrease product holding time. To meet this need, a method was developed to detect Salmonella using luciferase reporter bacteriophages. Bacteriophages were engineered to express NanoLuc, a novel optimized luciferase originating from the deep-sea shrimp Oplophorus gracilirostris. NanoLuc-expressing bacteriophages had a limit of detection of 10-100 CFU per mL in culture without enrichment. Luciferase reporters demonstrated a broad host range covering all Salmonella species with one reporter detecting 99.3% of 269 inclusivity strains. Cross-reactivity was limited and only observed with other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. In food matrix studies, a cocktail of engineered bacteriophages accurately detected 1 CFU in either 25 g of ground turkey with a 7 h enrichment or 100 g of powdered infant formula with a 16 h enrichment. Use of the NanoLuc reporter assay described herein resulted in a considerable reduction in enrichment time without a loss of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh M Nguyen
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA
| | - Jose Gil
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Los Angeles, CA, 90062, USA
| | - Matthew Brown
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Eduardo Cesar Tondo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICTA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nathanyelle Soraya Martins de Aquino
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Controle de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICTA/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Marcia Eisenberg
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Burlington, NC, 27215, USA
| | - Stephen Erickson
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, New Brighton, MN, 55112, USA.
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Ke Y, Lu W, Liu W, Zhu P, Chen Q, Zhu Z. Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections among children in a tertiary hospital in Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, 2012-2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008732. [PMID: 33017418 PMCID: PMC7561262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), a common cause of diarrheal enterocolitis, may also cause severe invasive diseases. Limited information on NTS infections in children is available in China. Methods We performed a retrospective study of children admitted to the Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital with culture-confirmed NTS infections between January 2012 and December 2019. Clinical and microbiological information were collected. We compared demographic, clinical and antibiotic resistance variables of invasive NTS (iNTS) infections and non-invasive NTS (non-iNTS) infections, and explored associations between hospitalizations for pediatric NTS infections and temperature and rainfall. Results A total of 166 pediatric hospitalizations due to NTS infection were identified during the 8-year study period. Most of the 166 children were <5 years old (93.4%). The primary serotype was Salmonella Typhimurium (62.6%). Of 166 children with NTS infections, 11 had invasive infection. Compared to 155 children with non-iNTS infections, we found that iNTS infections were more likely to occur in infants ≤6 months or children with an underlying medical condition of leukemia at admission, but iNTS infections less often presented with a symptom of diarrhea (P <0.05 in all cases). The resistance rates of non-iNTS isolates to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, and aztreonam were significantly higher than those of iNTS isolates (P <0.05 in all cases). In addition, compared with iNTS isolates, non-iNTS isolates were significantly associated with resistance to ≥4 CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute) classes (P = 0.041, OR: 0.089, 95% CI: 0.009–0.901) and ≥2 first-line treatment agents (P = 0.040, OR: 0.159, 95% CI: 0.028–0.916). On the other hand, we found that seasonal NTS hospitalizations were positively associated with average seasonal temperature (r = 0.961, P = 0.039) and average monthly rainfall (r = 0.921, P <0.001). Conclusion Non-iNTS accounts for the majority of infections in this study; infants ≤6 months and children with underlying medical conditions of leukemia are more likely to have invasive infection. The rates of antibiotic resistance in the iNTS isolates are generally lower than those in the non-iNTS isolates. On the other hand, high temperatures and heavy rainfall are positively associated with NTS hospitalizations among children in Ningbo. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection is a foodborne disease with a global heavy burden. NTS usually causes diarrheal enterocolitis in humans and may also cause severe invasive NTS (iNTS) infections. Antimicrobial agents are not recommended for non-severe NTS diarrhea, but they are recommended for people at risk of severe or invasive infection. However, the recognition of iNTS infection among children is difficult before culture. We studied children who had NTS infections in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Ningbo and found that iNTS infections were more likely to occur in infants ≤6 months or children with an underlying medical condition of leukemia at admission, while diarrhea was more common in children with non-iNTS infections. The high rates of antibiotic resistance among children with NTS in Ningbo calls for continuous NTS surveillance. On the other hand, high temperatures and heavy rainfall were positively associated with NTS hospitalizations among children. These findings may help us to improve measures for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of NTS infections among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefang Ke
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Zhu
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunying Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, HwaMei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Jones G, Pardos de la Gandara M, Herrera-Leon L, Herrera-Leon S, Varela Martinez C, Hureaux-Roy R, Abdallah Y, Nisavanh A, Fabre L, Renaudat C, Mossong J, Mattheus W, Huard C, Le Borgne C, de Valk H, Weill FX, Jourdan-Da Silva N. Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Poona in infants linked to persistent Salmonella contamination in an infant formula manufacturing facility, France, August 2018 to February 2019. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30940315 PMCID: PMC6446512 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.13.1900161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a Salmonella Poona outbreak involving 31 infant cases in France. Following outbreak detection on 18 January 2019, consumption of rice-based infant formula manufactured at a facility in Spain was identified as the probable cause, leading to a recall on 24 January. Whole genome sequencing analysis linked present outbreak isolates to a 2010–11 S. Poona outbreak in Spain associated with formula manufactured in the same facility, indicating a persistent source of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Pardos de la Gandara
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laura Herrera-Leon
- National Centre for Microbiology, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Herrera-Leon
- National Centre for Microbiology, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Varela Martinez
- National Centre for Epidemiology, CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roselyne Hureaux-Roy
- Directorate of the Ministry of Economy in charge of consumers' affairs, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Abdallah
- Directorate of the Ministry of Economy in charge of consumers' affairs, Paris, France
| | | | - Laetitia Fabre
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Renaudat
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joël Mossong
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Huard
- Direction Santé et Aide aux Personnes, Commission Communautaire Commune, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - François-Xavier Weill
- Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Wei X, Lau SK, Chaves BD, Danao MGC, Agarwal S, Subbiah J. Effect of water activity on the thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in milk powders. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6904-6917. [PMID: 32475668 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of Salmonella in milk powders has caused several foodborne outbreaks. The determination of proper pasteurization processing conditions requires an understanding of the thermal inactivation kinetics of Salmonella in milk powders. However, there is a lack of knowledge related to the effects of water activity (aw) and fat content on Salmonella inactivation in milk powder during thermal processing. Two types of milk powders, nonfat dry milk and whole milk powder, with different fat contents (0.62 and 29.46% wt/wt, respectively) were inoculated with a 5-strain cocktail of Salmonella and equilibrated to 3 aw levels (0.10, 0.20, and 0.30) for isothermal treatments at 75, 80, and 85°C to obtain D-values (the time required to achieve a 10-fold reduction of the bacteria at the isothermal treatment temperature) and z-values (the increase in temperature required to achieve a 90% reduction of the decimal reduction time D). Stability tests showed that the inoculation method used in this study provided a high and stable population of Salmonella for thermal inactivation studies. A moisture sorption isotherm was measured to understand the relationship between aw and moisture content of milk powders. The thermal resistance of Salmonella was found to significantly increase as aw decreased, which suggested that a higher temperature or longer processing time would be required at low aw to achieve the desired inactivation of Salmonella. The microbial inactivation kinetics were not significantly different for the 2 milk powders; therefore, data were combined to develop a universal model. A response surface model was compared with a modified Bigelow model. The modified Bigelow model performed well to predict D-values [root mean square error (RMSE) = 1.47 min] and log reductions (RMSE = 0.48 log cfu/g). The modified Bigelow model developed here could be used to estimate D-value as a function of water activity and temperature to design a thermal pasteurization system for milk powders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Wei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588
| | - Soon Kiat Lau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588; Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583
| | - Byron D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588
| | - Mary-Grace C Danao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588; The Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588
| | | | - Jeyamkondan Subbiah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72704.
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27
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Stability of Listeria monocytogenes in non-fat dry milk powder during isothermal treatment and storage. Food Microbiol 2020; 87:103376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Although researchers have described numerous risk factors for salmonellosis and for infection with specific common serotypes, the drivers of Salmonella serotype diversity among human populations remain poorly understood. In this retrospective observational study, we partition records of serotyped non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from human clinical specimens reported to CDC national surveillance by demographic, geographic and seasonal characteristics and adapt sample-based rarefaction methods from the field of community ecology to study how Salmonella serotype diversity varied within and among these populations in the USA during 1996–2016. We observed substantially higher serotype richness in children <2 years old than in older children and adults and steadily increasing richness with age among older adults. Whereas seasonal and regional variation in serotype diversity was highest among infants and young children, variation by specimen source was highest in adults. Our findings suggest that the risk for infection from uncommon serotypes is associated with host and environmental factors, particularly among infants, young children and older adults. These populations may have a higher proportion of illness acquired through environmental transmission pathways than published source attribution models estimate.
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Hong H, Sun C, Wei S, Sun X, Mutukumira A, Wu X. Development of a real-time recombinase polymerase amplification assay for rapid detection of Salmonella in powdered infant formula. Int Dairy J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Parra-Flores J, Maury-Sintjago E, Rodriguez-Fernández A, Acuña S, Cerda F, Aguirre J, Holy O. Microbiological Quality of Powdered Infant Formula in Latin America. J Food Prot 2020; 83:534-541. [PMID: 32078682 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cronobacter is a bacterial genus that includes seven species, and the species Cronobacter sakazakii is most related to meningitis and septicemia in infants associated with powdered infant formula (PIF). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of C. sakazakii and to determine the microbiological quality of PIF for infant consumption. To do this, a total of 128 PIF samples were analyzed in four brands and countries (Chile, Mexico, Holland, and Brazil), considering three types of PIF: premature (PIF1), infant (PIF2), and follow-up (PIF3). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) were assessed in accordance with Chilean official standards. The outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene was amplified to detect Cronobacter spp. and the fusA gene was amplified to identify C. sakazakii by using the PubMLST Web site and BLAST (NCBI). The antibiotic resistance profile was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The pathogen was quantified by the most probable number (MPN). The results showed that APC median values for PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 3.2, 4.9, and 4.8 log CFU g-1, respectively. The APC were higher in PIF2 (P < 0.01) from Holland (P < 0.01) in the commercial brand 4 (P < 0.01). The ENT median values in PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 1.8, 1.5, and 1.7 log CFU g-1, respectively. Five strains of C. sakazakii and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus were identified as having values between 0.023 and 2.3 MPN/g. All strains (100%) harbored the ompA, plasminogen activator (cpa), and hemolysin (hly) virulence genes. To conclude, C. sakazakii was found in four PIF samples from four Chilean products and one from Mexico, which is distributed throughout America. C. sakazakii strains exhibit virulence factors and resistance to ampicillin, thus posing a risk when PIFs are consumed by infants. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eduard Maury-Sintjago
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sergio Acuña
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, 8820000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ondrej Holy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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31
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Jiang Y, Chen S, Zhao Y, Yang X, Fu S, McKillip JL, Fox EM, Man C. Multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based lateral flow dipstick for simultaneous detection of 3 food-borne pathogens in powdered infant formula. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:4002-4012. [PMID: 32113770 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we established a rapid, simple, and sensitive method for visual and point-of-care detection of Salmonella spp., Cronobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus in powdered infant formula (PIF) based on multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Three different species-specific target genes, siiA of Salmonella spp., internal transcribed space (ITS) of Cronobacter spp., and nuc of Staph. aureus, were applied in the mLAMP with biotin-, digoxin-, and Texas Red-modified forward inner primers and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-modified backward inner primers. After mLAMP, a large number of modified amplicons were detected with LFD; one end of the amplicon was conjugated to the anti-FITC antibody on gold nanoparticles and the other end to streptavidin (anti-digoxin or anti-Texas Red antibody) on test lines. Visual inspection of the device relies on the presence of a red band formed by accumulation of sandwich composites. The detection limits of this mLAMP-LFD assay for Salmonella spp., Cronobacter spp., and Staph. aureus in PIF without enrichment were 4.2, 2.6, and 3.4 cfu/g, respectively. The whole method can be completed in less than 1 h. Thus, mLAMP-LFD is a rapid and efficient method for simultaneously detecting Salmonella spp., Cronobacter spp., and Staph. aureus in PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000
| | - Sihan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000
| | - Yueming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000
| | - Shiqian Fu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000
| | - John L McKillip
- Department of Biology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47303
| | - Edward M Fox
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST United Kingdom
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150000.
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Characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from children with acute gastroenteritis, Kolkata, India, during 2000-2016. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:613-627. [PMID: 31898246 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00213-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children. The study was undertaken to determine the isolation rate, serovar prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, and molecular subtypes of NTS from a hospital-based diarrheal disease surveillance in Kolkata, India. Rectal swabs were collected from children (< 5 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis from 2000 to 2016. Samples were processed following standard procedures for identification of NTS. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility, AMR genes, plasmid profiles, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtypes. A total of 99 (1.0%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 9957 samples processed. Of the 17 Salmonella serovars identified, S. Worthington (33%) was predominant followed by S. Enteritidis (13%), S. Typhimurium (12%), and others. The isolates showed high resistance towards nalidixic acid (43%), ampicillin (34%), third-generation cephalosporins (32%), and azithromycin (25%), while low resistance was observed for fluoroquinolones (2%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production (blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV-12 genes) and azithromycin resistance (mphA gene) were common in S. Worthington, while fluoroquinolone resistance (gyrA and parC mutations) was found in S. Kentucky. Diverse plasmid profiles were observed among the isolates. PFGE analysis identified genetically related strains of each serovar in circulation. MLST also revealed phylogenetically clonal isolates of which S. Worthington ST592 and ciprofloxacin-resistant S. Kentucky ST198 were not reported earlier from India. NTS resistant to current drugs of choice poses a potential public health problem. Continuous monitoring of AMR profiles and molecular subtypes of NTS serovars is recommended for controlling the spread of resistant organisms.
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33
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Campagnollo FB, Furtado MM, Silva BS, Margalho LP, Carminati JA, Sant’Ana AS, Nascimento MS. A quantitative risk assessment model for salmonellosis due to milk chocolate consumption in Brazil. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Dag D, Singh RK, Kong F. Dielectric properties, effect of geometry, and quality changes of whole, nonfat milk powder and their mixtures associated with radio frequency heating. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Portela JB, Coimbra PT, Cappato LP, Alvarenga VO, Oliveira RB, Pereira KS, Azeredo DR, Sant’Ana AS, Nascimento JS, Cruz AG. Predictive model for inactivation of salmonella in infant formula during microwave heating processing. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Instrument-Free and Visual Detection of Salmonella Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles and an Antibody Probe Immunosensor. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184645. [PMID: 31546808 PMCID: PMC6769488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella, a common foodborne pathogen, causes many cases of foodborne illness and poses a threat to public health worldwide. Immunological detection systems can be combined with nanoparticles to develop sensitive and portable detection technologies for timely screening of Salmonella infections. Here, we developed an antibody-probe-based immuno-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) bead (AIB) system to detect Salmonella. After adding the antibody probe, Salmonella accumulated in the samples on the surfaces of the immuno-NHS beads (INBs), forming a sandwich structure (INB–Salmonella–probes). We demonstrated the utility of our AIB diagnostic system for detecting Salmonella in water, milk, and eggs, with a sensitivity of 9 CFU mL−1 in less than 50 min. The AIB diagnostic system exhibits highly specific detection and no cross-reaction with other similar microbial strains. With no specialized equipment or technical requirements, the AIB diagnostic method can be used for visual, rapid, and point-of-care detection of Salmonella.
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37
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Underestimated Risks of Infantile Infectious Disease from the Caregiver's Typical Handling Practices of Infant Formula. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9799. [PMID: 31278304 PMCID: PMC6611816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact on infant caregiver as a reservoir of pathogens has not been exploited with perspective to powdered infant formula (PIF). Here we reveal novel route of pathogen transfer through hand-spoon-PIF unexpectedly occurred by even typical practices of caregivers, handling of PIF and storage of feeding-spoon in PIF container. Hand-spoon-PIF contamination route was simulated to analyze the transfer and subsequent survival of pathogens. Major pathogens associated with infantile fatal diseases (Cronobacter sakazakii, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus) were readily transmitted to PIF from skin (3−6 log CFU/hand) via spoons following long-term survival of transferred pathogens (3 weeks; use-by date of PIF) as the excessive level of infectious dose, highlighting direct onset of diseases. Low bacterial load on skin (ca. 1 log CFU/hand) could prevent cross-contamination of PIF, however, at least 72 h survival of transferred pathogen on spoons demonstrated the probability on re-contamination of PIF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the cross-contamination of utensils in contact with powdered-foods. Bacterial load on hands is the key determinant of pathogen transfer and the extent of risk are species-dependent. These evidential results redefine risk of caregivers’ practices and facilitate incorporation of cross-contamination into risk-assessment as underestimated route of infection.
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38
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Wiertzema JR, Borchardt C, Beckstrom AK, Dev K, Chen P, Chen C, Vickers Z, Feirtag J, Lee L, Ruan R, Baumler DJ. Evaluation of Methods for Inoculating Dry Powder Foods with Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecium, or Cronobacter sakazakii. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1082-1088. [PMID: 31135183 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella and Cronobacter are two bacteria of concern in powdered food ingredients with low water activity, due to their ability to remain viable for long periods of time. There is great interest in studying the survival of these bacteria in powdered foods, but discrepancies have been reported between broth-grown and lawn-grown bacterial cells and their thermal resistance and desiccation tolerance once inoculated onto powdered foods. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three different powdered food inoculation methods, two broth-grown and one lawn-grown. To evaluate these methods on three types of powdered food matrices, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 (ATCC 700720), Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium (NRRL B-2354), and Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544) were inoculated onto nonfat dry milk powder, organic soy flour, and all-purpose flour using one of the three previously developed inoculation methods. In the first broth-grown method, labeled broth-grown pelletized inoculation, a bacterial cell pellet was added to powdered foods directly and mixed with a sterile wooden stick. The second broth-grown method, labeled broth-grown spray inoculation, used a chromatography reagent sprayer to spray the bacterial cell suspension onto the powdered foods. The third inoculation method, lawn-grown liquid inoculation, made use of a spot inoculation and a stomacher to incorporate each bacterium into the powdered foods. Results indicated that the method of inoculation of each powder impacted repeatability and bacteria survivability postequilibration (4 to 6 days). Broth-grown spray inoculation, regardless of the powder and bacterium, resulted in the highest log reduction, with an average ∼1-log CFU/g reduction following equilibration. Broth-grown pelletized inoculation resulted in the second-highest log reduction (∼0.79 log CFU/g), and finally, lawn-grown liquid inoculation was the most stable inoculation method of the three, with ∼0.52-log CFU/g reduction. Overall, the results from this inoculation study demonstrate that inoculation methodologies impact the desiccation tolerance and homogeneity of C. sakazakii, E. faecium, and Salmonella Typhimurium LT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Wiertzema
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Christian Borchardt
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Anna K Beckstrom
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Kamal Dev
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Paul Chen
- Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Zata Vickers
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Joellen Feirtag
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Laurence Lee
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Roger Ruan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.,Center for Biorefining, and Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - David J Baumler
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.,Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.,LZL Engineering, Inc., 760 Crestview Lane, Owatonna, Minnesota 55060, USA
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39
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Perna S, Alaali Z, Alalwan TA, Janahi EM, Mustafa S, Rondanelli M, Thani ASB. A Retrospective Epidemiological Study of the Incidence and Risk Factors of Salmonellosis in Bahrain in Children During 2012⁻2016. Pathogens 2019; 8:E51. [PMID: 30999705 PMCID: PMC6631899 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is one of the major public health concerns in Bahrain as it has increased rapidly during the past few years. This study aims to determine the prevalence of salmonellosis in children and the possible risk factors such as age, geographical area, nationality, gender, unsafe drinking water, infant born weight and gastrointestinal disease. The cases of salmonellosis in children reported by the Ministry of Health of Bahrain ranged from 21 to 26 per 100,000 population during the period 2012-2016. Salmonellosis cases were geographically concentrated in the capital and northern regions. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in the number of salmonellosis cases between Bahrainis and non-Bahrainis based on region, and gender (p < 0.001). In the Bahraini cohort, there was an association between the increase of cases and the number of gastrointestinal disease-related deaths (p < 0.05). In addition, unsafe water (over the level of 2.14%) and low-birth weight (<3.100 g) were associated, but not statistically significant (p = 0.086 and p = 0.126, respectively) with the increase of salmonellosis cases. Despite the decline in the number of cases, the results of this study contribute to the understanding of the epidemiology of Salmonella in humans and this, in turn, will help develop and implement preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Perna
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Zahraa Alaali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Tariq A Alalwan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Essam Moahmmed Janahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Sakina Mustafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
| | - Mariangela Rondanelli
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia 27100, Italy.
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Unit of Human and Clinical Nutrition, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ali Salman Bin Thani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir Campus, Sakhir 976, Bahrain.
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40
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Evaluation of thermal inactivation parameters of Salmonella in whole wheat multigrain bread. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:334-341. [PMID: 31027791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate a simulated commercial whole wheat multigrain bread baking process at 375 °F (190.6 °C) oven temperature for 35 min to inactivate Salmonella, and to determine the thermal inactivation parameters of a 7-serovar Salmonella cocktail in whole wheat multigrain bread dough. A ≥5-log CFU/g reduction in Salmonella population was achieved by 15 min, and no viable Salmonella was detected after enrichment plating by 16 min. The aw of the bread crumb (0.96) after baking and 60 min of cooling was similar to that of pre-baked bread dough, whereas the aw of bread crust decreased to 0.81 at the end of baking and cooling. The D-values of the Salmonella cocktail in bread dough were 59.6, 20.0 and 9.7 min at 50, 52 and 55 °C, respectively; and the z-value was 6.5 °C.
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41
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Multi‐country outbreak of Salmonella Poona infections linked to consumption of infant formula. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.en-1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Abstract
The recent outbreak of Salmonella Agona linked to the consumption of infant formula (powdered formula) has rekindled the attention about the correct procedures for preparation and use of these products. International guidelines have already been published so far, particularly in association with Cronobacter sakazakii in early 2000s. FAO/WHO suggested to reconstitute formula with water at no less than 70°C. We therefore contaminated powdered formula with low levels of Salmonella spp and C sakazakii to evaluate the pathogens inactivation during the formula preparation using water at 70°C. In these conditions we observed a survival of both pathogens, indicating that the suggested recommendations may be not enough to guarantee the safety of this product. Higher temperatures are needed to reduce the biological risk, even if it may be not easily realized in actual domestic conditions. Moreover, the impact on the nutritional value of reconstituted formulas should be evaluated.
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43
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Microbiota of milk powders and the heat resistance and spoilage potential of aerobic spore-forming bacteria. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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44
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Fox EM, Jiang Y, Gobius KS. Key pathogenic bacteria associated with dairy foods: On-farm ecology and products associated with foodborne pathogen transmission. Int Dairy J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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45
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Song X, Shukla S, Kim M. Detection of Cronobacter species in powdered infant formula using immunoliposome-based immunomagnetic concentration and separation assay. Food Microbiol 2018; 72:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Song X, Teng H, Chen L, Kim M. Cronobacter Species in Powdered Infant Formula and Their Detection Methods. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:376-390. [PMID: 29805286 PMCID: PMC5960834 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.38.2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species have been associated with disease outbreaks and sporadic infections, particularly in premature and immunocompromised infants. Cronobacter species can cause foodborne infections such as neonatal meningitis, septicaemia and necrotising enterocolitis. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to control and monitor the Cronobacter species in food, especially in powdered infant formula (PIF) and other baby foods. Therefore, in this review, the isolation and prevalence of Cronobacter species in infant food including PIF and the recent advance of detection methods are discussed for the better understanding on the current research status of Cronobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Hui Teng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
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47
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Abstract
Dried foods are low water activity foods with water activity ranging from 0.03 to 0.7. They are commonly misconstrued to be inherently safe from food borne pathogenic bacteria. However, there are many reported cases where many food borne illnesses were caused by the consumption of dried foods contaminated with Salmonella spp., Cronobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli. In this work, we have systematically reviewed the literature dealing with the effect of drying/dehydration on the survival of pathogenic microorganisms with special focus on Salmonella spp. We have also reviewed and synthesized the literature dealing with the effect of drying process on microorganisms in dried vegetables, meat, fish, spices, mushroom and powdered foods. This review concludes that dried foods are not inherently safe microbiologically and required other hurdles to achieve microbial safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Chitrakar
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , Jiangsu , China
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
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48
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Wu S, Jiang Y, Lou B, Feng J, Zhou Y, Guo L, Forsythe SJ, Man C. Microbial community structure and distribution in the air of a powdered infant formula factory based on cultivation and high-throughput sequence methods. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:6915-6926. [PMID: 29729917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The air in a powdered infant formula (PIF) factory is a potential transfer medium for microorganisms. In this study, air samples from 6 main processing areas, almost covering the whole PIF processing line and 1 outdoor location, were collected from a PIF manufacturing plant during the winter and summer periods. A cultivation-based and an Illumina (San Diego, CA) high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to investigate the community structures and distributions of bacteria in the air. High microbial diversity (25 genera, 56 species), with a dominant community including Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, and Kocuria, was found by the cultivation-based method. Moreover, 104 genera were obtained from all samples by high-throughput sequencing methods. Lactococcus (32.3%), Bacillus (29.6%), and Staphylococcus (14.0%) were the preponderant genera. The indices from high-throughput sequencing results indicated that the bacterial community of the air samples was highly diverse. Significant differences in the diversity and distribution at 6 sampling locations were revealed using the 2 methods. In particular, the packaging process contained the highest proportion (39.4%) of isolated strains. The highest diversity in bacterial community structure was found in the outdoor location. More bacterial isolates and higher community diversity were observed in the summer samples compared with the winter samples. In addition, some pathogens, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacillus cereus, and Staphylococcus cohnii, were mainly found in the large bag filling process, can filling, and packaging process areas. The present study provides greater insight into the microbial community and identifies potential sources of air contamination in PIF production environments and can serve as a guide to reduce the risk of microbial contamination in the production of PIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Binbin Lou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Jing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | - Ling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030
| | | | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China, 150030.
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49
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Xin G, Yinping D, Shaofei Y, Yujie H, Fanning S, Jiahui W, Fengqin L. Contamination and characterization of multiple pathogens in powdered formula at retail collected between 2014 and 2015 in China. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Sánchez-Maldonado AF, Lee A, Farber JM. Methods for the Control of Foodborne Pathogens in Low-Moisture Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2018; 9:177-208. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030117-012304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Fernanda Sánchez-Maldonado
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alvin Lee
- Institute for Food Safety and Health, Illinois Institute of Technology, Bedford Park, Illinois 60501, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Farber
- Department of Food Science, Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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