1
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Badger JJ, Bowen WD, den Heyer CE, Breed GA. Large offspring have enhanced lifetime reproductive success: Long-term carry-over effects of weaning size in gray seals ( Halichoerus grypus). Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10095. [PMID: 37293121 PMCID: PMC10244896 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An individual's size in early stages of life may be an important source of individual variation in lifetime reproductive performance, as size effects on ontogenetic development can have cascading physiological and behavioral consequences throughout life. Here, we explored how size-at-young influences subsequent reproductive performance in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) using repeated encounter and reproductive data on a marked sample of 363 females that were measured for length after weaning, at ~4 weeks of age, and eventually recruited to the Sable Island breeding colony. Two reproductive traits were considered: provisioning performance (mass of weaned offspring), modeled using linear mixed effects models; and reproductive frequency (rate at which a female returns to breed), modeled using mixed effects multistate mark-recapture models. Mothers with the longest weaning lengths produced pups 8 kg heavier and were 20% more likely to breed in a given year than mothers with the shortest lengths. Correlation in body lengths between weaning and adult life stages, however, is weak: Longer pups do not grow to be longer than average adults. Thus, covariation between weaning length and future reproductive performance appears to be a carry-over effect, where the size advantages afforded in early juvenile stages may allow enhanced long-term performance in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle J. Badger
- Department of Biology and WildlifeUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
- Present address:
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - W. Don Bowen
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Cornelia E. den Heyer
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans CanadaBedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Greg A. Breed
- Department of Biology and WildlifeUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
- Institute of Arctic BiologyUniversity of Alaska FairbanksFairbanksAlaskaUSA
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2
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Viladrich N, Linares C, Padilla‐Gamiño JL. Lethal and sublethal effects of thermal stress on octocorals early life-history stages. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:7049-7062. [PMID: 36106689 PMCID: PMC9828436 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and severity of marine heatwaves causing mass mortality events in tropical and temperate coral species increases every year, with serious consequences on the stability and resilience of coral populations. Although recovery and persistence of coral populations after stress events is closely related to adult fitness, as well as larval survival and settlement, much remains unknown about the effects of thermal stress on early life-history stages of temperate coral species. In the present study, the reproductive phenology and the effect of increased water temperature (+4°C and +6°C above ambient, 20°C) on larval survival and settlement was evaluated for two of the most representative Mediterranean octocoral species (Eunicella singularis and Corallium rubrum). Our study shows that reproductive behavior is more variable than previously reported and breeding period occurs over a longer period in both species. Thermal stress did not affect the survival of symbiotic E. singularis larvae but drastically reduced the survival of the non-symbiotic C. rubrum larvae. Results on larval biomass and caloric consumption suggest that higher mortality rates of C. rubrum exposed to increased temperature were not related to depletion of endogenous energy in larvae. The results also show that settlement rates of E. singularis did not change in response to elevated temperature after 20 days of exposure, but larvae may settle fast and close to their native population at 26°C (+6°C). Although previous experimental studies found that adult colonies of both octocoral species are mostly resistant to thermal stress, our results on early life-history stages suggest that the persistence and inter-connectivity of local populations may be severely compromised under continued trends in ocean warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Viladrich
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of Washington (UW)SeattleWashingtonUSA
- Departament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Linares
- Departament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio)Universitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain
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3
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Pettersen AK, Schuster L, Metcalfe NB. The Evolution of Offspring Size: a Metabolic Scaling Perspective. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac076. [PMID: 35657724 PMCID: PMC9724151 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Size at the start of life reflects the initial per offspring parental investment - including both the embryo and the nutrients supplied to it. Initial offspring size can vary substantially both within and among species. Within species, increasing offspring size can enhance growth, reproduction, competitive ability, and reduce susceptibility to predation and starvation later in life, that can ultimately increase fitness. Previous work has suggested that the fitness benefits of larger offspring size may be driven by energy expenditure during development - or how offspring metabolic rate scales with offspring size. Despite the importance of early life energy expenditure in shaping later life fitness trajectories, consideration of among-species scaling of metabolic rate at the time of birth as a potential source of general metabolic scaling patterns has been overlooked by theory. Here we review the patterns and processes of energy expenditure at the start of life when mortality is often greatest. We compile existing data on metabolic rate and offspring size for 191 ectotherm species spanning eight phyla and use phylogenetically-controlled methods to quantify among-species scaling patterns. Across a 109-fold mass range, we find that offspring metabolic rate scales hypometrically with size, with an overall scaling exponent of 0.66. This exponent varies across ontogenetic stage and feeding activity, but is consistently hypometric, including across environmental temperatures. Despite differences in parental investment, life history and habitat, large-offspring species use relatively less energy as a proportion of size, compared with small-offspring species. Greater residual energy can be used to fuel the next stages of life, particularly in low resource environments. Based on available evidence, we conclude that, while large knowledge gaps remain, the evolution of offspring size is likely shaped by context-dependent selection acting on correlated traits, including metabolic rates maintaining hypometric scaling, that operates within broader physical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G20 0TH, UK
| | - Lukas Schuster
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Neil B Metcalfe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G20 0TH, UK
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4
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Norin T. Growth and Mortality as Causes of Variation in Metabolic Scaling Among Taxa and Taxonomic Levels. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac038. [PMID: 35580598 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate (MR) usually changes (scales) out of proportion to body mass (BM) as MR = aBMb, where a is a normalisation constant and b is the scaling exponent that reflects how steep this change is. This scaling relationship is fundamental to biology, but over a century of research has provided little consensus on the value of b, and why it appears to vary among taxa and taxonomic levels. By analysing published data on fish and taking an individual-based approach to metabolic scaling, I show that variation in growth of fish under naturally restricted food availability can explain variation in within-individual (ontogenetic) b for standard (maintenance) metabolic rate (SMR) of brown trout (Salmo trutta), with the fastest growers having the steepest metabolic scaling (b ≈ 1). Moreover, I show that within-individual b can vary much more widely than previously assumed from work on different individuals or different species, from -1 to 1 for SMR among individual brown trout. The negative scaling of SMR for some individuals was caused by reductions in metabolic rate in a food limited environment, likely to maintain positive growth. This resulted in a mean within-individual b for SMR that was significantly lower than the across-individual ("static") b, a difference that also existed for another species, cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Interestingly, the wide variation in ontogenetic b for SMR among individual brown trout did not exist for maximum (active) metabolic rate (MMR) of the same fish, showing that these two key metabolic traits (SMR and MMR) can scale independently of one another. I also show that across-species ("evolutionary") b for SMR of 134 fishes is significantly steeper (b approaching 1) than the mean ontogenetic b for the brown trout and cunner. Based on these interesting findings, I hypothesise that evolutionary and static metabolic scaling can be systematically different from ontogenetic scaling, and that the steeper evolutionary than ontogenetic scaling for fishes arises as a by-product of natural selection for fast-growing individuals with steep metabolic scaling (b ≈ 1) early in life, where size-selective mortality is high for fishes. I support this by showing that b for SMR tends to increase with natural mortality rates of fish larvae within taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Schuster L, White CR, Marshall DJ. Plastic but not adaptive: habitat‐driven differences in metabolic rate despite no differences in selection between habitats. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schuster
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ. Melbourne VIC Australia
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6
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Rollinson N, Nilsson-Örtman V, Rowe L. Density-dependent offspring interactions do not explain macroevolutionary scaling of adult size and offspring size. Evolution 2019; 73:2162-2174. [PMID: 31487043 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Most life forms exhibit a correlated evolution of adult size (AS) and size at independence (SI), giving rise to AS-SI scaling relationships. Theory suggests that scaling arises because relatively large adults have relatively high reproductive output, resulting in strong density-dependent competition in early life, where large size at independence provides a competitive advantage to juveniles. The primary goal of our study is to test this density hypothesis, using large datasets that span the vertebrate tree of life (fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals). Our secondary goal is to motivate new hypotheses for AS-SI scaling by exploring how subtle variation in life-histories among closely related species is associated with variation in scaling. Our phylogenetically informed comparisons do not support the density hypothesis. Instead, exploration of AS-SI scaling among life-history variants suggests that steeper AS-SI scaling slopes are associated with evolutionary increases in size at independence. We suggest that a positive association between size at independence and juvenile growth rate may represent an important mechanism underlying AS-SI scaling, a mechanism that has been underappreciated by theorists. If faster juvenile growth is a consequence of evolutionary increases in size at independence, this may help offset the cost of delayed maturation, leading to steeper AS-SI scaling slopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Viktor Nilsson-Örtman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, 752 38, Sweden
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7
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Cameron H, Marshall DJ. Can competitive asymmetries maintain offspring size variation? A manipulative field test. Evolution 2019; 73:1663-1671. [PMID: 31313289 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Offspring sizes vary within populations but the reasons are unclear. Game-theoretic models predict that selection will maintain offspring-size variation when large offspring are superior competitors (i.e., competition is asymmetric), but small offspring are superior colonizers. Empirical tests are equivocal, however, and typically rely on interspecific comparisons, whereas explicit intraspecific tests are rare. In a field study, we test whether offspring size affects competitive asymmetries using the sessile marine invertebrate, Bugula neritina. Surprisingly, we show that offspring size determines whether interactions are competitive or facilitative-large neighbors strongly facilitated small offspring, but also strongly competed with large offspring. These findings contradict the assumptions of classic theory-that is, large offspring were not superior competitors. Instead, smaller offspring actually benefit from interactions with large offspring-suggesting that asymmetric facilitation, rather than asymmetric competition, operates in our system. We argue that facilitation of small offspring may be more widespread than currently appreciated, and may maintain variation in offspring size via negative frequency-dependent selection. Offspring size theory has classically viewed offspring interactions through the lens of competition alone, yet our results and those of others suggest that theory should accommodate positive interactions in explorations of offspring-size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Cameron
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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8
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Hagmayer A, Furness AI, Reznick DN, Pollux BJA. Maternal size and body condition predict the amount of post-fertilization maternal provisioning in matrotrophic fish. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12386-12396. [PMID: 30619553 PMCID: PMC6308890 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal effects often provide a mechanism for adaptive transgenerational phenotypic plasticity. The maternal phenotype can profoundly influence the potential for such environmentally induced adjustments of the offspring phenotype, causing correlations between offspring and maternal traits. Here, we study potential effects of the maternal phenotype on offspring provisioning prior to and during gestation in the matrotrophic live-bearing fish species Poeciliopsis retropinna. Specifically, we examine how maternal traits such as body fat, lean mass, and length relate to pre- (i.e., allocation to the egg prior to fertilization) and post-fertilization (i.e., allocation to the embryo during pregnancy) maternal provisioning and how this ultimately affects offspring size and body composition at birth. We show that pre- and post-fertilization maternal provisioning is associated with maternal length and body fat, but not with maternal lean mass. Maternal length is proportionally associated with egg mass at fertilization and offspring mass at birth, notably without changing the ratio of pre- to post-fertilization maternal provisioning. This ratio, referred to as the matrotrophy index (MI), is often used to quantify the level of matrotrophy. By contrast, the proportion of maternal body fat is positively associated with post-fertilization, but not pre-fertilization, maternal provisioning and consequently is strongly positively correlated with the MI. We furthermore found that the composition of embryos changes throughout pregnancy. Females invest first in embryo lean mass, and then allocate fat reserves to embryos very late in pregnancy. We argue that this delay in fat allocation may be adaptive, because it delays an unnecessary high reproductive burden to the mother during earlier stages of pregnancy, potentially leading to a more slender body shape and improved locomotor performance. In conclusion, our study suggests that (a) offspring size at birth is a plastic trait that is predicted by both maternal length and body fat, and (b) the MI is a plastic trait that is predicted solely by the proportion of maternal body fat. It herewith provides new insights into the potential maternal causes and consequences of embryo provisioning during pregnancy in matrotrophic live-bearing species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Hagmayer
- Department of Animal SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew I. Furness
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HullHullUK
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia
| | - Bart J. A. Pollux
- Department of Animal SciencesWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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9
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Hu MY, Lein E, Bleich M, Melzner F, Stumpp M. Trans-life cycle acclimation to experimental ocean acidification affects gastric pH homeostasis and larval recruitment in the sea star Asterias rubens. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 224:e13075. [PMID: 29660255 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental simulation of near-future ocean acidification (OA) has been demonstrated to affect growth and development of echinoderm larval stages through energy allocation towards ion and pH compensatory processes. To date, it remains largely unknown how major pH regulatory systems and their energetics are affected by trans-generational exposure to near-future acidification levels. METHODS Here, we used the common sea star Asterias rubens in a reciprocal transplant experiment comprising different combinations of OA scenarios, to study trans-generational plasticity using morphological and physiological endpoints. RESULTS Acclimation of adults to pHT 7.2 (pCO2 3500 μatm) led to reductions in feeding rates, gonad weight and fecundity. No effects were evident at moderate acidification levels (pHT 7.4; pCO2 2000 μatm). Parental pre-acclimation to pHT 7.2 for 85 days reduced developmental rates even when larvae were raised under moderate and high pH conditions, whereas pre-acclimation to pHT 7.4 did not alter offspring performance. Microelectrode measurements and pharmacological inhibitor studies carried out on larval stages demonstrated that maintenance of alkaline gastric pH represents a substantial energy sink under acidified conditions that may contribute up to 30% to the total energy budget. CONCLUSION Parental pre-acclimation to acidification levels that are beyond the pH that is encountered by this population in its natural habitat (eg, pHT 7.2) negatively affected larval size and development, potentially through reduced energy transfer. Maintenance of alkaline gastric pH and reductions in maternal energy reserves probably constitute the main factors for a reduced juvenile recruitment of this marine keystone species under simulated OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Y. Hu
- Institute of Physiology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - E. Lein
- Department of Collective Behaviour; Max Planck Institute for Ornithology; Radolfzell Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR); Kiel Germany
| | - M. Bleich
- Institute of Physiology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - F. Melzner
- Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR); Kiel Germany
| | - M. Stumpp
- Institute of Zoology; Comparative Immunobiology; Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel; Kiel Germany
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10
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Oosthuizen WC, Altwegg R, Nevoux M, Bester MN, de Bruyn PJN. Phenotypic selection and covariation in the life-history traits of elephant seals: heavier offspring gain a double selective advantage. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.04998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Chris Oosthuizen
- Dept of Zoology and Entomology; Mammal Research Inst., Univ. of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 South Africa
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Dept of Statistical Sciences; Univ. of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Res Altwegg
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Dept of Statistical Sciences; Univ. of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
- African Climate and Development Initiative; Univ. of Cape Town; Rondebosch South Africa
| | - Marie Nevoux
- Dept of Zoology and Entomology; Mammal Research Inst., Univ. of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - M. N. Bester
- Dept of Zoology and Entomology; Mammal Research Inst., Univ. of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 South Africa
- INRA; UMR 0985 Ecology and Health of Ecosystems; Rennes France
| | - P. J. Nico de Bruyn
- Dept of Zoology and Entomology; Mammal Research Inst., Univ. of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield, Pretoria 0028 South Africa
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11
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Lu H, Xu C, Jin Y, Hero J, Du W. Proximate causes of altitudinal differences in body size in an agamid lizard. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:645-654. [PMID: 29321901 PMCID: PMC5756846 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is directly linked to key life history traits such as growth, fecundity, and survivorship. Identifying the causes of body size variation is a critical task in ecological and evolutionary research. Body size variation along altitudinal gradients has received considerable attention; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we compared the growth rate and age structure of toad-headed lizards (Phrynocephalus vlangalii) from two populations found at different elevations in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We used mark-recapture and skeletochronological analysis to identify the potential proximate causes of altitudinal variation in body size. Lizards from the high-elevation site had higher growth rates and attained slightly larger adult body sizes than lizards from the low-elevation site. However, newborns produced by high-elevation females were smaller than those by low-elevation females. Von Bertalanffy growth estimates predicted high-elevation individuals would reach sexual maturity at an earlier age and have a lower mean age than low-elevation individuals. Relatively lower mean age for the high-elevation population was confirmed using the skeletochronological analysis. These results support the prediction that a larger adult body size of high-elevation P. vlangalii results from higher growth rates, associated with higher resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong‐Liang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Hangzhou City for Ecosystem Protection and RestorationSchool of Life and Environmental SciencesHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Chun‐Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuan‐Ting Jin
- College of Life SciencesChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jean‐Marc Hero
- Environmental Futures Research InstituteSchool of EnvironmentGriffith UniversityGold CoastQldAustralia
| | - Wei‐Guo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation BiologyInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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12
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Arnold LM, Smith WD, Spencer PD, Evans AN, Heppell SA, Heppell SS. The role of maternal age and context-dependent maternal effects in the offspring provisioning of a long-lived marine teleost. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:170966. [PMID: 29410808 PMCID: PMC5792885 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite evidence of maternal age effects in a number of teleost species, there have been challenges to the assertion that maternal age intrinsically influences offspring quality. From an evolutionary perspective, maternal age effects result in young females paradoxically investing in less fit offspring despite a greater potential fitness benefit that might be gained by allocating this energy to individual somatic growth. Although a narrow range of conditions could lead to a maternal fitness benefit via the production of lower quality offspring, evolutionary theorists suggest these conditions are seldom met and that the reported maternal age effects are more likely products of the environmental context. Our goal was to determine if maternal effects operated on offspring provisioning in a long-lived rockfish (genus Sebastes), and to evaluate any such effects as an intrinsic function of maternal age or a context-dependent effect of the offspring release environment. We found that offspring provisioning is a function of both maternal age and the timing of offspring release; older females exhibit increased provisioning over younger females throughout the spawning season despite a decrease in provisioning across all maternal ages as the season progresses. These findings suggest a role for both maternal age effects and a potential context-dependent maternal effect in population productivity, carrying important implications when modelling population persistence and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linsey M. Arnold
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Wade D. Smith
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Allison N. Evans
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Scott A. Heppell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Selina S. Heppell
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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13
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Vrtílek M, Polačik M, Reichard M. The role of energetic reserves during embryonic development of an annual killifish. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:838-847. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vrtílek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Matej Polačik
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Reichard
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
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14
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Svanfeldt K, Monro K, Marshall DJ. Dispersal duration mediates selection on offspring size. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Svanfeldt
- Centre of Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Keyne Monro
- Centre of Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre of Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
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15
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Pettersen AK, White CR, Marshall DJ. Why does offspring size affect performance? Integrating metabolic scaling with life-history theory. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1946. [PMID: 26559952 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Within species, larger offspring typically outperform smaller offspring. While the relationship between offspring size and performance is ubiquitous, the cause of this relationship remains elusive. By linking metabolic and life-history theory, we provide a general explanation for why larger offspring perform better than smaller offspring. Using high-throughput respirometry arrays, we link metabolic rate to offspring size in two species of marine bryozoan. We found that metabolism scales allometrically with offspring size in both species: while larger offspring use absolutely more energy than smaller offspring, larger offspring use proportionally less of their maternally derived energy throughout the dependent, non-feeding phase. The increased metabolic efficiency of larger offspring while dependent on maternal investment may explain offspring size effects-larger offspring reach nutritional independence (feed for themselves) with a higher proportion of energy relative to structure than smaller offspring. These findings offer a potentially universal explanation for why larger offspring tend to perform better than smaller offspring but studies on other taxa are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pettersen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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16
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Dial TR, Reznick DN, Brainerd EL. Effects of neonatal size on maturity and escape performance in the Trinidadian guppy. Funct Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry R. Dial
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA
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17
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O’Dea RE, Vega-Trejo R, Head ML, Jennions MD. Maternal effects on offspring size and number in mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2945-55. [PMID: 26306178 PMCID: PMC4541997 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Given a trade-off between offspring size and number, all mothers are predicted to produce the same optimal-sized offspring in a given environment. In many species, however, larger and/or older mothers produce bigger offspring. There are several hypotheses to explain this but they lack strong empirical support. In organisms with indeterminate growth, there is the additional problem that maternal size and age are positively correlated, so what are their relative roles in determining offspring size? To investigate this, we measured the natural relationship between maternal and offspring size in a wild population of Gambusia holbrooki (eastern mosquitofish), and experimentally disentangled the effects of maternal age and size on offspring size in the laboratory. In combination, our data indicate that the relationship between maternal and offspring size is nonlinear. Small mothers seem to produce larger than average offspring due to integer effects associated with very small broods. For extremely large mothers, which were only sampled in our wild data, these larger than average offspring may result from greater maternal resources or age effects. However, maternal age had no effect on offspring size or number in the laboratory experiment. Our results highlight the importance of sampling the full size-range of mothers when investigating maternal effects on offspring size. They also point to the difficulty of experimentally manipulating maternal size, because any change in size is invariably associated with a change in at least one factor affecting growth (be it temperature, food availability, or density) that might also have an indirect effect on offspring size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E O’Dea
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Regina Vega-Trejo
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Megan L Head
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michael D Jennions
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia
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18
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Lange R, Marshall DJ. Relative contributions of offspring quality and environmental quality to adult field performance. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rolanda Lange
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash Univ.; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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19
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Sun Z, Hamel JF, Parrish CC, Mercier A. Complex offspring size effects: variations across life stages and between species. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:1117-29. [PMID: 25798228 PMCID: PMC4364825 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical optimality models of offspring size and number assume a monotonically increasing relationship between offspring size and performance. In aquatic organisms with complex life cycles, the size-performance function is particularly hard to grasp because measures of performance are varied and their relationships with size may not be consistent throughout early ontogeny. Here, we examine size effects in premetamorphic (larval) and postmetamorphic (juvenile) stages of brooding marine animals and show that they vary contextually in strength and direction during ontogeny and among species. Larger offspring of the sea anemone Urticina felina generally outperformed small siblings at the larval stage (i.e., greater settlement and survival rates under suboptimal conditions). However, results differed when analyses were conducted at the intrabrood versus across-brood levels, suggesting that the relationship between larval size and performance is mediated by parentage. At the juvenile stage (15 months), small offspring were less susceptible than large ones to predation by subadult nudibranchs and both sizes performed similarly when facing adult nudibranchs. In a sympatric species with a different life history (Aulactinia stella), all juveniles suffered similar predation rates by subadult nudibranchs, but smaller juveniles performed better (lower mortalities) when facing adult nudibranchs. Size differences in premetamorphic performance of U. felina were linked to total lipid contents of larvae, whereas size-specific predation of juvenile stages followed the general predictions of the optimal foraging strategy. These findings emphasize the challenge in gathering empirical support for a positive monotonic size-performance function in taxa that exhibit complex life cycles, which are dominant in the sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Sun
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Hamel
- Society for the Exploration and Valuing of the Environment (SEVE) 21 Phils Hill Road, Portugal Cove-St. Philips, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1M 2B7, Canada
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Annie Mercier
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, A1C 5S7, Canada
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20
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Lu HL, Lin ZH, Li H, Ji X. Geographic variation in hatchling size in an oviparous skink: effects of maternal investment and incubation thermal environment. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Lu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 Zhejiang China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory for Animal Adaptation and Evolution; School of Life Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou 310036 Zhejiang China
- College of Ecology; Lishui University; Lishui 323000 Zhejiang China
| | - Hong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences; Nanjing Normal University; Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu China
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21
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Davis K, Marshall DJ. Offspring size in a resident species affects community assembly. J Anim Ecol 2014; 83:322-31. [PMID: 26046291 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Offspring size is a trait of fundamental importance that affects the ecology and evolution of a range of organisms. Despite the pervasive impact of offspring size for those offspring, the influence of offspring size on other species in the broader community remains unexplored. Such community-wide effects of offspring size are likely, but they have not been anticipated by theory or explored empirically. For a marine invertebrate community, we manipulated the size and density of offspring of a resident species (Watersipora subtorquata) in the field and examined subsequent community assembly around that resident species. Communities that assembled around larger offspring were denser and less diverse than communities that assembled around smaller offspring. Differences in niche usage by colonies from smaller and larger offspring may be driving these community-level effects. Our results suggest that offspring size is an important but unexplored source of ecological variation and that life-history theory must accommodate the effects of offspring size on community assembly. Life-history theory often assumes that environmental variation drives intraspecific variation in offspring size, and our results show that the converse can also occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Davis
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
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22
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Leroy F, Meziane T, Riera P, Comtet T. Seasonal variations in maternal provisioning of Crepidula fornicata (Gastropoda): fatty acid composition of females, embryos and larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75316. [PMID: 24086505 PMCID: PMC3782457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment success of marine invertebrate populations not only depends on the number of recruits but also on their quality which affects their survival. In species characterized by a mixed development (encapsulated embryonic development and release of planktotrophic larvae), the offspring quality depends on both maternal provisioning and larval feeding. Here, we investigated potential changes of maternal provisioning over the whole reproductive period in a gastropod with a mixed development: Crepidulafornicata. In its introduction area, C. fornicata reproduces from February to October, which implies that both adults and larvae are exposed to different food availabilities. Maternal provisioning was assessed by measuring the fatty acid (FA) composition of females, encapsulated embryos and larvae, in February, May, July and September 2009. FA are essential resources for the development of embryos and larvae, and are key biomarkers of offspring quality. Our results showed differences in FA composition between muscles, visceral masses, and encapsulated embryos. In particular, FA composition of embryos was similar to that of the visceral mass. Seasonal variations in FA composition were observed: in the middle of the reproductive season (May and July), female tissues and embryos showed a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids and especially ω3, as compared to the beginning and end of the reproductive season (February and September). This showed that through maternal provisioning the quality of C. fornicata offspring was higher in the middle of the reproductive season. Whether this would result in an increase of recruitment success and juvenile performance would require further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Leroy
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarik Meziane
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR BOREA 7208, Committee for Programme and Coordination 53, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Riera
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
| | - Thierry Comtet
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
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23
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Rollinson N, Hutchings JA. Environmental Quality Predicts Optimal Egg Size in the Wild. Am Nat 2013; 182:76-90. [DOI: 10.1086/670648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rollinson N, Hutchings JA. The relationship between offspring size and fitness: integrating theory and empiricism. Ecology 2013; 94:315-24. [PMID: 23691651 DOI: 10.1890/2-0552.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
How parents divide the energy available for reproduction between size and number of offspring has a profound effect on parental reproductive success. Theory indicates that the relationship between offspring size and offspring fitness is of fundamental importance to the evolution of parental reproductive strategies: this relationship predicts the optimal division of resources between size and number of offspring, it describes the fitness consequences for parents that deviate from optimality, and its shape can predict the most viable type of investment strategy in a given environment (e.g., conservative vs. diversified bet-hedging). Many previous attempts to estimate this relationship and the corresponding value of optimal offspring size have been frustrated by a lack of integration between theory and empiricism. In the present study, we draw from C. Smith and S. Fretwell's classic model to explain how a sound estimate of the offspring size--fitness relationship can be derived with empirical data. We evaluate what measures of fitness can be used to model the offspring size--fitness curve and optimal size, as well as which statistical models should and should not be used to estimate offspring size--fitness relationships. To construct the fitness curve, we recommend that offspring fitness be measured as survival up to the age at which the instantaneous rate of offspring mortality becomes random with respect to initial investment. Parental fitness is then expressed in ecologically meaningful, theoretically defensible, and broadly comparable units: the number of offspring surviving to independence. Although logistic and asymptotic regression have been widely used to estimate offspring size-fitness relationships, the former provides relatively unreliable estimates of optimal size when offspring survival and sample sizes are low, and the latter is unreliable under all conditions. We recommend that the Weibull-1 model be used to estimate this curve because it provides modest improvements in prediction accuracy under experimentally relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Life Sciences Building, 1355 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 Canada.
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25
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Allen RM, Marshall DJ. Phenotypic links among life-history stages are complex and context-dependent in a marine invertebrate: interactions among offspring size, larval nutrition and postmetamorphic density. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard M. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
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26
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Hettinger A, Sanford E, Hill TM, Russell AD, Sato KNS, Hoey J, Forsch M, Page HN, Gaylord B. Persistent carry-over effects of planktonic exposure to ocean acidification in the Olympia oyster. Ecology 2013; 93:2758-68. [PMID: 23431605 DOI: 10.1890/12-0567.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Predicting impacts of global environmental change is challenging due to the complex life cycles that characterize many terrestrial and aquatic taxa. Different life stages often interact with the physical environment in distinct ways, and a growing body of work suggests that stresses experienced during one life stage can "carry over" to influence subsequent stages. Assessments of population responses to environmental perturbation must therefore consider how effects might propagate across life-history transitions. We investigated consequences of ocean acidification (decreased pH and carbonate saturation) for early life stages of the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida), a foundation species in estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America. We reared oysters at three levels of seawater pH, including a control (8.0) and two additional levels (7.9 and 7.8). Oysters were cultured through their planktonic larval period to metamorphosis and into early juvenile life. Larvae reared under pH 7.8 exhibited a 15% decrease in larval shell growth rate, and a 7% decrease in shell area at settlement, compared to larvae reared under control conditions. Impacts were even more pronounced a week after settlement, with juveniles that had been reared as larvae under reduced pH exhibiting a 41% decrease in shell growth rate. Importantly, the latter effect arose regardless of the pH level the oysters experienced as juveniles, indicating a strong carry-over effect from the larval phase. Adverse impacts of early exposure to low pH persisted for at least 1.5 months after juveniles were transferred to a common environment. Overall, our results suggest that a stringent focus on a single phase of the life cycle (e.g., one perceived as the "weakest link") may neglect critical impacts that can be transferred across life stages in taxa with complex life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaliese Hettinger
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Bodega Bay, California 94923, USA.
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27
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Burgess SC, Bode M, Marshall DJ. Costs of dispersal alter optimal offspring size in patchy habitats: combining theory and data for a marine invertebrate. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Burgess
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Cleveland Qld 4163 Australia
| | - Michael Bode
- School of Botany University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic 3010Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences University of Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072 Australia
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28
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Stahlschmidt ZR, Rollinson N, Acker M, Adamo SA. Are all eggs created equal? Food availability and the fitness trade‐off between reproduction and immunity. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Marshall DJ, Krug PJ, Kupriyanova EK, Byrne M, Emlet RB. The Biogeography of Marine Invertebrate Life Histories. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2012. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102710-145004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biologists have long sought to identify and explain patterns in the diverse array of marine life histories. The most famous speculation about such patterns is Gunnar Thorson's suggestion that species producing planktonic larvae are rarer at higher latitudes (Thorson's rule). Although some elements of Thorson's rule have proven incorrect, other elements remain untested. With a wealth of new life-history data, statistical approaches, and remote-sensing technology, new insights into marine reproduction can be generated. We gathered life-history data for more than 1,000 marine invertebrates and examined patterns in the prevalence of different life histories. Systematic patterns in marine life histories exist at a range of scales, some of which support Thorson, whereas others suggest previously unrecognized relationships between the marine environment and the life histories of marine invertebrates. Overall, marine life histories covary strongly with temperature and local ocean productivity, and different regions should be managed accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J. Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patrick J. Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California 90032
| | - Elena K. Kupriyanova
- Marine Invertebrates, Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- School of Medical and Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Richard B. Emlet
- Oregon Institute of Marine Biology, The University of Oregon, Charleston 97420
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Kindsvater HK, Rosenthal GG, Alonzo SH. Maternal size and age shape offspring size in a live-bearing fish, Xiphophorus birchmanni. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48473. [PMID: 23139785 PMCID: PMC3491049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies of offspring size focus on differences in maternal investment that arise from ecological factors such as predation or competition. Classic theory predicts that these ecological factors will select for an optimal offspring size, and therefore that variation in a given environment will be minimized. Yet recent evidence suggests maternal traits such as size or age could also drive meaningful variation in offspring size. The generality of this pattern is unclear, as some studies suggest that it may represent non-adaptive variation or be an artifact of temporal or spatial differences in maternal environments. To clarify this pattern, we asked how maternal size, age and condition are related to each other in several populations of the swordtail Xiphophorus birchmanni. We then determined how these traits are related to offspring size, and whether they could resolve unexplained intra-population variation in this trait. We found that female size, age, and condition are correlated within populations; at some of these sites, older, larger females produce larger offspring than do younger females. The pattern was robust to differences among most, but not all, sites. Our results document a pattern that is consistent with recent theory predicting adaptive age- and size-dependence in maternal investment. Further work is needed to rule out non-adaptive explanations for this variation. Our results suggest that female size and age could play an under-appreciated role in population growth and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Kindsvater
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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31
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Lewis C, Ford AT. Infertility in male aquatic invertebrates: a review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 120-121:79-89. [PMID: 22640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As a result of endocrine disruptor studies, there are numerous examples of male related reproductive abnormalities observed in vertebrates. Contrastingly, within the invertebrates there have been considerably less examples both from laboratory and field investigations. This has in part been due to a focus of female related endpoints, inadequate biomarkers and the low number of studies. Whether contaminant induced male infertility is an issue within aquatic invertebrates and their wider communities therefore remains largely unknown and represents a key knowledge gap in our understanding of pollutant impacts in aquatic wildlife. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding pollutants impacting male infertility across several aquatic invertebrate phyla; which biomarkers are currently being used and where the science needs to be expanded. The limited studies conducted so far have revealed reductions in sperm numbers, examples of poor fertilisation success, DNA damage to spermatozoa and inhibition of sperm motility that can be induced by a range of environmental contaminants. This limited data is mainly comprised from laboratory studies with only a few studies of sperm toxicity in natural populations. Clearly, there is a need for further studies in this area, to include both laboratory and field studies from clean and reference sites, with a focus on broadcast spawners and those with direct fertilisation. Biomarkers developed for measuring sperm quantity and quality in vertebrates are easily transferable to invertebrates but require optimisation for particular species. We discuss how sperm tracking and techniques for measuring DNA strand breaks and sperm viability have been successfully transferred from human infertility clinics to aquatic invertebrate ecotoxicology. Linking sperm toxicity and male infertility effects to higher level impacts on the reproductive biology and dynamics of populations requires a much greater understanding of fertilisation dynamics and sperm competition/limitation for invertebrate species and represents the next challenge in our understanding of male toxicity effects in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Lewis
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
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32
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Schrader M, Travis J. Assessing the roles of population density and predation risk in the evolution of offspring size in populations of a placental fish. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:1480-90. [PMID: 22957156 PMCID: PMC3434941 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Population density is an ecological variable that is hypothesized to be a major agent of selection on offspring size. In high-density populations, high levels of intraspecific competition are expected to favor the production of larger offspring. In contrast, lower levels of intraspecific competition and selection for large offspring should be weaker and more easily overridden by direct selection for increased fecundity in low-density populations. Some studies have found associations between population density and offspring size consistent with this hypothesis. However, their interpretations are often clouded by a number of issues. Here, we use data from a 10-year study of nine populations of the least killifish, Heterandria formosa, to describe the associations of offspring size with habitat type, population density, and predation risk. We found that females from spring populations generally produced larger offspring than females from ponds; however, the magnitude of this difference varied among years. Across all populations, larger offspring were associated with higher densities and lower risks of predation. Interestingly, the associations between the two ecological variables (density and predation risk) and offspring size were largely independent of one another. Our results suggest that previously described genetic differences in offspring size are due to density-dependent natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Schrader
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32306-1100
- Department of Animal Biology, University of IllinoisChampaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, Florida 32306-1100
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Marshall DJ, Monro K. INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION ALTERS NONLINEAR SELECTION ON OFFSPRING SIZE IN THE FIELD. Evolution 2012; 67:328-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Morrongiello JR, Bond NR, Crook DA, Wong BBM. Spatial variation in egg size and egg number reflects trade-offs and bet-hedging in a freshwater fish. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:806-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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White CR, Kearney MR, Matthews PGD, Kooijman SALM, Marshall DJ. A Manipulative Test of Competing Theories for Metabolic Scaling. Am Nat 2011; 178:746-54. [DOI: 10.1086/662666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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36
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McKenzie LA, Brooks R, Johnston EL. Heritable pollution tolerance in a marine invader. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:926-932. [PMID: 21295292 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of fouling invasive species is continuing despite the use of antifouling biocides. Furthermore, previous evidence suggests that non-indigenous species introduced via hull fouling may be capable of adapting to metal-polluted environments. Using a laboratory based toxicity assay, we investigated tolerance to copper in the non-indigenous bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata from four source populations. Individual colonies were collected from four sites within Port Hacking (Sydney, Australia) and their offspring exposed to a range of copper concentrations. This approach, using a full-sib, split-family design, tests for a genotype by environment (G×E) interaction. Settlement and complete metamorphosis (recruitment) were measured as ecologically relevant endpoints. Larval sizes were also measured for each colony. Successful recruitment was significantly reduced by the highest copper concentration of 80μgL(-1). While there was no difference in pollution tolerance between sites, there was a significant G×E interaction, with large variation in the response of colony offspring within sites. Larval size differed significantly both between sites and between colonies and was positively correlated with tolerance. The high level of variation in copper tolerance between colonies suggests that there is considerable potential within populations to adapt to elevated copper levels, as tolerance is a heritable trait. Also, colonies that produce large larvae are more tolerant to copper, suggesting that tolerance may be a direct consequence of larger size.
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Jørgensen C, Auer SK, Reznick DN. A Model for Optimal Offspring Size in Fish, Including Live-Bearing and Parental Effects. Am Nat 2011; 177:E119-35. [DOI: 10.1086/659622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rollinson N, Hutchings JA. Body size-specific maternal effects on the offspring environment shape juvenile phenotypes in Atlantic salmon. Oecologia 2011; 166:889-98. [PMID: 21369736 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Njal Rollinson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Bownds C, Wilson R, Marshall DJ. Why do colder mothers produce larger eggs? An optimality approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 213:3796-801. [PMID: 21037058 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.043356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the more common patterns of offspring size variation is that mothers tend to produce larger offspring at lower temperatures. Whether such variation is adaptive remains unclear. Determining whether optimal offspring size differs between thermal environments provides a direct way of assessing the adaptive significance of temperature-driven variation in egg size. Here, we examined the relationship between offspring size and performance at three temperatures for several important fitness components in the zebra fish, Danio rerio. The effects of egg size on performance were highly variable among life-history stages (i.e. pre- and post-hatching) and dependent on the thermal environment; offspring size positively affected performance at some temperatures but negatively affected performance at others. When we used these data to generate a simple optimality model, the model predicted that mothers should produce the largest size offspring at the lowest temperature, offspring of intermediate size at the highest temperature and the smallest offspring at the intermediate temperature. An experimental test of these predictions showed that the rank order of observed offspring sizes produced by mothers matched our predictions. Our results suggest that mothers adaptively manipulate the size of their offspring in response to thermally driven changes in offspring performance and highlight the utility of optimality approaches for understanding offspring size variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Bownds
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Burgess SC, Marshall DJ. Are numbers enough? Colonizer phenotype and abundance interact to affect population dynamics. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:681-7. [PMID: 21250991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01802.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Burgess
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Marshall DJ, Heppell SS, Munch SB, Warner RR. The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring quality: do older mothers really produce the best offspring? Ecology 2011; 91:2862-73. [PMID: 21058547 DOI: 10.1890/09-0156.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maternal effects are increasingly recognized as important drivers of population dynamics and determinants of evolutionary trajectories. Recently, there has been a proliferation of studies finding or citing a positive relationship between maternal size/age and offspring size or offspring quality. The relationship between maternal phenotype and offspring size is intriguing in that it is unclear why young mothers should produce offspring of inferior quality or fitness. Here we evaluate the underlying evolutionary pressures that may lead to a maternal size/age-offspring size correlation and consider the likelihood that such a correlation results in a positive relationship between the age or size of mothers and the fitness of their offspring. We find that, while there are a number of reasons why selection may favor the production of larger offspring by larger mothers, this change in size is more likely due to associated changes in the maternal phenotype that affect the offspring size-performance relationship. We did not find evidence that the offspring of older females should have intrinsically higher fitness. When we explored this issue theoretically, the only instance in which smaller mothers produce suboptimal offspring sizes is when a (largely unsupported) constraint on maximum offspring size is introduced into the model. It is clear that larger offspring fare better than smaller offspring when reared in the same environment, but this misses a critical point: different environments elicit selection for different optimal sizes of young. We suggest that caution should be exercised when interpreting the outcome of offspring-size experiments when offspring from different mothers are reared in a common environment, because this approach may remove the source of selection (e.g., reproducing in different context) that induced a shift in offspring size in the first place. It has been suggested that fish stocks should be managed to preserve these older age classes because larger mothers produce offspring with a greater chance of survival and subsequent recruitment. Overall, we suggest that, while there are clear and compelling reasons for preserving older females in exploited populations, there is little theoretical justification or evidence that older mothers produce offspring with higher per capita fitness than do younger mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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Johnson DW, Christie MR, Moye J. QUANTIFYING EVOLUTIONARY POTENTIAL OF MARINE FISH LARVAE: HERITABILITY, SELECTION, AND EVOLUTIONARY CONSTRAINTS. Evolution 2010; 64:2614-28. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reproductive Biology, Family Conflict, and Size of Offspring in Marine Invertebrates. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:619-29. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Alcorn NJ, Allen JD. How do changes in parental investment influence development in echinoid echinoderms? Evol Dev 2010; 11:719-27. [PMID: 19878293 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between egg size, development time, and juvenile size is critical to explaining patterns of life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Currently there is conflicting information about the effects of changes in egg size on the life histories of echinoid echinoderms. We sought to resolve this conflict by manipulating egg size and food level during the development of two planktotrophic echinoid echinoderms: the green sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma. Based on comparative datasets, we predicted that decreasing food availability and egg size would increase development time and reduce juvenile size. To test our prediction, blastomere separations were performed in both species at the two-cell stage to reduce egg volume by 50%, producing whole- and half-size larvae that were reared to metamorphosis under high or low food levels. Upon settlement, age at metamorphosis, juvenile size, spine number, and spine length were measured. As predicted, reducing egg size and food availability significantly increased age at metamorphosis and reduced juvenile quality. Along with previous egg size manipulations in other echinoids, this study suggests that the relationship between egg size, development time, and juvenile size is strongly dependent upon the initial size of the egg.
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Dias GM, Marshall DJ. Does the relationship between offspring size and performance change across the life-history? OIKOS 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17725.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rius M, Turon X, Dias GM, Marshall DJ. Propagule size effects across multiple life-history stages in a marine invertebrate. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01668.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Monro K, Sinclair-Taylor T, Marshall DJ. Selection on offspring size among environments: the roles of environmental quality and variability. Funct Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Offspring size is one of the most well-studied life-history traits, yet it is remarkable that few field studies have examined the manner in which the relationship between offspring size and performance (and thus, optimal offspring size) is affected by the local environment. Furthermore, while offspring size appears to be plastic in a range of organisms, few studies have linked changes in offspring size to changes in the relationship between offspring size and performance in the field. Interspecific competition is a major ecological force in both terrestrial and marine environments, but we have little understanding of its role in shaping selection on offspring size. Here we examine the effect of interspecific competition on the relationship between offspring size and performance in the field for the marine bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata along the south coast of Australia. Both interspecific competition and offspring size had strong effects on the post-metamorphic performance of offspring in the field, but importantly, they acted independently. While interspecific competition did not affect the offspring size-performance relationship, mothers experiencing competition still produced larger offspring than mothers that did not experience competition. Because larger offspring are more dispersive in this species, increasing offspring size may represent a maternal strategy whereby mothers produce more dispersive offspring when they experience high competition themselves. This study shows that, while offspring size is plastic in this species, post-metamorphic factors alone may not determine the size of offspring that mothers produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin J Marshall
- School of Integrative Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Kosman ET, Pernet B. Diel variation in the sizes of larvae of Bugula neritina in field populations. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2009; 216:85-93. [PMID: 19218495 DOI: 10.1086/bblv216n1p85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The scale of planktonic larval dispersal affects a variety of ecological and evolutionary processes. Recent work suggests that the dispersal ability of obligately lecithotrophic larvae is influenced by the amount of energy supplied to each larva: larger larvae may stay in the plankton longer and thus travel greater distances than smaller larvae. We examined a prediction of this hypothesis in the bryozoan Bugula neritina, which each morning releases brooded larvae that settle within a few hours. If larger larvae stay in the plankton longer than smaller larvae, than larger larvae should increase in frequency in the planktonic population as the day progresses. However, field surveys revealed a negative relationship between time of day and the sizes of planktonic larvae. Because these results may have been complicated by prolonged larval release, we sequestered groups of brooding colonies in field mesocosms to examine release patterns. Larvae were released over a period of 8-9 h, with smaller larvae increasing in frequency as the day progressed. We conclude that populations of larvae of B. neritina may not be homogenous in energetic content throughout the day; this must be taken into consideration when designing studies of many aspects of larval biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Kosman
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd, Long Beach, California 90840, USA.
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