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Jani A, Reigler AN, Leal SM, McCarty TP. Updates in Cryptococcosis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2024:S0891-5520(24)00086-2. [PMID: 39710555 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2024.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by yeasts of the genus Cryptococcus that causes a significant global burden of disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Over the past several decades, diagnosis and management of cryptococcal disease have moved to focus on rapid, reliable, and cost-effective care delivery, with the advent of new antigen detection assays and novel antifungal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ashleigh N Reigler
- Division of Lab Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sixto M Leal
- Division of Lab Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Todd P McCarty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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2
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Weng TP, Wang SW, Lo ST, Su SL, Hsieh MI, Tsai PJ, Tsai PF, Wu CJ, Lee NY, Ko WC, Chen PL. Comparative evaluation of sensititre YeastOne and VITEK2 antifungal susceptibility tests with CLSI broth microdilution method of clinical Cryptococcus isolates in Taiwan. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0211724. [PMID: 39699241 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02117-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Commercial antifungal susceptibility tests were available for clinical yeast isolates. However, the updated Sensititre YeastOne (SYO) version YO10C excluded Cryptococcus species for susceptibility testing. Uncorrelation of antifungal susceptibility patterns by SYO and therapeutic outcomes had been recently reported. We compared the performance of current commercial susceptibility tests with the standard CLSI broth microdilution (BMD) method for clinical Cryptococcus isolates. Forty-seven clinical Cryptococcus isolates were included from 1 January 2012 to 30 June 2023, among which 44 isolates were Cryptococcus neoformans while 3 were Cryptococcus gattii. The performance of SYO version YO10C and VITEK2 YS09 was compared with the CLSI BMD method and correlated with MLST analysis and ERG11 mutation detection. Non-wild-type (non-WT) strains to amphotericin B (AMB) were observed in 11 isolates with the CLSI BMD method and 8 with SYO among 44 C. neoformans isolates, but only 1 isolate was classified as non-WT by both methods. Additionally, all C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to AMB with their MIC ≤1 µg/mL according to the clinical breakpoint defined by EUCAST. Non-WT to FLC were observed in 5 C. neoformans isolates with SYO, but they were classified as WT by CLSI BMD and VITEK2. The essential agreements between SYO and CLSI BMD were >90% to most antifungal agents except ITC in C. neoformans isolates (64%) and AMB in C. gattii group (67%). Between SYO and CLSI BMD, the major error (ME) rates were 11% (n = 5) to FLC, 5% (n = 2) to ITC, and 2% (n = 1) to 5FC in C. neoformans isolates, and the very major error to 5FC was found in one C. gattii isolate. ERG11 mutation with identical I199V was detected in 89% (n = 39) C. neoformans isolates, and 97% (n = 38) of them belonged to sequence type (ST) 5. The ERG11 mutation or cryptococcal ST was not associated with a decrease of antifungal susceptibilities. ME of FLC by SYO version YO10C compared to the CLSI BMD method reached up to 11% of C. neoformans isolates. The results of FLC MIC by SYO should be interpreted cautiously and correlated with therapeutic response, and further verification with the CLSI BMD method or VITEK2 is required. IMPORTANCE The study pointed out the major errors of fluconazole susceptibility results in clinical Cryptococcus neoformans isolates between the commercial Sensititre YeastOne Susceptibility Plate version YO10C and the standard CLSI broth microdilution method. The results should be interpreted carefully with clinical correlation, and a different method of antifungal susceptibility testing should be considered if a discrepancy of susceptibility results is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ping Weng
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Li Su
- Diagnostic Microbiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-I Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Herzig SJ, Kozak BM, Kotton CN, Fogerty AE, Turbett SE. Case 40-2024: A 56-Year-Old Woman with End-Stage Liver Disease and Headache. N Engl J Med 2024; 391:2361-2369. [PMID: 39693546 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc2402504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana J Herzig
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.J.H.), the Departments of Medicine (S.J.H., C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), Radiology (B.M.K.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Radiology (B.M.K.), Medicine (C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston
| | - Benjamin M Kozak
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.J.H.), the Departments of Medicine (S.J.H., C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), Radiology (B.M.K.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Radiology (B.M.K.), Medicine (C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston
| | - Camille N Kotton
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.J.H.), the Departments of Medicine (S.J.H., C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), Radiology (B.M.K.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Radiology (B.M.K.), Medicine (C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston
| | - Annemarie E Fogerty
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.J.H.), the Departments of Medicine (S.J.H., C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), Radiology (B.M.K.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Radiology (B.M.K.), Medicine (C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston
| | - Sarah E Turbett
- From the Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (S.J.H.), the Departments of Medicine (S.J.H., C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), Radiology (B.M.K.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Harvard Medical School, and the Departments of Radiology (B.M.K.), Medicine (C.N.K., A.E.F., S.E.T.), and Pathology (S.E.T.), Massachusetts General Hospital - all in Boston
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Chen CT, Ho MW, Chung WH. Disseminated Cryptococcal Gattii infection in a patient with anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor autoantibody: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:1413. [PMID: 39695975 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-10267-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. The major species include Cryptococcus grubii, Cryptococcus neoformans, and rarely, Cryptococcus gattii. Here we present a disseminated Cryptococcus gattii infection in a patient with elevated granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor autoantibody which was successfully treated with antifungal therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A 61-year-old healthy man presented with a 3-week history of blurred vision, low-grade fever, headache, and a one-year history of low back pain following a fall on his farm. Physical examination revealed lower back tenderness and diplopia. He was tested negative for hepatitis B, C, and human immunodeficiency virus. Chest X-ray revealed a focal opacity in the right retrocardiac paraspinal region and pleural effusion. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass located at the L1 prevertebral region and multiple rim-enhancing lesions in bilateral cerebral hemispheres. Thoracoscopy demonstrated cystic lesions at the right costopleural angle. Pathology and microbiology studies confirmed the diagnosis of disseminated Cryptococcus gatti infection. Autoantibodies to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were detected and were considered to cause disseminated cryptococcosis. The patient was started on amphotericin B followed by fluconazole treatment. One month later, the symptoms ameliorated and repeated image studies after 1 year of follow-up showed the resolution of lesions. CONCLUSION This report describes the first case of disseminated Cryptococcus gattii infection involving the musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, and central nervous system with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor autoantibody by evidence of histology and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Tung Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Wang Ho
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Chung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Ortiz AV, Mehta D, Horton J, Jarquin-Valdivia AA. Multiple Central Nervous System Cryptococcomas Masquerading as Lymphoma. Neurohospitalist 2024:19418744241307413. [PMID: 39664490 PMCID: PMC11629347 DOI: 10.1177/19418744241307413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. In over 90% of cases, it occurs at CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) cell counts of less than 100 cells/mm3. Cryptococcomas are rare granulomatous lesions that can occur in disseminated central nervous system cryptococcal infection, primarily in immunocompetent hosts. Here we report a case of disseminated cryptococcal meningitis with numerous cryptococcomas mimicking metastases in a patient with HIV and a CD4 count of 115. The patient's serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cryptococcal antigen, CSF cryptococcal polymerase chain reaction, and serum and CSF cryptococcal cultures were all negative. Brain biopsy pathology confirmed the diagnosis. In this paper, we highlight the importance of early cerebral biopsy in the diagnosis and management of cryptococcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Ortiz
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dhruven Mehta
- Department of Internal Medicine, TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Juli Horton
- Department of Infectious Disease, TriStar Centennial Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Harper LJ, Farver CF, Yadav R, Culver DA. A framework for exclusion of alternative diagnoses in sarcoidosis. J Autoimmun 2024; 149:103288. [PMID: 39084998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2024.103288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous syndrome that arises from a persistent immune response to a triggering antigen(s). There is no "gold standard" test or algorithm for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, making the diagnosis one of exclusion. The presentation of the disease varies substantially between individuals, in both the number of organs involved, and the manifestations seen in individual organs. These qualities dictate that health care providers diagnosing sarcoidosis must consider a wide range of possible alternative diagnoses, from across a range of presentations and medical specialties (infectious, inflammatory, cardiac, neurologic). Current guideline-based diagnosis of sarcoidosis recommends fulfillment of three criteria: 1) compatible clinical presentation and/or imaging 2) demonstration of granulomatous inflammation by biopsy (when possible) and, 3) exclusion of alternative causes, but do not provide guidance on standardized strategies for exclusion of alternative diagnoses. In this review, we provide a summary of the most common differential diagnoses for sarcoidosis involvement of lung, eye, skin, central nervous system, heart, liver, and kidney. We then propose a framework for testing to exclude alternative diagnoses based on pretest probability of sarcoidosis, defined as high (typical findings with sarcoidosis involvement confirmed in another organ), moderate (typical findings in a single organ), or low (atypical/findings suggesting of an alternative diagnosis). This work highlights the need for informed and careful exclusion of alternative diagnoses in sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan J Harper
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Carol F Farver
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel A Culver
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Integrated Hospital Care Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Feeroz S, Anwar M, Anwar M, Anwar S, Dechavez V. Cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient: Unveiling the mystery of a rare rim-enhancing brain lesion. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:6122-6125. [PMID: 39364276 PMCID: PMC11447300 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
A 59-year-old immunocompetent male who initially presented with symptoms of stroke was found to have an incidental rim-enhancing lesion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. This discovery led to a lumbar puncture to analyze the cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in the diagnosis of cryptococcoma. The patient was subsequently managed with liposomal amphotericin B, followed by consolidation and maintenance therapy with fluconazole. The patient achieved a positive outcome, demonstrating the effectiveness of early diagnosis and targeted treatment. The rarity of cryptococcoma in immunocompetent individuals makes this case particularly unusual and noteworthy. It underscores the need for more extensive research to enable prompt diagnosis and effective management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Feeroz
- Department-Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Mahreen Anwar
- Department-Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Muhammad Anwar
- Department-Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Shamsuddin Anwar
- Department-Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Dechavez
- Department-Infectious Diseases, Staten Island University Hospital, Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Liu Z, Lou Y, Ji Y, Zhao C, Li L. Idiopathic eosinophilia complicated with cryptococcal meningitis: a case report. J Int Med Res 2024; 52:3000605241305437. [PMID: 39703993 DOI: 10.1177/03000605241305437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic eosinophilia, characterized by unexplained peripheral blood eosinophilia after ruling out secondary causes, is an extremely rare condition. Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection that primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with advanced AIDS or leukemia. In this report, we present a unique case of idiopathic eosinophilia concurrent with cryptococcal meningitis, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such case described globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshuo Liu
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Lou
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yingxiao Ji
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Congying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Networks and Cognitive Disorders, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Xiao J, Chen J, Chen J, Zhang L, Ali K, Wu S. Pulmonary cryptococcosis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans in an immunocompetent child. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024. [PMID: 39601496 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.27368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
We report a pediatric case of pulmonary cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans in an immunocompetent child. Although the patient presented with mild clinical symptoms, pulmonary imaging revealed severe abnormalities. The diagnosis was confirmed through fungal culture of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and detection of serum cryptococcal antigen. An appropriate and adequately administered course of antifungal treatment led to a favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Xiao
- Department of Pulmonology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junsong Chen
- Department of Pulmonology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pulmonology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kamran Ali
- Department of Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Suling Wu
- Department of Pulmonology, Hangzhou Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Chen Q, Yu W, Wang X, Zhao C, Wang P, Sun L, Xu L, Xu Y. Case report: A diabetic patient with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis complicated by post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1444486. [PMID: 39664376 PMCID: PMC11631850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1444486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We report on a previously non-HIV-diagnosed, 47-year-old male diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (DM) and cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, who was referred to our institution for antifungal treatment. During the course of treatment, due to the development of refractory intracranial hypertension, Ommaya reservoirs were employed for cranial pressure reduction. The patient gradually recovered during subsequent antifungal therapy; however, symptoms worsened in the third month of treatment, leading to consideration of post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS) on examination. Once diagnosed, the symptoms improved significantly after approximately 130 days of treatment with additional corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Chen
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Weitong Yu
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Neurology Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine of Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Zhang YL, Ran C, Li W. Clinical imaging diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis with different therapeutic responses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:29337. [PMID: 39592693 PMCID: PMC11599278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-80875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to differentiate and evaluate the clinical imaging features of pulmonary cryptococcosis with different therapeutic responses. The clinical imaging data of 70 patients with PC (complete response PC 37 cases and incomplete response PC 33 cases) were collected and compared to determine the independent risk factors for different therapeutic responses, and their diagnostic performances were verified by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Compared with complete response PC, incomplete response PC was more common with immunosuppression (10.8% vs. 45.5%, P = 0.001), intermediate progress (8.1% vs. 39.4%, P = 0.002), bilateral distribution (21.6% vs. 78.8%, P < 0.001), consolidation-interstitial pattern (10.8% vs. 42.4%, P = 0.003), pleural effusion (0 vs. 27.3%, P = 0.002) and mediastinal lymphadenopathy (0 vs. 24.2%, P = 0.005). Multivariate logistic regression showed that immunosuppression, intermediate progress, and bilateral distribution were independent risk factors, with low to moderate areas under curves (AUC, 0.656-0.786). Their combined performance was good with an AUC of 0.888. The diverse clinical imaging features can reflect the therapeutic response of PC. Immunosuppression, intermediate progress, and bilateral distribution were independent risk factors. Their combination can significantly improve diagnostic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Ran
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Wei Li
- Medical Imaging Department, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, No. 368, Hanjiang Middle Road, Hanjiang District, Yangzhou, 225100, China.
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Hojat Ansari S, Rahimzadeh S. A rare case of cryptococcal meningitis with infarction of the splenium of the corpus callosum in an immunocompetent patient: A case report. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241301862. [PMID: 39574500 PMCID: PMC11580072 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241301862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/05/2024] [Indexed: 11/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Meningitis is a severe infection of the central nervous system. Cryptococcus neoformans is an uncommon fungal agent that can cause meningitis and often manifests unusual symptoms. While this infection is more prevalent in immunocompromised patients, it can also affect immunocompetent patients. A 33-year-old housewife living in the village visited our hospital emergency department complaining of a severe headache and mild fever for 7 days. We diagnosed an unusual occurrence of cryptococcal meningitis with infarction of the splenium of the corpus callosum in a patient who appeared to have a healthy immune system. This disease should be considered in immunocompetent individuals with persistent headache or other neurological findings, even in the absence of overt risk factors.
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Ganeshkumar A, de Lima PMN, Haribabu J, Borges BM, Preite NW, Loures FV, Arulraj A, Junqueira JC. Sclareolide as Antifungal Strategy Against Cryptococcus neoformans: Unveiling Its Mechanisms of Action. Microorganisms 2024; 12:2324. [PMID: 39597712 PMCID: PMC11596910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Revised: 11/07/2024] [Accepted: 11/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal infection commonly begins as an opportunistic infection in humans, however, this can escalate to a systemic or life-threatening form in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we aim to identify novel antifungal molecules from plants resources. Sclareolide, a phytochemical classified as a sesquiterpene lactone, was assessed against Cryptococcus neoformans H99. Sclareolide exhibited promising antifungal properties with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 16 µg/mL. Additionally, the C. neoformans growth rate was significantly affected by sclareolide treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, as observed through a time killing assay, with a significant reduction at MIC × 8 compared to the control by 48 h. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sclareolide antifungal activity, fluorescence-based methods were employed. Propidium iodide (PI) accumulation assay indicated a reduction in C. neoformans membrane integrity, with values as low as 6.62 ± 0.18% after treatment. Moreover, sclareolide at MIC × 4 and MIC × 8 significantly increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), suggesting oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in C. neoformans. Sclareolide did not induce caspase-dependent apoptosis, suggesting a non-apoptotic mechanism. Further, a checkerboard experiment was performed to assess potential synergistic interaction with Amphotericin B, however, no synergism was observed. Moving on, sclareolide at 128 µg/mL did not exhibit toxicity in Galleria mellonella, further supporting its potential as a safe antifungal agent. These findings suggest that the antifungal activity of sclareolide against C. neoformans is mediated by oxidative stress. Further in vivo and pharmacokinetic studies are recommended to explore the potential of sclareolide as a prototype for the development of novel anti-cryptococcal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Ganeshkumar
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil;
- Department of Materials Physics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMTS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Patricia Michelle Nagai de Lima
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil;
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, Copiapo 1532502, Chile
- Chennai Institute of Technology (CIT), Chennai 600069, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bruno Montanari Borges
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo 12231-280, Brazil (N.W.P.)
| | - Nycolas Willian Preite
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo 12231-280, Brazil (N.W.P.)
| | - Flavio Vieira Loures
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo 12231-280, Brazil (N.W.P.)
| | - Arunachalam Arulraj
- Departamento de Electricidad, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Av. José Pedro Alessandri 1242, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800002, Chile;
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose dos Campos, São Paulo 12245-000, Brazil;
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Vernel-Pauillac F, Laurent-Winter C, Fiette L, Janbon G, Aimanianda V, Dromer F. Cryptococcus neoformans infections: aspartyl protease potential to improve outcome in susceptible hosts. mBio 2024; 15:e0273324. [PMID: 39440979 PMCID: PMC11559057 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02733-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Though a confined or a broad population is exposed respectively to endemic or pandemic infections, in the same environment, some individuals resist the development of infections. The attributed reason is the inheritance of a set of immune system genes that can efficiently deal with the pathogens. In this study, we show how outbred mice differentially respond to Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen, and the mechanism through which the surviving mice mount a protective immune defense. We identified that those mice developing antibodies specifically against Pep1p, an aspartic protease secreted by C. neoformans, had significantly improved survival. Vaccination (either prophylactic or therapeutic) with a recombinant Pep1p significantly increased the survival of the mice by decreasing the fungal load and stimulating a protective immune response. Passive immunization of C. neoformans-infected mice with monoclonal antibodies developed against Pep1p also improves the survival of the mice by increasing phagocytosis of C. neoformans and decreasing the multiplication of this fungus. Together, these data demonstrate the prophylactic and therapeutic potentials of the C. neoformans antigenic protein Pep1p or Pep1p-specific antibodies against this fungal infection. Also, this study suggests that the immunological interaction and thereby the responses developed against a pathogen guide the hosts to behave differentially against microbial pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Vaccination and immunotherapies against fungal pathogens still remain a challenge. Here, we show using an in vivo model based on outbred mice that development of antibodies against Pep1p, an antigenic protein of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, confers resistance to this fungal infection. In support of this observation, prophylactic or therapeutic immunization of the mice with recombinant Pep1p could improve their survival when infected with a lethal dose of C. neoformans. Moreover, passive therapy with monoclonal anti-Pep1p antibodies also enhanced survival of the mice from C. neoformans infection. The associated antifungal mechanisms were mounting of a protective immune response and the development of fungal specific antibodies that decrease the fungal burden due to an increase in their phagocytosis and/or inhibit the fungal multiplication. Together, our study demonstrates (a) the mode of host-fungal interaction and the immune response developed thereby play a crucial role in developing resistance against C. neoformans; (b) Pep1p, an aspartic protease as well as an antigenic protein secreted by C. neoformans, can be exploited for vaccination (both prophylactic and therapeutic) or immunotherapy to improve the host defense during this fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine Laurent-Winter
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UAR 2024, Mass Spectrometry for Biology Unit, Proteomics platform, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Fiette
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Dromer
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Molecular Mycology Unit, UMR 2000, Paris, France
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15
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Yang Y, Shang J, Xu S, Wang Z. Dose Optimization of Fluconazole After Initial Treatment Failure in Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in an Obese Patient with Type 2 Diabetes and Cirrhosis: A Case Report. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:4993-5000. [PMID: 39554469 PMCID: PMC11566214 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s491615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/30/2024] [Indexed: 11/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary cryptococcosis is a fungal infection of the lungs, particularly challenging to treat in patients with multiple comorbidities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cirrhosis. Fluconazole is a first-line medication for the treatment of pulmonary cryptococcosis, but currently there is a lack of clinical medication experience in obese patients with multiple comorbidities, especially in dose adjustment after treatment failure. Case Introduction This case report describes the experience of fluconazole in the treatment of pulmonary cryptococcal infection in a 45-year-old Chinese male with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cirrhosis. The patient had a history of antifungal therapy for two weeks before admission, but the cough and hemoptysis were not improved. The treatment failed. After admission, it was recommended to use a conventional dose of fluconazole as an antifungal regimen according to the guidelines. However, the treatment effect was still unsatisfactory, due to the patients' cough, hemoptysis, and fever symptoms were not relieved. During this period, it was newly found that the patient had cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes and had not previously controlled blood glucose. Considering the above situation, combined with the pharmacokinetic characteristics of fluconazole and the patient's weight reaching 113 kg, the team readjusted the fluconazole medication regimen, and ultimately, the pulmonary infection improved without significant adverse reactions. Results We found that it was more suitable for patients with obesity to calculate the dose of fluconazole by the lean weight. By estimation, the patient was finally given a loading dose of 800 mg fluconazole, and his condition improved significantly. After two weeks of medication, it was adjusted to a maintenance dose of 600 mg until the pulmonary infection in the patient disappeared. Conclusion This case suggests that fluconazole antifungal therapy for pulmonary cryptococcal infection should fully consider the risk of comorbidities in patients. If necessary, medication dosage can be adjusted according to weight, and it is recommended to use lean bodyweight for evaluation and optimization. In addition, close attention should be paid to liver and kidney function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Alderazi A, Wang E, Lages L, Dodson LM, Doan JV, Shah VG. An Unexpected Culprit: Cryptococcus-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency in an Immunocompetent Host. Am J Med 2024:S0002-9343(24)00699-5. [PMID: 39532246 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alderazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily Wang
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
| | - Lucas Lages
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lois M Dodson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - James V Doan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Vandana G Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
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17
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Munzen ME, Mathew C, Enriquez V, Minhas A, Charles-Niño CL, Saytoo D, Reguera-Gomez M, Dores MR, Martinez LR. Inhibition of RhoA Prevents Cryptococcus neoformans Capsule Glucuronoxylomannan-Stimulated Brain Endothelial Barrier Disruption. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:1042-1051. [PMID: 38622836 PMCID: PMC11481333 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans (Cn) is an opportunistic fungus that causes severe central nervous system (CNS) disease in immunocompromised individuals. Brain parenchyma invasion requires fungal traversal of the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we describe that Cn alters the brain endothelium by activating small GTPase RhoA, causing reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and tight junction modulation to regulate endothelial barrier permeability. We confirm that the main fungal capsule polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan is responsible for these alterations. We reveal a therapeutic benefit of RhoA inhibition by CCG-1423 in vivo. RhoA inhibition prolonged survival and reduced fungal burden in a murine model of disseminated cryptococcosis, supporting the therapeutic potential of targeting RhoA in the context of cryptococcal infection. We examine the complex virulence of Cn in establishing CNS disease, describing cellular components of the brain endothelium that may serve as molecular targets for future antifungal therapies to alleviate the burden of life-threatening cryptococcal CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Munzen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville
| | - Cristian Mathew
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - Vanessa Enriquez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville
| | - Amanjeet Minhas
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | | | | | - Marta Reguera-Gomez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville
| | - Michael R Dores
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville
- Emerging Pathogens Institute
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville
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18
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Tai S, Liang C, Tao J, Zhou J. Cryptococcal invasion: a comprehensive case of adrenal and systemic infection amid immunosuppression. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:1119. [PMID: 39379806 PMCID: PMC11460178 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
We report a case of disseminated cryptococcosis, an uncommon fungal infection predominantly affecting the lungs and central nervous system, with the rare involvement of adrenal cryptococcosis, compounded by meningitis and pneumonia. The patient, previously diagnosed with primary myelofibrosis and undergoing oral Ruxolitinib treatment, exhibited immunosuppression. Imaging via chest and abdominal CT scans revealed inflammation in the right lung's middle lobe, splenomegaly, a splenic lesion, and a left adrenal mass, initially prompting considerations of pheochromocytoma. However, unilateral adrenalectomy and subsequent pathological examination disclosed extensive infiltration by inflammatory and multinucleate giant cells, with Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining confirming the diagnosis. The identification of adrenal cryptococcosis was further supported by positive adrenal pus culture and significantly elevated capsular antigens in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid, at titers of 1:2560. Following a month of oral antifungal treatment, marked reductions in capsular antigen levels were noted, to 1:640 and 1:160 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. The patient was discharged on a regimen of oral amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole, with regular outpatient follow-ups showing no signs of recurrence or dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Tai
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Junyue Tao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Shushan District, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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19
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Barut D, Kunay B, Yıldırım Arslan S, Akkuş GK, Şahbudak Bal Z, Yazıcı P, Karakoyun M, Aydoğdu S. Disseminated cryptococcosis in a child with liver transplantation: a case report. Turk J Pediatr 2024; 66:499-504. [PMID: 39387422 DOI: 10.24953/turkjpediatr.2024.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals, including solid-organ transplant recipients, and, less frequently, immunocompetent people. CASE A 15-year-old male with congenital hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, and cirrhosis underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. He received perioperative antimicrobial and antifungal prophylaxis and continued immunosuppressive treatment. Thirty months post-transplant, he presented with fever, hypertension, and sacroiliac joint pain. Peripheral blood cultures showed C. neoformans, confirmed by pan-fungal polymerase chain reaction assay and latex agglutination tests. Despite initial treatment with intravenous (IV) fluconazole, his condition worsened, necessitating intubation for acute hypoxic respiratory failure. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans indicated disseminated cryptococcosis with lymphadenitis, possible meningitis, and pneumonia. Treatment was escalated to IV liposomal amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine, while reducing immunosuppressive treatment. Despite negative fungal cultures on the tenth day, the patient deteriorated, developing pancreatitis, pneumonia, and massive gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to death on the 35th day of hospitalization. CONCLUSION This case shows the severity and complexity of managing disseminated cryptococcosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Aggressive therapy and early identification are essential for improving outcomes in these high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Barut
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Bora Kunay
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Sema Yıldırım Arslan
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Gözde Kayalı Akkuş
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Zümrüt Şahbudak Bal
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Yazıcı
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Miray Karakoyun
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Sema Aydoğdu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School of Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
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Pinchuk A, Geginat G, Rickerts V, Neyazi B, Stein KP, Mawrin C, Sandalcioglu IE, Rashidi A. Late Relapse of Previous Pulmonary Cryptococcosis With Symptoms Resembling Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report. Case Rep Infect Dis 2024; 2024:3905985. [PMID: 39398978 PMCID: PMC11469929 DOI: 10.1155/2024/3905985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis, an infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, predominantly targets the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with AIDS but is not limited to this group. The disease can also occur in individuals with various immunosuppressive conditions, frequently involving the brain or lungs. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the most common form of fungal meningoencephalitis, leading to intracerebral infections, cerebral infarction, or hydrocephalus. The clinical presentation of CM is nonspecific, and imaging features can vary significantly. This case report presents a patient with cerebral infarction, who was HIV-negative but had been on long-term cortisone therapy. Notably, the patient had a history of pulmonary cryptococcosis 15 years prior to cerebral involvement. When initially at our clinic, histology and culture results from brain biopsies were negative and the earlier pulmonary cryptococcosis history was unknown. Subsequently, cryptococcal antigen was detected in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and C. neoformans was cultivated from CSF. This case highlights the critical importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for CM, particularly in patients with a history of previous cryptococcal infections, and it also demonstrates the possibility of false-negative brain biopsy results due to secondary vascular events associated with CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoli Pinchuk
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Geginat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Volker Rickerts
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit for Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Belal Neyazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Peter Stein
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mawrin
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-Von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - I. Erol Sandalcioglu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ali Rashidi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Gabriel S, Boin MA. Cryptococcus neoformans Periprosthetic Joint Infection in the Setting of Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e71253. [PMID: 39525101 PMCID: PMC11550565 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.71253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
An 83-year-old male, status one year post-primary right reverse shoulder arthroplasty, presented with clinical and radiographic signs of shoulder instability. The patient subsequently underwent revision reverse shoulder arthroplasty with postoperative cultures growing Cryptococcus neoformans in all five tissue samples. He was placed on temporary fluconazole since he demanded to leave the hospital during a holiday weekend with plans to get readmitted later. IV amphotericin B was used as induction treatment for two weeks followed by PO voriconazole, which was taken by the patient until eight months postoperatively. He was followed up in the orthopedic clinic status post revision procedure at one and two months and was found to be progressing well. The patient presented to the emergency department eight months after the revision procedure for an unrelated concern that was inconsequential. There were no signs of infection as vital signs and laboratory markers were normal. At 18 months postoperatively, he presented to an outside facility with a left distal femur periprosthetic fracture around a total knee implant, for which open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) was performed. During this hospital stay, an orthopedic team, known to the authors, evaluated the patient. The right shoulder was stable and without pain, with vitals signs and laboratory markers showing no signs of infection. The patient reported that he continued to be employed as a maintenance worker at a motel. He was discharged soon and is living with current revision shoulder arthroplasty implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Speros Gabriel
- Orthopedic Surgery, HCA Research Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
| | - Michael A Boin
- Orthopedic Surgery, North Kansas City Hospital, Kansas City, USA
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Tsai YC, Chen YS, Yao CS, Chang RI, Wang NC, Chen JK. Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate Levels as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Cryptococcal Meningitis Who Are HIV Negative: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae540. [PMID: 39411225 PMCID: PMC11474979 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a severe central nervous system infection. In patients with HIV infections and coexisting CM, elevated baseline cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels can predict increased mortality. However, the CSF lactate level's significance in patients with CM who are HIV negative remains unclear, necessitating further investigation to elucidate the potential distinctions and enhance patient management. This study investigated the significance of CSF lactate levels in patients with CM who were HIV negative. Methods This retrospective study utilized data from the clinical databases of patients who underwent lumbar punctures at a medical center in Kaohsiung City, southern Taiwan. Demographic data, CSF lactate levels, routine CSF analyses, and hematologic and neurologic findings were evaluated. The optimal CSF lactate threshold value was determined by the Youden index. Results This retrospective study included 70 patients with CM, among whom 44 (63%) and 26 (37%) tested negative and positive for HIV, respectively. The group without HIV exhibited higher CSF lactate levels, with an optimal CSF lactate cutoff point of 7.935 mmol/L for predicting 90-day mortality, resulting in significant predictive accuracies (area under the curve, 0.755; sensitivity, 57.1%; specificity, 100%); this value was an independent mortality predictor in patients who were HIV negative. In patients with CM who were HIV negative, CSF lactate levels ≥7.935 mmol/L correlated with higher mortality rates but without statistical significance. All patients with CM who were HIV negative and had CSF lactate levels ≥7.935 mmol/L died within 3 months of admission. Conclusions Patients with CM who were HIV negative had elevated CSF lactate levels that correlated with adverse outcomes, enabling early identification of high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Tsai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Administration, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Sin Yao
- Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ren-In Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ning-Chi Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Kuang Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Yeung CM, Fabbri N. Disseminated Cryptococcus infection presenting as lytic skeletal lesions suggesting bony metastatic disease. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:2297-2305. [PMID: 37749413 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
A 76-year-old male diagnosed with sarcoidosis presented with atraumatic left anterior knee pain. Initial imaging of the left lower extremity revealed an eccentrically-based lytic lesion in the mid-distal femur with cortical erosion and an additional lytic lesion in the proximal tibia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an aggressive lesion in the proximal tibia with surrounding marrow edema, cortical breach, and erosion into the distal patellar tendon. Given concern for metastatic bone lesions, a18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scan (FDG PET/CT) was performed which demonstrated concordant hypermetabolic lytic lesions at the left mid-distal femur and the left proximal tibia, as well as hypermetabolic diffuse lymphadenopathy. The patient was presumed to have metastatic lung cancer based on the presence of lung nodules. Due to concern for impending pathologic fracture, the patient underwent open biopsy with a plan for prophylactic fixation of both lesions. Intra-operatively, however, both lesions were found to contain pus, from which cultures ultimately grew Cryptococcus neoformans. This is a case of disseminated skeletal cryptococcosis masquerading as metastatic cancer in a patient without classic risk factors for disseminated cryptococcosis (defined as extrapulmonary evidence of infection). Classically, disseminated cryptococcosis is thought to occur in severely immunocompromised patients, such as those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or organ transplant recipients. This case highlights the need to maintain a high index of suspicion in patients with underlying immunocompromising conditions, including less common conditions such as sarcoid, who present with bony lesions. This case report then discusses the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of disseminated skeletal cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Yeung
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, H-10, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Department of Surgery, Orthopaedic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, H-10, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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24
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Fernández Plaza J, Gregorio Malagón S, Poyato Borrego M, Luque Márquez R. Use of isavuconazole in cryptococcal meningitis in a cirrhotic patient. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 42:460-462. [PMID: 38902157 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández Plaza
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.
| | | | - Manuel Poyato Borrego
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque Márquez
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Parasitología, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University of Seville/CSIC/University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
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25
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Sardar Z, Kim CY, Thakur KT. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Cryptococcal Meningitis in Diverse Patient Populations in New York City. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae576. [PMID: 39450395 PMCID: PMC11500443 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 10/07/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is responsible for 15%-20% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated mortalities. CM prevalence has also increased in other immunocompromised populations of transplant recipients, patients with cancer, and individuals on immunomodulatory medication. Methods This retrospective review included 51 definitive patients with CM hospitalized at a tertiary academic medical center in New York City between 2010 and 2023. We assessed clinical features and outcomes of CM, with additional analysis of factors related to antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence in HIV-infected cases and immunomodulatory medication history of HIV-negative cases. Results The cohort had a mean (standard deviation) age of 47.1 ± 15.1 years, and was predominantly male (37, 72.5%). Of 32 patients with HIV, 3 (9.4%) were newly diagnosed with HIV at the time of CM hospitalization, 5 (15.6%) had recurrent CM, and 2 (6.3%) had a CM relapse. The majority (30, 93.8%) of patients with HIV were ART nonadherent. Of 19 HIV-negative patients, 8 (42.1%) were solid-organ transplant recipients, 5 (26.3%) had autoimmune conditions of sarcoidosis or systemic lupus erythematosus, and 3 (15.8%) had chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Six (11.8%) patients died during hospitalization, 4 of whom had HIV. Conclusions The burden of CM in people with HIV and immunocompromised patients continues even in settings with accessible standard antifungal treatment though interventions of increased ART adherence for those with HIV and antifungal prophylaxis may improve morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zomer Sardar
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Carla Y Kim
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kiran T Thakur
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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26
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Fujishita S, Inoue A, Watanabe H, Nishikawa M, Taniwaki M, Matsumoto S, Ochi M, Suemori K, Watanabe A, Kitazawa R, Shigekawa S, Ohyagi Y, Kunieda T. A case of immunocompetent intracranial cryptococcoma in which intraoperative rapid pathological diagnosis and polymerase chain reaction led to early treatment: What to know to avoid misdiagnosis as brain tumor. Surg Neurol Int 2024; 15:330. [PMID: 39372983 PMCID: PMC11450775 DOI: 10.25259/sni_614_2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal infections of the central nervous system are infrequent in immunocompetent hosts and usually present as meningitis. However, a fungal mass called a cryptococcoma may form, requiring caution in therapeutic intervention. Here, we report a rare case in which treatment of intraventricular cryptococcoma in an immunocompetent patient was facilitated by rapid pathological diagnosis. Case Description A 58-year-old previously healthy man was admitted to our hospital with fever, headache, and gradually worsening hearing loss over 1 month. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed moderately elevated levels of protein and lymphocytic cells and decreased glucose. In addition, β2-microglobulin was highly elevated. Magnetic resonance imaging showed homogeneously enhanced lesions in lateral ventricles of the left and right hemispheres and the subarachnoid space, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography revealed abnormal uptake corresponding to the lesion. A surgical excision was performed to achieve a definitive diagnosis. Intraoperative rapid pathology, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), yielded negative results for malignant tumor, suggesting the possibility of inflammatory granuloma. Additional targeted pathological diagnosis was immediately performed. Paraffin-embedded histopathological examination showed fibrocaseous granuloma and numerous fungal spores. Cryptococcus neoformans within the granuloma were suggested by Fontana-Masson and Grocott staining and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), leading to a diagnosis of cryptococcoma. Antifungal agents were started 3 days postoperatively. The patient has since been doing well, with no recurrence. Conclusion This pathology can be difficult to distinguish from a brain tumor, so early pathological diagnosis, including rapid pathology with IHC and PCR, may be crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saho Fujishita
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akihiro Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mashio Taniwaki
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Sayaka Matsumoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ochi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suemori
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riko Kitazawa
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Seiji Shigekawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ohyagi
- Department of Neurology and Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kunieda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
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27
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Fan X, Chen L, Chen M, Zhang N, Chang H, He M, Shen Z, Zhang L, Ding H, Xie Y, Huang Y, Ke W, Xiao M, Zang X, Xu H, Fang W, Li S, Cao C, Xu Y, Shan S, Wu W, Chen C, Xue X, Wang L. Pan-omics-based characterization and prediction of highly multidrug-adapted strains from an outbreak fungal species complex. Innovation (N Y) 2024; 5:100681. [PMID: 39228856 PMCID: PMC11369464 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Strains from the Cryptococcus gattii species complex (CGSC) have caused the Pacific Northwest cryptococcosis outbreak, the largest cluster of life-threatening fungal infections in otherwise healthy human hosts known to date. In this study, we utilized a pan-phenome-based method to assess the fitness outcomes of CGSC strains under 31 stress conditions, providing a comprehensive overview of 2,821 phenotype-strain associations within this pathogenic clade. Phenotypic clustering analysis revealed a strong correlation between distinct types of stress phenotypes in a subset of CGSC strains, suggesting that shared determinants coordinate their adaptations to various stresses. Notably, a specific group of strains, including the outbreak isolates, exhibited a remarkable ability to adapt to all three of the most commonly used antifungal drugs for treating cryptococcosis (amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, and fluconazole). By integrating pan-genomic and pan-transcriptomic analyses, we identified previously unrecognized genes that play crucial roles in conferring multidrug resistance in an outbreak strain with high multidrug adaptation. From these genes, we identified biomarkers that enable the accurate prediction of highly multidrug-adapted CGSC strains, achieving maximum accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79 and 0.86, respectively, using machine learning algorithms. Overall, we developed a pan-omic approach to identify cryptococcal multidrug resistance determinants and predict highly multidrug-adapted CGSC strains that may pose significant clinical concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
- Beijing Research Center for Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Chang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingjie He
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhenghao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yemei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Weixin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuelei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- Institute of Biological Science and Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Shaojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cunwei Cao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Mycosis Prevention and Treatment, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Mechanisms Research and Precision Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shiguang Shan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Nanjing Advanced Academy of Life and Health, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Emergency and Critical Care Medical Center, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261035, China
| | - Linqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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28
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Liang F, Li R, Yao M, Wang J, Li Y, Lei L, Guo J, Chang X. Deciphering prognostic indicators in non-HIV cryptococcal meningitis: Constructing and validating a predictive Nomogram model. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae092. [PMID: 39237465 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a well-recognized fungal infection, with substantial mortality in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes in non-HIV adults remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the characteristics and prognostic indicators of CM in non-HIV adult patients, integrating a novel predictive model to guide clinical decision-making. A retrospective cohort of 64 non-HIV adult CM patients, including 51 patients from previous studies and 13 from the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, was analyzed. We assessed demographic features, underlying diseases, intracranial pressure, cerebrospinal fluid characteristics, and brain imaging. Using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method, and multivariate logistic regression, we identified significant variables and constructed a Nomogram prediction model. The model's calibration, discrimination, and clinical value were evaluated using the Bootstrap method, calibration curve, C index, goodness-of-fit test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and decision curve analysis. Age, brain imaging showing parenchymal involvement, meningeal and ventricular involvement, and previous use of immunosuppressive agents were identified as significant variables. The Nomogram prediction model displayed satisfactory performance with an akaike information criterion (AIC) value of 72.326, C index of 0.723 (0.592-0.854), and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.723, goodness-of-fit test P = 0.995. This study summarizes the clinical and imaging features of adult non-HIV CM and introduces a tailored Nomogram prediction model to aid in patient management. The identification of predictive factors and the development of the nomogram enhance our understanding and capacity to treat this patient population. The insights derived have potential clinical implications, contributing to personalized care and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Runyang Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Make Yao
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Lijian Lei
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
| | - Xueli Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China
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29
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Qin Y, Zou X, Jin Y, Li J, Cai Q. Cryptococcus Neoformans Osteomyelitis of the Right Ankle Diagnosed by Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing in a HIV-Negative Patient with Tuberculous Lymphadenitis and Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Recent Literature Review. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:3805-3812. [PMID: 39253606 PMCID: PMC11381933 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s476270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim Cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis coupled with tuberculosis and tuberculous lymphadenitis, is a rare occurrence in clinical. Diagnostic challenges arise due to the clinical radiological similarity of this condition to other lung infections and the limited and sensitive nature of traditional approaches. Here, we present a case of co-infection diagnosed using Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing, highlighting the effectiveness of advanced genomic techniques in such complex scenarios. Case Presentation We present a case of a 67-year-old female infected with cryptococcal osteomyelitis and presented with swelling and pain in the right ankle. Following a biopsy of the right ankle joint, Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) of the biopsy tissue revealed Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Positive results for Cryptococcus capsular antigen and pathological findings confirmed the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. The patient underwent surgical debridement, coupled with oral fluconazole treatment (300mg/day), leading to the resolution of symptoms. Conclusion Cryptococcus neoformans is an uncommon cause of ankle infection. Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) serves as a valuable diagnostic tool, aiding clinicians in differentiating cryptococcal osteomyelitis from other atypical infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Qin
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwu Zou
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanghui Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinmeng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Cai
- Department of Tuberculosis, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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30
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He X, Yang X, Qin L, Zhang Q, Ji X, Tang W, Zhan Y, Zhang Y. Amphotericin B for injection triggers degranulation of human LAD2 mast cells by MRGPRX2 and pseudo-allergic reactions in mice via MRGPRB2 activation. Immunol Res 2024:10.1007/s12026-024-09532-2. [PMID: 39223434 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-024-09532-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Amphotericin B, a polyene macrolide antifungal agent, still plays an important role in the management of serious systemic fungal infections. Amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmBd) has been used to treat invasive fungal infections for over 60 years and remains the primary clinical formulation currently available. Anaphylactoid reactions triggered by AmBd in the clinic have been documented. However, the molecular and cellular events contributing to these reactions have not been clearly elucidated to date. This study demonstrates that the human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) is the receptor that mediates these anaphylactoid responses. Molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) indicate that AmBd exhibits potential affinity with MRGPRX2. In vitro, exposure to AmBd results in significant release of LAD2 mast cell granules and induces intracellular Ca2+ mobilization as well as activation of PLC-γ/IP3R and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. However, these phenomena are reduced in MRGPRX2-knockdown LAD2 cells. In vivo, AmBd triggers paw swelling and a rapid drop in core body temperature in wild-type (WT) mice. However, these reactions are almost absent in MRGPRB2 (the mouse homolog of MRGPRX2) knockout mice (MRGPRB2MUT, MUT). The above results suggest that AmBd activates PLC-γ/IP3R and PI3K/AKT signaling via MRGPRX2 (in human LAD2 mast cells) or MRGPRB2 (in mice), leading to the release of mast cell granules and subsequent triggering of pseudo-allergic reactions. Taken together, this study clarifies the role of MRGPRX2 in triggering pseudo-allergic reactions to AmBd and suggests that MRGPRX2 could be a potential therapeutic target for controlling these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu He
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Longyu Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhuan Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Shaanxi for Natural Medicines Research and Engineering, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China.
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31
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Amoedo P, Costa C, Tavares M, Cruz MJ, Mota A. Evolving nodule on the lip of an 11-year-old girl. Pediatr Dermatol 2024. [PMID: 39223796 DOI: 10.1111/pde.15733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Amoedo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Department of Pathology and Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Tavares
- Department of Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cruz
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Oporto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Oporto University and CINTESIS, Oporto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Mota
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Pediatrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Oporto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine of Oporto University and CINTESIS, Oporto, Portugal
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32
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Dollo I, Menu E, Dudouet P, Aubry C, L'Ollivier C, Ranque S. Cryptococcosis at the university hospital of Marseille: A case series. J Mycol Med 2024; 34:101500. [PMID: 39024675 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2024.101500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a fungal infection burdened by a high case-fatality rate in immunocompromised patients. Once limited to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, the epidemiology of cryptococcosis has evolved in recent years and new risk factors have emerged. It is therefore essential to identify these risk factors in order to improve prevention and therapeutic efficacy. We conducted a retrospective observational study including all cases of cryptococcosis between January 2016 and December 2022, diagnosed at the University Hospital of Marseille. During the study period 15 cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosed. Six patients were HIV-infected. Nine patients had one or more comorbidities including liver cirrhosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, primary immunodeficiency disorder, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and solid organ transplantation. Ten patients had central nervous system cryptococcosis, four had pulmonary cryptococcosis and one patient had extra-pulmonary disseminated cryptococcosis. Of the three patients with liver cirrhosis, two patients died with a post-mortem diagnosis. Our data suggest that emerging risk factors are probably underestimated by clinicians. It emphasizes the need for cryptococcal antigenemia as part of syndromic investigation of any unexplained fever or neurological symptoms in an at-risk patient. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for patient's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Dollo
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Menu
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, Vitrome, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Dudouet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Aubry
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Coralie L'Ollivier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, Vitrome, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Ranque
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, Vitrome, Marseille, France
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Alves MJ, Cruz KS, Alves GSB, Grisolia ME, Menescal VVF, do Nascimento IS, Menescal LSF, Pinheiro SB, da Silva FA, Trilles L, de Souza JVB, Lazera MDS, Jackisch-Matsuura AB. Antifungal susceptibility and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of Cryptococcus neoformans complex from HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis patients in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2603-2611. [PMID: 38755408 PMCID: PMC11405600 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01378-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily responsible for cases of cryptococcal meningitis in individuals with HIV/AIDS. This study evaluated the susceptibility of C. neoformans obtained from individuals with cryptococcal meningitis associated with HIV/AIDS in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, against the action of the antifungals amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole and analyzed it using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) in order to identify the Sequence Types (STs). We analyzed 30 isolates of C. neoformans, from 24 HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed with cryptococcosis from 2017 to 2019 in a reference hospital, in addition to 3 environmental isolates: 1 isolate obtained in the home of a patient and 2 isolates obtained from neighboring homes of patients. 86.6% (n = 26/30) of the clinical isolates were identified as C. neoformans VNI ST93, 6.6% (n = 2/30) as C. neoformans VNI ST5, 3.3% (n = 1/30) as C. neoformans VNI ST32 and 3.3% (n = 1/30) as C. neoformans VNB ST232. The environmental isolates were identified as C. neoformans VNI ST93 (n = 3/3). 96.6% (n = 29/30) isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, though there was variation in the MIC. 60% (n = 18/30) presented a MIC above the proposed epidemiological cutoff values for one or more antifungals. All environmental isolates were sensitive to the tested antifungals. The MLST showed that there is an important relationship between C. neoformans VNI ST93 and individuals with HIV/AIDS, including in the environmental isolates analyzed. C. neoformans VNB ST232 was observed for the first time in Amazonas. Amphotericin B was proven to be the best drug, but fluconazole and posaconazole also showed relevant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marla Jalene Alves
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia com importância para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Convenio ILMD/IOC - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Katia Santana Cruz
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Laboratório de Micologia Médica, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Gleica Soyan Barbosa Alves
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas - UFAM, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Grisolia
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia com importância para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Victoria Violeta Fernandes Menescal
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia com importância para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Izabella Sadalla do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia com importância para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Silviane Bezerra Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Almeida da Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Trilles
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Marcia Dos Santos Lazera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Convenio ILMD/IOC - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ani Beatriz Jackisch-Matsuura
- Laboratório de Diversidade Microbiana da Amazônia com importância para a Saúde, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane - FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.
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Kitaya S, Nakano M, Katori Y, Yasuda S, Kanamori H. QTc Interval Prolongation as an Adverse Event of Azole Antifungal Drugs: Case Report and Literature Review. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1619. [PMID: 39203461 PMCID: PMC11356777 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
QTc prolongation and torsade de pointes (TdP) are significant adverse events linked to azole antifungals. Reports on QTc interval prolongation caused by these agents are limited. In this study, we report a case of a 77-year-old male with cardiovascular disease who experienced QTc prolongation and subsequent TdP while being treated with fluconazole for Candida albicans-induced knee arthritis. Additionally, a literature review was conducted on cases where QTc prolongation and TdP were triggered as adverse events of azole antifungal drugs. The case study detailed the patient's experience, whereas the literature review analyzed cases from May 1997 to February 2023, focusing on patient demographics, underlying diseases, antifungal regimens, concurrent medications, QTc changes, and outcomes. The review identified 16 cases, mainly in younger individuals (median age of 29) and women (75%). Fluconazole (63%) and voriconazole (37%) were the most common agents. Concurrent medications were present in 75% of cases, and TdP occurred in 81%. Management typically involved discontinuing or switching antifungals and correcting electrolytes, with all patients surviving. Risk assessment and concurrent medication review are essential before starting azole therapy. High-risk patients require careful electrocardiogram monitoring to prevent arrhythmias. Remote monitoring may enhance safety for patients with implanted devices. Further studies are needed to understand risk factors and management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kitaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan;
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan;
| | - Satoshi Yasuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.N.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hajime Kanamori
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Internal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Laboratory Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8641, Ishikawa, Japan
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Kufel WD, Priyank K. Oral flucytosine dosing in peritoneal dialysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0070024. [PMID: 39037242 PMCID: PMC11304716 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00700-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley D. Kufel
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton, New York, USA
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- State University of New York Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kumar Priyank
- State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- State University of New York Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Takoutsing BD, Ooi SZY, Egu C, Gillespie CS, Dalle DU, Erhabor J, Ciuculete AC, Kesici Ö, Awad AK, Dokponou YCH, Khan M, Ikwuegbuenyi CA, Dada OE, Bandyopadhyay S, Bankole NDA. Management and outcome of intracranial fungal infections in children and adults in Africa: a scoping review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:789. [PMID: 39107727 PMCID: PMC11301832 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intracranial fungal infections' (IcFIs) varying clinical manifestations lead to difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. African populations are disproportionately affected by the high burden of the disease. There is a lack of clarity as to the diagnostic and treatment modalities employed across the continent. In this review, we aim to detail the management, and outcome of IcFIs across Africa. METHODS This scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online were searched for relevant articles from database inception to August 10th, 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were used to report the findings of the review. RESULTS Of the 5,779 records identified, 131 articles were included. The mean age was 35.6 years, and the majority (56.4%) were males. The majority (n = 8,433/8,693, 97.0%) of IcFIs presented as a meningitis, the most common communicable predisposing factor of IcFIs was HIV/AIDS (n = 7,815/8,693, 89.9%), and the most common non-communicable risk factor was diabetes mellitus (n = 32/8,693, 0.4%). Cryptococcus species was the most common (n = 8,428/8,693, 97.0%) causative organism. The most commonly used diagnostic modality was cerebrospinal (CSF) cultures (n = 4,390/6,830, 64.3%) for diffuse IcFIs, and MRI imaging (n = 12/30, 40%) for focal IcFIs. The most common treatment modality was medical management with antifungals only (n = 4,481/8,693, 51.6%). The most commonly used antifungal agent in paediatric, and adult patients was amphotericin B and fluconazole dual therapy (51.5% vs 44.9%). The overall mortality rate was high (n = 3,475/7,493, 46.3%), and similar for both adult and paediatric patients (47.8% vs 42.1%). CONCLUSION Most IcFIs occurred in immunosuppressed individuals, and despite the new diagnostic techniques, CSF culture was mostly used in Africa. Antifungals regimens used was similar between children and adults. The outcome of IcFIs in Africa was poor for both paediatric and adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chinedu Egu
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Conor S Gillespie
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - David Ulrich Dalle
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Joshua Erhabor
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Özgür Kesici
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Ahmed K Awad
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Mehdi Khan
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Soham Bandyopadhyay
- Research Department, Association of Future African Neurosurgeons, Yaounde, Cameroon
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Llinas J, Rozmanec M, Hyndman TH. Diagnosis and management of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii detected in an oral mass in a pink-tongued skink (Cyclodomorphus gerarrdii). Aust Vet J 2024; 102:416-422. [PMID: 38653559 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcus is an encapsulated yeast that is found in both yeast and hyphal forms. Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are the most medically important species, causing disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. A large, friable, sublingual mass was surgically resected from the oral cavity of a pink-tongued skink (Cyclodomorphus gerarrdii). Histopathology, fungal culture and PCR testing with Sanger sequencing confirmed granulomatous inflammation containing large numbers of yeasts identified as Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. Surgical excision and treatment with oral amphotericin B and terbinafine was unsuccessful in managing the infection. On Day 67 after surgery, Cryptococcus DNA was detected by PCR in the blood but not oral, cloacal or skin swabs. The skink was euthanised 72 days after surgery due to anorexia, weight loss and progressive neurological signs of disease. Necropsy results showed disseminated cryptococcosis, including meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Two in-contact pink-tongued skinks remained asymptomatic and PCR-negative during 198 days of observation. This case suggests Cryptococcus infections should be considered for oral masses presenting with or without neurological signs in skinks. Further investigation is required to determine the best treatment options for disseminated cryptococcosis in reptiles. This report describes the third reported case of Cryptococcus in a reptile and the first case of cryptococcosis in a pink-tongued skink. It is also the first report of Cryptococcus in a reptile identified to the variety level using PCR, including in whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llinas
- The Unusual Pet Vets Jindalee, Jindalee, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Rozmanec
- QML Vetnostics, SVS Pathology Network, Murarrie, Queensland, Australia
| | - T H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Bhattacharya PK, Chakrabarti A, Sinha S, Pande R, Gupta S, Kumar AKA, Mishra VK, Kumar S, Bhosale S, Reddy PK. ISCCM Position Statement on the Management of Invasive Fungal Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024; 28:S20-S41. [PMID: 39234228 PMCID: PMC11369924 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale Invasive fungal infections (IFI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) are an emerging problem owing to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppressive agents, and frequency of indwelling catheters. Timely diagnosis which is imperative to improve outcomes can be challenging. This position statement is aimed at understanding risk factors, providing a rational diagnostic approach, and guiding clinicians to optimize antifungal therapy. Objectives To update evidence on epidemiology, risk factors, diagnostic approach, antifungal initiation strategy, therapeutic interventions including site-specific infections and role of therapeutic drug monitoring in IFI in ICU and focus on some practice points relevant to these domains. Methodology A committee comprising critical care specialists across the country was formed and specific aspects of fungal infections and antifungal treatment were assigned to each member. They extensively reviewed the literature including the electronic databases and the international guidelines and cross-references. The information was shared and discussed over several meetings and position statements were framed to ensure their reliability and relevance in critical practice. The draft document was prepared after obtaining inputs and consensus from all the members and was reviewed by an expert in this field. Results The existing evidence on the management of IFI was updated and practice points were prepared under each subheading to enable critical care practitioners to streamline diagnosis and treatment strategies for patients in the ICU with additional detail on site-specific infections therapeutic drug monitoring. Conclusion This position statement attempts to address the management of IFI in immunocompetent and non-neutropenic ICU patients. The practice points should guide in optimization of the management of critically ill patients with suspected or proven fungal infections. How to cite this article Bhattacharya PK, Chakrabarti A, Sinha S, Pande R, Gupta S, Kumar AAK, et al. ISCCM Position Statement on the Management of Invasive Fungal Infections in the Intensive Care Unit. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(S2):S20-S41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Kumar Bhattacharya
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Doodhadhari Burfani Hospital, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saswati Sinha
- Department of Critical Care, Manipal Hospitals, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajesh Pande
- Department of Critical Care, BLK MAX Superspeciality Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Gupta
- Department of Critical Care, Narayana Superspeciality Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - AK Ajith Kumar
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Aster Whitefield Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Critical Care, Bhagwan Mahavir Medica Superspecialty Hospital, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Shilpushp Bhosale
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, HBNI, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Reddy
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, ARETE Hospitals, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Mehdinezhad H, Ghadir S, Maleh PA, Akhondzadeh A, Baziboroun M. Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and pneumonia in a HIV positive patient: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e9196. [PMID: 39055090 PMCID: PMC11266633 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.9196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Messages Early diagnosis of cryptococcal infection is the key to improving outcomes, any newly diagnosed HIV patient presenting with subacute or chronic headache, particularly those who are CD4-deplete, should be investigated for cryptococcal meningitis. We had some delay in our patient management, including delay in HIV diagnosis, delay in doing LP and delay in initiation of anti-cryptococcal treatment and also early start of ART before specific cryptococcal treatment exacerbated IRIS in the patient. So, paying attention to these points can improve the prognosis of such patients. Abstract Cryptocccus is a fungal pathogen and the causative agent of Cryptococcosis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive people. Meningoencephalitis is the most common manifestation of cryptococcal infection, while pulmonary cryptococcosis is often neglected due to nonspecific clinical and radiological presentation leading to a delay in diagnosis and disseminated disease. Here, we reported a 67-year-old man with newly diagnosed HIV who presented with concurrent cryptococcal meningoencephalitis and pulmonary cryptococcosis that admitted with the complaint of dyspnea and productive cough for 1.5 months, worsening shortness of breath, fever and weight loss since 15 days prior to admission. He also had severe oral candidiasis. Lung computed tomography (CT) revealed ill-defined subpleural cavitary lesion in left lower zone with bilateral diffuse ground glass opacity and air bronchogram. His HIV PCR test was positive with absolute CD4 count less than 50 cells/mm3. After starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), he gradually developed a headache and decreased level of consciousness. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed 450 cells, predominantly lymphocytes, with protein of 343 mg/dL and glucose of 98 mg/dL (corresponding blood glucose 284 mg/dL). CSF India ink staining was positive for crypococcus spp. Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with fluconazole (due to the unavailability of flucytosin) was stated. He was intubated because of hypoxia and his bronchoalveolar lavage was positive for Cryptococcus spp. too. He died 2 weeks after starting antifungal therapy based on this study it should be mentioned that neurologic and respiratory symptoms may be the first presentation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Mehdinezhad
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Sara Ghadir
- student research committeeBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Parviz Amri Maleh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Rouhani HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Ailin Akhondzadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, clinical research of development unit of Rouhani HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
| | - Mana Baziboroun
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, clinical research of development unit of Rouhani HospitalBabol University of Medical SciencesBabolIran
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40
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Chang CC, Harrison TS, Bicanic TA, Chayakulkeeree M, Sorrell TC, Warris A, Hagen F, Spec A, Oladele R, Govender NP, Chen SC, Mody CH, Groll AH, Chen YC, Lionakis MS, Alanio A, Castañeda E, Lizarazo J, Vidal JE, Takazono T, Hoenigl M, Alffenaar JW, Gangneux JP, Soman R, Zhu LP, Bonifaz A, Jarvis JN, Day JN, Klimko N, Salmanton-García J, Jouvion G, Meya DB, Lawrence D, Rahn S, Bongomin F, McMullan BJ, Sprute R, Nyazika TK, Beardsley J, Carlesse F, Heath CH, Ayanlowo OO, Mashedi OM, Queiroz-Telles Filho F, Hosseinipour MC, Patel AK, Temfack E, Singh N, Cornely OA, Boulware DR, Lortholary O, Pappas PG, Perfect JR. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of cryptococcosis: an initiative of the ECMM and ISHAM in cooperation with the ASM. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e495-e512. [PMID: 38346436 PMCID: PMC11526416 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is a major worldwide disseminated invasive fungal infection. Cryptococcosis, particularly in its most lethal manifestation of cryptococcal meningitis, accounts for substantial mortality and morbidity. The breadth of the clinical cryptococcosis syndromes, the different patient types at-risk and affected, and the vastly disparate resource settings where clinicians practice pose a complex array of challenges. Expert contributors from diverse regions of the world have collated data, reviewed the evidence, and provided insightful guideline recommendations for health practitioners across the globe. This guideline offers updated practical guidance and implementable recommendations on the clinical approaches, screening, diagnosis, management, and follow-up care of a patient with cryptococcosis and serves as a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on cryptococcosis. This Review seeks to facilitate optimal clinical decision making on cryptococcosis and addresses the myriad of clinical complications by incorporating data from historical and contemporary clinical trials. This guideline is grounded on a set of core management principles, while acknowledging the practical challenges of antifungal access and resource limitations faced by many clinicians and patients. More than 70 societies internationally have endorsed the content, structure, evidence, recommendation, and pragmatic wisdom of this global cryptococcosis guideline to inform clinicians about the past, present, and future of care for a patient with cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina C Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Thomas S Harrison
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University London, London, UK; Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tihana A Bicanic
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University London, London, UK; Clinical Academic Group in Infection and Immunity, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Methee Chayakulkeeree
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tania C Sorrell
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ferry Hagen
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andrej Spec
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita Oladele
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University London, London, UK; Medical Research Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sharon C Chen
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andreas H Groll
- Infectious Disease Research Program, and Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany; Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation, and Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Yee-Chun Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandre Alanio
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, Groupe de recherche Mycologie Translationnelle, Département de Mycologie, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire de parasitologie-mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Jairo Lizarazo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Erasmo Meoz, Faculty of Health, Univesidad de Pamplona, Cúcuta, Colombia
| | - José E Vidal
- Departmento de Neurologia, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Takahiro Takazono
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Martin Hoenigl
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Translational Medical Mycology Research Unit, European Confederation of Medical Mycology Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan-Willem Alffenaar
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Institute for Health, Environment and Work Research-Irset, Inserm UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France; Laboratory for Parasitology and Mycology, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques LA Asp-C, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Rajeev Soman
- Jupiter Hospital, Pune, India; Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, India; Hinduja Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Alexandro Bonifaz
- Hospital General de México, Dermatology Service, Mycology section, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joseph N Jarvis
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Jeremy N Day
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, Royal Devon and Exeter University Hospital NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nikolai Klimko
- Department of Clinical Mycology, Allergy and Immunology, I Mechnikov North Western State Medical University, Staint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jon Salmanton-García
- Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Histology and Pathology Unit, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France; Dynamyc Team, Université Paris Est Créteil and Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, Créteil, France
| | - David B Meya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, School of Medicine, College of Heath Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Lawrence
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Sebastian Rahn
- Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Brendan J McMullan
- Discipline of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rosanne Sprute
- Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tinashe K Nyazika
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Justin Beardsley
- Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Fabianne Carlesse
- Pediatric Department, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Oncology Pediatric Institute-IOP-GRAACC, Federal Univeristy of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher H Heath
- Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital Network, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; UWA Medical School, Internal Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olusola O Ayanlowo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olga M Mashedi
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Mina C Hosseinipour
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; UNC Project Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Atul K Patel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sterling Hospitals, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Elvis Temfack
- Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Nina Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oliver A Cornely
- Translational Research, Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf and Excellence Center for Medical Mycology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Centre for Infection Research, Cologne, Germany; Clinical Trials Centre Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Université de Paris Cité, APHP, Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Centre d'Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Imagine, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Unité de Mycologie Moléculaire, Centre National de Référence Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, UMR 2000, Paris, France
| | - Peter G Pappas
- Mycoses Study Group Central Unit, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - John R Perfect
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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41
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Rocha MF, Bain HDC, Stone N, Meya D, Darie L, Toma AK, Lunn MPT, Mehta AR, Coughlan C. Reframing the clinical phenotype and management of cryptococcal meningitis. Pract Neurol 2024:pn-2024-004133. [PMID: 38997136 DOI: 10.1136/pn-2024-004133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis is an important global health problem, resulting from infection with the yeast Cryptococcus, especially Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii, which cause a spectrum of disease ranging from pulmonary and skin lesions to life-threatening central nervous system involvement. The diagnosis and management of cryptococcal meningitis have substantially changed in recent years. Cryptococcal meningitis often occurs in people living with advanced HIV infection, though in high-income countries with robust HIV detection and treatment programmes, it increasingly occurs in other groups, notably solid-organ transplant recipients, other immunosuppressed patients and even immunocompetent hosts. This review outlines the clinical presentation, management and prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis, including its salient differences in people living with HIV compared with HIV-negative patients. We discuss the importance of managing raised intracranial pressure and highlight the advantages of improved multidisciplinary team working involving neurologists, infectious disease specialists and neurosurgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Francisca Rocha
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hamish D C Bain
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Neil Stone
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - David Meya
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lucia Darie
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ahmed K Toma
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Michael P T Lunn
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arpan R Mehta
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Charles Coughlan
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Taha M, Tartor YH, Elaziz RMA, Elsohaby I. Genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibilities of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. IMA Fungus 2024; 15:21. [PMID: 39060926 PMCID: PMC11282759 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-024-00153-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic systemic mycosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii species complexes and is of increasing global importance. Maintaining continued surveillance of the antifungal susceptibility of environmental C. neoformans and C. gattii isolates is desirable for better managing cryptococcosis by identifying resistant isolates and revealing the emergence of intrinsically resistant species. Relevant research data from Egypt are scarce. Thus, this study aimed to report the genetic diversity of C. neoformans and C. gattii species complexes originating from different environmental sources in Egypt, antifungal susceptibility profiles, antifungal combinations, and correlations of susceptibility with genotypes. A total of 400 environmental samples were collected, 220 from birds and 180 from trees. Cryptococcus spp. were found in 58 (14.5%) of the samples, 44 (75.9%) of the isolates were recovered from birds and 14 (24.1%) from trees. These isolates were genotyped using M13 polymerase chain reaction-fingerprinting and URA5 gene restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Of the 31 C. neoformans isolates, 24 (77.4%), 6 (19.4%) and one (4.4%) belonged to VNI, VNII, and VNIII genotypes, respectively. The 27 C. gattii isolates belonged to VGI (70.4%), VGII (18.5%), and VGIII (11.1%) genotypes. Non-wild type C. neoformans and C. gattii isolates that may have acquired resistance to azoles, amphotericin B (AMB), and terbinafine (TRB) were observed. C. gattii VGIII was less susceptible to fluconazole (FCZ) and itraconazole (ITZ) than VGI and VGII. C. neoformans isolates showed higher minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to FCZ, ITZ, and voriconazole (VRZ) than those of C. gattii VGI and VGII. Significant (P < 0.001) correlations were found between the MICs of VRZ and ITZ (r = 0.64) in both C. neoformans and C. gattii isolates, FCZ and TRB in C. neoformans isolates, and FCZ and TRB (r = 0.52) in C. gattii isolates.There is no significant differences in the MICs of TRB in combination with FCZ (P = 0.064) or in combination with AMB (P = 0.543) and that of TRB alone against C. gattii genotypes. By calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index, the combination of FCZ + AMB was synergistic against all tested genotypes. These findings expand our knowledge of ecological niches, genetic diversity, and resistance traits of C. neoformans and C. gattii genotypes in Egypt. Further investigations into how they are related to clinical isolates in the region are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Rana M Abd Elaziz
- Cairo International Airport Veterinary Quarantine, General Organization for Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Applied One Health Research and Policy Advice (OHRP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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43
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Phang CR, Farooqi A, Sangwan Y. Unmasking the Unusual: Cryptococcal Pericarditis in a Patient with Liver Failure - a Rare Occurrence. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 25:e943530. [PMID: 39037967 PMCID: PMC11304632 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.943530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is an invasive fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus species complex. C. neoformans is one of the pathogenic species within the genus. C. neoformans infections often present as an opportunistic infection in severely immunocompromised individuals. Infection of the pericardium in the setting of liver failure is uncommon. We present a case of cryptococcal pericarditis in a patient with liver failure. CASE REPORT A 47-year-old man with a past medical history of psoriatic arthritis, and alcohol use disorder presented to the emergency department with a 2-week history of progressively worsening generalized weakness, malaise, and yellowish skin changes. Physical examination revealed scleral icterus, jaundiced skin, and ascites. Initial laboratory workup revealed thrombocytopenia, transaminitis (aspartate transaminase (AST) level of 502 IU/L, alanine transaminase (ALT) level of 82 IU/L), hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin of 15.7 mg/dL), International Nationalized Ratio (INR) of 3.6, and lactic acidosis (lactic acid of 11.7 mmol/L). The patient developed encephalopathy and acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring intubation. A bedside point-of-care cardiac ultrasound, performed following intubation, revealed a pericardial effusion without signs of tamponade. This finding was later confirmed by a formal transthoracic echocardiogram. Percutaneous pericardiocentesis was performed, and the pericardial fluid culture revealed the presence of C. neoformans. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests were negative. The patient received antifungal therapy. Due to his poor prognosis, he was transitioned to comfort care and eventually died. CONCLUSIONS This case report describes an unusual presentation of acute liver failure complicated by cryptococcal pericarditis, emphasizing the importance of considering atypical fungal infections in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Rong Phang
- Department of Internal Medicine, TidalHealth Peninsula Regional, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Azfar Farooqi
- Department of Internal Medicine, TidalHealth Peninsula Regional, Salisbury, MD, USA
| | - Yashvir Sangwan
- Department of Interventional Pulmonology, TidalHealth Peninsula Regional, Salisbury, MD, USA
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Pham T, Shi R, Ambati S, Meagher R, Lin X. All hands on Dec: Treating cryptococcosis with dectin decorated liposomes loaded with antifungals. iScience 2024; 27:110349. [PMID: 39055951 PMCID: PMC11269288 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic cryptococcosis is often fatal even with the current antifungal therapy and there is no vaccine available. Induction therapy with amphotericin B (AmB) is essential for its treatment, which can be either in the form of AmB deoxycholate at 1 mg/kg/day for 7 days or a single dose of liposomal AmB (AmB-LLs) at 10 mg/kg, both in combination with flucytosine. AmB is highly toxic and it is imperative to further increase its efficacy without increasing its toxicity. Previously, we developed a targeted antifungal drug delivery system (DectiSome) that uses liposomes decorated with host-pathogen receptor dectins to target AmB to fungal cells. Here, we showed that a single dose of Dectin-2 coated liposomal AmB, relative to AmB-LLs, reduced fungal burden and prolonged animal survival in the murine model of systemic cryptococcosis. Our results demonstrate that DectiSomes are a promising antifungal delivery system that could improve cryptococcosis therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuyetnhu Pham
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ran Shi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Suresh Ambati
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Richard Meagher
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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45
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Diehl C, Pinzan CF, de Castro PA, Delbaje E, García Carnero LC, Sánchez-León E, Bhalla K, Kronstad JW, Kim DG, Doering TL, Alkhazraji S, Mishra NN, Ibrahim AS, Yoshimura M, Vega Isuhuaylas LA, Pham LTK, Yashiroda Y, Boone C, dos Reis TF, Goldman GH. Brilacidin, a novel antifungal agent against Cryptococcus neoformans. mBio 2024; 15:e0103124. [PMID: 38916308 PMCID: PMC11253610 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01031-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans causes cryptococcosis, one of the most prevalent fungal diseases, generally characterized by meningitis. There is a limited and not very effective number of drugs available to combat this disease. In this manuscript, we show the host defense peptide mimetic brilacidin (BRI) as a promising antifungal drug against C. neoformans. BRI can affect the organization of the cell membrane, increasing the fungal cell permeability. We also investigated the effects of BRI against the model system Saccharomyces cerevisiae by analyzing libraries of mutants grown in the presence of BRI. In S. cerevisiae, BRI also affects the cell membrane organization, but in addition the cell wall integrity pathway and calcium metabolism. In vivo experiments show BRI significantly reduces C. neoformans survival inside macrophages and partially clears C. neoformans lung infection in an immunocompetent murine model of invasive pulmonary cryptococcosis. We also observed that BRI interacts with caspofungin (CAS) and amphotericin (AmB), potentiating their mechanism of action against C. neoformans. BRI + CAS affects endocytic movement, calcineurin, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Our results indicate that BRI is a novel antifungal drug against cryptococcosis. IMPORTANCE Invasive fungal infections have a high mortality rate causing more deaths annually than tuberculosis or malaria. Cryptococcosis, one of the most prevalent fungal diseases, is generally characterized by meningitis and is mainly caused by two closely related species of basidiomycetous yeasts, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. There are few therapeutic options for treating cryptococcosis, and searching for new antifungal agents against this disease is very important. Here, we present brilacidin (BRI) as a potential antifungal agent against C. neoformans. BRI is a small molecule host defense peptide mimetic that has previously exhibited broad-spectrum immunomodulatory/anti-inflammatory activity against bacteria and viruses. BRI alone was shown to inhibit the growth of C. neoformans, acting as a fungicidal drug, but surprisingly also potentiated the activity of caspofungin (CAS) against this species. We investigated the mechanism of action of BRI and BRI + CAS against C. neoformans. We propose BRI as a new antifungal agent against cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Diehl
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Endrews Delbaje
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura C. García Carnero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kabir Bhalla
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dong-gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tamara L. Doering
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sondus Alkhazraji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Nagendra N. Mishra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mami Yoshimura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoko Yashiroda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Charles Boone
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thaila Fernanda dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Human Pathogenic Fungi, São Paulo, Brazil
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46
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Negri ACG, Nunes MDO, Lima GME, Venturini J, de Oliveira SMDVL, Lazera MDS, de Carvalho LR, Chang MR, Tsujisaki RADS, França ADO, Mendes RP, Paniago AMM. Prevalence of Cryptococcal Antigenemia and Lateral Flow Assay Accuracy in Severely Immunosuppressed AIDS Patients. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:490. [PMID: 39057375 PMCID: PMC11278224 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia detected by lateral flow assay (LFA) in AIDS patients and its accuracy in the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. Conducted at a university hospital in Brazil from March 2015 to July 2017, it included AIDS patients over 18 years old with a CD4+ count ≤ 200 cells/mm3. Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) detection using LFA and latex agglutination (LA), along with blood and urine cultures, were performed. The reference standard was the identification of Cryptococcus spp. in clinical specimens through microbiological or histopathological examination. Among 230 patients, the prevalence of CrAg detected by LFA (CrAg LFA) was 13.0%. Factors associated with cryptococcal antigenemia included fever, vomiting, seizures, and a lack of antiretroviral therapy. The sensitivity and specificity of CrAg LFA were 83.9% and 98.0%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 86.7%, the negative predictive value (NPV) was 97.5%, and overall accuracy was 96.1%. Cross-reactions were observed in patients with histoplasmosis and paracoccidioidmycosis, but not with aspergillosis or positive rheumatoid factor. The study concludes that the LFA is a useful tool for detecting cryptococcal antigenemia in severely immunocompromised AIDS patients due to its high NPV, specificity, and PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Carla Garcia Negri
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, MS, Brazil; (M.d.O.N.); (G.M.E.L.)
| | - Maína de Oliveira Nunes
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, MS, Brazil; (M.d.O.N.); (G.M.E.L.)
| | - Gláucia Moreira Espíndola Lima
- Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79080-190, MS, Brazil; (M.d.O.N.); (G.M.E.L.)
| | - James Venturini
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
| | - Sandra Maria do Valle Leone de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Campo Grande 79081-746, MS, Brazil
| | - Márcia dos Santos Lazera
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases Evandro Chagas, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia Raquel de Carvalho
- Department of Biostatistics, Plant Biology, Parasitology and Zoology, Bioscience Institute, São Paulo State University, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marilene Rodrigues Chang
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana de Oliveira França
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
| | - Rinaldo Poncio Mendes
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
- Department of Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
| | - Anamaria Mello Miranda Paniago
- Graduate Program in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.C.G.N.); (J.V.); (S.M.d.V.L.d.O.); (M.R.C.); (A.d.O.F.); (R.P.M.)
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Huang Y, Zhang Y, Yang S, Lu H, Yu H, Wang X, Jia X, Tang D, Wu L, Huang S, Yang P. Epidemiology of cryptococcal meningitis and fluconazole heteroresistance in Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from a teaching hospital in southwestern China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0072524. [PMID: 39007718 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00725-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM), a common and serious opportunistic infection mostly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans, is primarily treated with fluconazole. Nevertheless, Cryptococcus neoformans strains that undergo repeated exposure to azoles can gradually acquire heteroresistance to fluconazole. The management of this specific CM infection poses a substantial challenge. Determining a globally accepted definition for fluconazole heteroresistance and developing effective and prompt methods for identifying heteroresistance is of utmost importance. We collected data on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients diagnosed with CM. All the available Cryptococcus neoformans strains isolated from these patients were collected and subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing and evaluation of fluconazole heteroresistance. AIDS was present in 40.5% of the patients, whereas 24.1% did not have any underlying diseases. Patients with chronic diseases or impaired immune systems are susceptible to infection by Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus that frequently (39.6%, 19/48) shows heteroresistance to fluconazole, as confirmed by population analysis profile (PAP).IMPORTANCEFluconazole heteroresistance poses a significant threat to the efficacy of fluconazole in treating cryptococcal meningitis (CM). Unfortunately, the standard broth microdilution method often misses the subtle percentages of subpopulations exhibiting heteroresistance. While the population analysis profile (PAP) method is esteemed as the gold standard, its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature makes it impractical for routine clinical use. In contrast, the Kirby-Bauer (KB) disk diffusion method offers a simple and effective screening solution. Our study highlights the value of KB over PAP and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by demonstrating that when adjusting the inoculum concentration to 1.0 McFarland and subjecting samples to a 72-hour incubation period at 35°C, the KB method closely mirrors the outcomes of the PAP approach in detecting fluconazole heteroresistance. This optimization of the KB method not only enhances assay efficiency but also provides a blueprint for developing a timely and effective strategy for identifying heteroresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongling Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanbing Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Fujian Key Clinical Specialty of Laboratory Medicine, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaojiong Jia
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dijiao Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linhong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shifeng Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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48
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Zhou Y, Huang X, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Liu Q. Destructive Cryptococcal Osteomyelitis Mimicking Tuberculous Spondylitis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2024; 25:e944291. [PMID: 39003517 PMCID: PMC11315610 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.944291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that typically occurs in patients with compromised immune systems, primarily affecting the respiratory and central nervous systems. However, cryptococcal osteomyelitis is a rare manifestation of cryptococcal infection, characterized by nonspecific clinical features. Here, we present a case of vertebral cryptococcal osteomyelitis in a middle-aged woman and discuss diagnostic approaches. CASE REPORT A 56-year-old woman presented with lower back pain and limited mobility, without fever, and with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis. Physical examination revealed enlarged lymph nodes and tenderness in the thoracic vertebrae. A computed tomography-guided biopsy confirmed granulomatous inflammation caused by Cryptococcus, with abundant 10 μm spherical microbial spores. After 4 weeks of treatment with amphotericin B and fluconazole, symptoms and lesions improved. Upon discharge, the patient was prescribed oral fluconazole. Follow-up examinations showed a stable condition and a negative serum cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen test. CONCLUSIONS Given the rarity and lack of specificity of clinical features of cryptococcal spondylitis, clinicians encountering similar presentations should consider tuberculous spondylitis and spinal tumors as differential diagnoses. Additionally, tissue biopsy of the affected vertebral bodies should be performed early to establish the type of vertebral infection, aiding in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiang Liu
- Corresponding Author: Qiang Liu, e-mail:
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de Oliveira VF, Taborda M, Catarina MBS, Kruschewsky WLL, Rapozo MM, da Rocha TQ, Pagliari C, Magri ASGK, Magri MMC, Soto MN. Clinical and immunological features of laryngeal cryptococcosis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2024; 66:e40. [PMID: 39052027 PMCID: PMC11251512 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202466040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The literature holds few descriptions on immune response findings for laryngeal cryptococcosis. Immunology has been more extensively described in cases involving the central nervous system and the lungs, although many of these studies were conducted in animal models. We aimed to analyze the clinical and immunological characteristics of three patients with laryngeal cryptococcosis. We observed a weak participation of the innate immune response, whereas adaptive immunity showed the predominance of a Th2-type response over a Th1-type response. Most cases occur in male older adults with immunosuppressive conditions, of which HIV infection was absent. Hoarseness configured the main symptom. We found a disease that was restricted to the larynx and possibly the lungs by contiguity. Patients with hoarseness and lesions in nasal endoscopy should be investigated for cryptococcosis by a biopsy of the larynx, including with negative serum cryptococcal antigen. The immunological aspects of our findings of laryngeal involvement resembled those in the most commonly affected systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor Falcão de Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Taborda
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mateus Bach Santa Catarina
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wdson Luis Lima Kruschewsky
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Marini Rapozo
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Queiroz da Rocha
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Satie Gonçalves Kono Magri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcello Mihailenko Chaves Magri
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Nacagami Soto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas Departamento de Patologia, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Tang G, Li H, Liang C, Chen E. Cryptococcal endophthalmitis and meningitis in an immunocompetent middle-aged woman: A case report. IDCases 2024; 37:e02022. [PMID: 39100729 PMCID: PMC11295950 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2024.e02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a global invasive mycosis that is known to cause significant morbidity and mortality. It is commonly observed that individuals with compromised immune systems are more prone to developing cryptococcal meningitis. Although ocular involvement is rare, previous studies have indicated that ocular lesions precede symptomatic meningitis in only 27 % of patients with central nervous system involvement. Intraocular infections typically manifest as chorioretinopathy and vitreous inflammation, often leading to severe vision loss. In this case, we present the clinical details of a 57-year-old immunocompetent woman who visited the ophthalmology department of West China Hospital of Sichuan University with a progressive loss of vision in her right eye. After a thorough evaluation, she was diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis, and subsequently initiated on appropriate induction anti-fungal therapy for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and treatment, which can potentially improve the prognosis for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Tang
- Emergency Departments of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cheng Du, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Nephrology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cheng Du, Sichuan, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Cheng Du, Sichuan, China
| | - Enqiang Chen
- Center of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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