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Srednick G, Swearer SE. Effects of protection and temperature variation on temporal stability in a marine reserve network. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14220. [PMID: 37937466 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the drivers of ecosystem stability has been a key focus of modern ecology as the impacts of the Anthropocene become more prevalent and extreme. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are tools used globally to promote biodiversity and mediate anthropogenic impacts. However, assessing the stability of natural ecosystems and responses to management actions is inherently challenging due to the complex dynamics of communities with many interdependent taxa. Using a 12-year time series of subtidal community structure in an MPA network in the Channel Islands (United States), we estimated species interaction strength (competition and predation), prey species synchrony, and temporal stability in trophic networks, as well as temporal variation in sea surface temperature to explore the causal drivers of temporal stability at community and metacommunity scales. At the community scale, only trophic networks in MPAs at Santa Rosa Island showed greater temporal stability than reference sites, likely driven by reduced prey synchrony. Across islands, competition was sometimes greater and predation always greater in MPAs compared with reference sites. Increases in interaction strength resulted in lower temporal stability of trophic networks. Although MPAs reduced prey synchrony at the metacommunity scale, reductions were insufficient to stabilize trophic networks. In contrast, temporal variation in sea surface temperature had strong positive direct effects on stability at the regional scale and indirect effects at the local scale through reductions in species interaction strength. Although MPAs can be effective management strategies for protecting certain species or locations, our findings for this MPA network suggest that temperature variation has a stronger influence on metacommunity temporal stability by mediating species interactions and promoting a mosaic of spatiotemporal variation in community structure of trophic networks. By capturing the full spectrum of environmental variation in network planning, MPAs will have the greatest capacity to promote ecosystem stability in response to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin Srednick
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen E Swearer
- National Centre for Coasts and Climate, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Flöder S, Yong J, Klauschies T, Gaedke U, Poprick T, Brinkhoff T, Moorthi S. Intraspecific trait variation alters the outcome of competition in freshwater ciliates. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:10225-10243. [PMID: 34367571 PMCID: PMC8328434 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait variation among heterospecific and conspecific organisms may substantially affect community and food web dynamics. While the relevance of competition and feeding traits have been widely studied for different consumer species, studies on intraspecific differences are more scarce, partly owing to difficulties in distinguishing different clones of the same species. Here, we investigate how intraspecific trait variation affects the competition between the freshwater ciliates Euplotes octocarinatus and Coleps hirtus in a nitrogen-limited chemostat system. The ciliates competed for the microalgae Cryptomonas sp. (Cry) and Navicula pelliculosa (Nav), and the bacteria present in the cultures over a period of 33 days. We used monoclonal Euplotes and three different Coleps clones (Col 1, Col 2, and Col 3) in the experiment that could be distinguished by a newly developed rDNA-based molecular assay based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. While Euplotes feeds on Cry and on bacteria, the Coleps clones cannot survive on bacteria alone but feed on both Cry and Nav with clone-specific rates. Experimental treatments comprised two-species mixtures of Euplotes and one or all of the three different Coleps clones, respectively. We found intraspecific variation in the traits "selectivity" and "maximum ingestion rate" for the different algae to significantly affect the competitive outcome between the two ciliate species. As Nav quickly escaped top-down control and likely reached a state of low food quality, ciliate competition was strongly determined by the preference of different Coleps clones for Cry as opposed to feeding on Nav. In addition, the ability of Euplotes to use bacteria as an alternative food source strengthened its persistence once Cry was depleted. Hence, trait variation at both trophic levels codetermined the population dynamics and the outcome of species competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Flöder
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)University of OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - Joanne Yong
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)University of OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - Toni Klauschies
- Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Ecology and Ecosystem ModellingUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Tobias Poprick
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)University of OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - Thorsten Brinkhoff
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)University of OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
| | - Stefanie Moorthi
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM)University of OldenburgWilhelmshavenGermany
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Ceulemans R, Guill C, Gaedke U. Top predators govern multitrophic diversity effects in tritrophic food webs. Ecology 2021; 102:e03379. [PMID: 33937982 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that functional diversity strongly affects ecosystem functioning. However, even in rather simple model communities consisting of only two or, at best, three trophic levels, the relationship between multitrophic functional diversity and ecosystem functioning appears difficult to generalize, because of its high contextuality. In this study, we considered several differently structured tritrophic food webs, in which the amount of functional diversity was varied independently on each trophic level. To achieve generalizable results, largely independent of parametrization, we examined the outcomes of 128,000 parameter combinations sampled from ecologically plausible intervals, with each tested for 200 randomly sampled initial conditions. Analysis of our data was done by training a random forest model. This method enables the identification of complex patterns in the data through partial dependence graphs, and the comparison of the relative influence of model parameters, including the degree of diversity, on food-web properties. We found that bottom-up and top-down effects cascade simultaneously throughout the food web, intimately linking the effects of functional diversity of any trophic level to the amount of diversity of other trophic levels, which may explain the difficulty in unifying results from previous studies. Strikingly, only with high diversity throughout the whole food web, different interactions synergize to ensure efficient exploitation of the available nutrients and efficient biomass transfer to higher trophic levels, ultimately leading to a high biomass and production on the top level. The temporal variation of biomass showed a more complex pattern with increasing multitrophic diversity: while the system initially became less variable, eventually the temporal variation rose again because of the increasingly complex dynamical patterns. Importantly, top predator diversity and food-web parameters affecting the top trophic level were of highest importance to determine the biomass and temporal variability of any trophic level. Overall, our study reveals that the mechanisms by which diversity influences ecosystem functioning are affected by every part of the food web, hampering the extrapolation of insights from simple monotrophic or bitrophic systems to complex natural food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Ceulemans
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Christian Guill
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Am Neuen Palais 10, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
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Klink R, Lepš J, Vermeulen R, Bello F. Functional differences stabilize beetle communities by weakening interspecific temporal synchrony. Ecology 2019; 100:e02748. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Klink
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelská 135 Třeboň 37982 Czech Republic
- German Institute for Integrative Biodiversity Research iDiv Halle/Jena/Leipzig University of Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leizpig 04103 Germany
- WBBS Foundation Kanaaldijk 36 Loon 9409 TV The Netherlands
| | - Jan Lepš
- Department of Botany University of South Bohemia Na Zlaté Stoce 1 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 31 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic
| | | | - Francesco Bello
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelská 135 Třeboň 37982 Czech Republic
- Department of Botany University of South Bohemia Na Zlaté Stoce 1 České Budějovice 370 05 Czech Republic
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The effects of functional diversity on biomass production, variability, and resilience of ecosystem functions in a tritrophic system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7541. [PMID: 31101880 PMCID: PMC6525189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse communities can adjust their trait composition to altered environmental conditions, which may strongly influence their dynamics. Previous studies of trait-based models mainly considered only one or two trophic levels, whereas most natural system are at least tritrophic. Therefore, we investigated how the addition of trait variation to each trophic level influences population and community dynamics in a tritrophic model. Examining the phase relationships between species of adjacent trophic levels informs about the strength of top-down or bottom-up control in non-steady-state situations. Phase relationships within a trophic level highlight compensatory dynamical patterns between functionally different species, which are responsible for dampening the community temporal variability. Furthermore, even without trait variation, our tritrophic model always exhibits regions with two alternative states with either weak or strong nutrient exploitation, and correspondingly low or high biomass production at the top level. However, adding trait variation increased the basin of attraction of the high-production state, and decreased the likelihood of a critical transition from the high- to the low-production state with no apparent early warning signals. Hence, our study shows that trait variation enhances resource use efficiency, production, stability, and resilience of entire food webs.
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Raatz M, van Velzen E, Gaedke U. Co-adaptation impacts the robustness of predator-prey dynamics against perturbations. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3823-3836. [PMID: 31015969 PMCID: PMC6468077 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Global change threatens the maintenance of ecosystem functions that are shaped by the persistence and dynamics of populations. It has been shown that the persistence of species increases if they possess larger trait adaptability. Here, we investigate whether trait adaptability also affects the robustness of population dynamics of interacting species and thereby shapes the reliability of ecosystem functions that are driven by these dynamics. We model co-adaptation in a predator-prey system as changes to predator offense and prey defense due to evolution or phenotypic plasticity. We investigate how trait adaptation affects the robustness of population dynamics against press perturbations to environmental parameters and against pulse perturbations targeting species abundances and their trait values. Robustness of population dynamics is characterized by resilience, elasticity, and resistance. In addition to employing established measures for resilience and elasticity against pulse perturbations (extinction probability and return time), we propose the warping distance as a new measure for resistance against press perturbations, which compares the shapes and amplitudes of pre- and post-perturbation population dynamics. As expected, we find that the robustness of population dynamics depends on the speed of adaptation, but in nontrivial ways. Elasticity increases with speed of adaptation as the system returns more rapidly to the pre-perturbation state. Resilience, in turn, is enhanced by intermediate speeds of adaptation, as here trait adaptation dampens biomass oscillations. The resistance of population dynamics strongly depends on the target of the press perturbation, preventing a simple relationship with the adaptation speed. In general, we find that low robustness often coincides with high amplitudes of population dynamics. Hence, amplitudes may indicate the robustness against perturbations also in other natural systems with similar dynamics. Our findings show that besides counteracting extinctions, trait adaptation indeed strongly affects the robustness of population dynamics against press and pulse perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Raatz
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ellen van Velzen
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiologyUniversity of PotsdamPotsdamGermany
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Tredennick AT, de Mazancourt C, Loreau M, Adler PB. Environmental responses, not species interactions, determine synchrony of dominant species in semiarid grasslands. Ecology 2018; 98:971-981. [PMID: 28144939 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Temporal asynchrony among species helps diversity to stabilize ecosystem functioning, but identifying the mechanisms that determine synchrony remains a challenge. Here, we refine and test theory showing that synchrony depends on three factors: species responses to environmental variation, interspecific interactions, and demographic stochasticity. We then conduct simulation experiments with empirical population models to quantify the relative influence of these factors on the synchrony of dominant species in five semiarid grasslands. We found that the average synchrony of per capita growth rates, which can range from 0 (perfect asynchrony) to 1 (perfect synchrony), was higher when environmental variation was present (0.62) rather than absent (0.43). Removing interspecific interactions and demographic stochasticity had small effects on synchrony. For the dominant species in these plant communities, where species interactions and demographic stochasticity have little influence, synchrony reflects the covariance in species' responses to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Tredennick
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Claire de Mazancourt
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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Brown BL, Downing AL, Leibold MA. Compensatory dynamics stabilize aggregate community properties in response to multiple types of perturbations. Ecology 2018; 97:2021-2033. [PMID: 27859207 DOI: 10.1890/15-1951.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory dynamics are an important suite of mechanisms that can stabilize community and ecosystem attributes in systems subject to environmental fluctuations. However, few experimental investigations of compensatory dynamics have addressed these mechanisms in systems of real-world complexity, and existing evidence relies heavily on correlative analyses, retrospective examination, and experiments in simple systems. We investigated the potential for compensatory dynamics to stabilize plankton communities in plankton mesocosm systems of real-world complexity. We employed four types of perturbations including two types of nutrient pulses, shading, and acidification. To quantify how communities responded to these perturbations, we used a measure of community-wide synchrony combined with spectral analysis that allowed us to assess timescale-specific community dynamics, for example, whether dynamics were synchronous at some timescales but compensatory at others. The 150-d experiment produced 32-point time series of all zooplankton taxa in the mesocosms. We then used those time series to evaluate total zooplankton biomass as an aggregate property and to evaluate community dynamics. For three of our four perturbation types, total zooplankton biomass was significantly less variable in systems with environmental variation than in constant environments. For the same three perturbation types, community-wide synchrony was much lower in fluctuating environments than in the constant environment, particularly at longer timescales (periods ≈ 60 d). Additionally, there were strong negative correlations between population temporal variances and the level of community-wide synchrony. Taken together, these results strongly imply that compensatory interactions between species stabilized total biomass in response to perturbations. Diversity did not differ significantly across either treatments or perturbation types, thus ruling out several classes of mechanisms driven by changes in diversity. We also used several pieces of secondary evidence to evaluate the particular mechanism behind compensatory responses since a wide variety of mechanisms are hypothesized to produce compensatory dynamics. We concluded that fluctuation dependent endogenous cycles that occur as a consequence of consumer-resource interactions in competitive communities were the most likely explanation for the compensatory dynamics observed in our experiment. As with our previous work, scale-dependent dynamics were also a key to understanding compensatory dynamics in these experimental communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, USA
| | - Amy L Downing
- Department of Zoology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio, 43015, USA
| | - Mathew A Leibold
- Integrative Biology, University of Texas, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
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10
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de Ruiter PC, Gaedke U. Emergent facilitation promotes biological diversity in pelagic food webs. FOOD WEBS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Schneider FD, Brose U, Rall BC, Guill C. Animal diversity and ecosystem functioning in dynamic food webs. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12718. [PMID: 27703157 PMCID: PMC5059466 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Species diversity is changing globally and locally, but the complexity of ecological communities hampers a general understanding of the consequences of animal species loss on ecosystem functioning. High animal diversity increases complementarity of herbivores but also increases feeding rates within the consumer guild. Depending on the balance of these counteracting mechanisms, species-rich animal communities may put plants under top-down control or may release them from grazing pressure. Using a dynamic food-web model with body-mass constraints, we simulate ecosystem functions of 20,000 communities of varying animal diversity. We show that diverse animal communities accumulate more biomass and are more exploitative on plants, despite their higher rates of intra-guild predation. However, they do not reduce plant biomass because the communities are composed of larger, and thus energetically more efficient, plant and animal species. This plasticity of community body-size structure reconciles the debate on the consequences of animal species loss for primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D Schneider
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, UMR 5554, C.C.065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher, Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller Universtiy Jena, Dornburger-Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Björn C Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher, Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller Universtiy Jena, Dornburger-Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Guill
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box, 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 2, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
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Klauschies T, Vasseur DA, Gaedke U. Trait adaptation promotes species coexistence in diverse predator and prey communities. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4141-59. [PMID: 27516870 PMCID: PMC4972238 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species can adjust their traits in response to selection which may strongly influence species coexistence. Nevertheless, current theory mainly assumes distinct and time-invariant trait values. We examined the combined effects of the range and the speed of trait adaptation on species coexistence using an innovative multispecies predator-prey model. It allows for temporal trait changes of all predator and prey species and thus simultaneous coadaptation within and among trophic levels. We show that very small or slow trait adaptation did not facilitate coexistence because the stabilizing niche differences were not sufficient to offset the fitness differences. In contrast, sufficiently large and fast trait adaptation jointly promoted stable or neutrally stable species coexistence. Continuous trait adjustments in response to selection enabled a temporally variable convergence and divergence of species traits; that is, species became temporally more similar (neutral theory) or dissimilar (niche theory) depending on the selection pressure, resulting over time in a balance between niche differences stabilizing coexistence and fitness differences promoting competitive exclusion. Furthermore, coadaptation allowed prey and predator species to cluster into different functional groups. This equalized the fitness of similar species while maintaining sufficient niche differences among functionally different species delaying or preventing competitive exclusion. In contrast to previous studies, the emergent feedback between biomass and trait dynamics enabled supersaturated coexistence for a broad range of potential trait adaptation and parameters. We conclude that accounting for trait adaptation may explain stable and supersaturated species coexistence for a broad range of environmental conditions in natural systems when the absence of such adaptive changes would preclude it. Small trait changes, coincident with those that may occur within many natural populations, greatly enlarged the number of coexisting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Klauschies
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modeling Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Am Neuen Palais 10 D-14469 Potsdam Germany
| | - David A Vasseur
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Ursula Gaedke
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Modeling Institute for Biochemistry and Biology University of Potsdam Am Neuen Palais 10 D-14469 Potsdam Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) D-14195 Berlin Germany
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Coutinho RM, Klauschies T, Gaedke U. Bimodal trait distributions with large variances question the reliability of trait-based aggregate models. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-016-0297-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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