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Santangelo JS, Rivkin LR, Advenard C, Thompson KA. Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200511. [PMID: 32991825 PMCID: PMC7532719 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that natural populations can evolve to better tolerate the novel environmental conditions associated with urban areas. Studies of adaptive divergence in urban areas often examine one or a few traits at a time from populations residing only at the most extreme urban and nonurban habitats. Thus, whether urbanization drives divergence in many traits simultaneously in a manner that varies with the degree of urbanization remains unclear. To address this gap, we generated seed families of white clover (Trifolium repens) collected from 27 populations along an urbanization gradient in Toronto, Canada, grew them in a common garden, and measured 14 phenotypic traits. Families from urban sites had evolved later phenology and germination, larger flowers, thinner stolons, reduced cyanogenesis, greater biomass and greater seed set. Pollinator observations revealed near-complete turnover of pollinator morphological groups along the urbanization gradient, which may explain some of the observed divergences in floral traits and phenology. Our results suggest that adaptation to urban environments involves multiple traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Santangelo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaL5L 1C6
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaL5L 1C6
| | - L. Ruth Rivkin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaL5L 1C6
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario, CanadaL5L 1C6
| | | | - Ken A. Thompson
- Department of Zoology & Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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De Cáceres M, Coll L, Legendre P, Allen RB, Wiser SK, Fortin M, Condit R, Hubbell S. Trajectory analysis in community ecology. ECOL MONOGR 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel De Cáceres
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC) Carretera de Sant Llorenç, km.2 Solsona Catalonia E‐25280 Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia E‐08193 Spain
| | - Lluís Coll
- Forest Sciences Center of Catalonia (CTFC) Carretera de Sant Llorenç, km.2 Solsona Catalonia E‐25280 Spain
- Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF) Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalonia E‐08193 Spain
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Engineering (EAGROF) University of Lleida Lleida E‐25198 Spain
| | - Pierre Legendre
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Université de Montréal CP 6128, Succursale Centre‐ville Montreal Quebec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Robert B. Allen
- Independent Researcher 8 Roblyn Place Lincoln 7608 New Zealand
| | - Susan K. Wiser
- Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research P.O. Box 40 Lincoln 7640 New Zealand
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 25 Willcocks Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Richard Condit
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
| | - Stephen Hubbell
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Box 0843‐03092 Balboa Ancon Panama
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Los Angeles California 90095 USA
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Bolnick DI, Barrett RD, Oke KB, Rennison DJ, Stuart YE. (Non)Parallel Evolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar habitats, they may evolve similar genes, traits, or functions. Yet, replicated evolution in nature or in the laboratory often yields inconsistent outcomes: Some replicate populations evolve along highly similar trajectories, whereas other replicate populations evolve to different extents or in distinct directions. To understand these heterogeneous outcomes, biologists are increasingly treating parallel evolution not as a binary phenomenon but rather as a quantitative continuum ranging from parallel to nonparallel. By measuring replicate populations’ positions along this (non)parallel continuum, we can test hypotheses about evolutionary and ecological factors that influence the extent of repeatable evolution. We review evidence regarding the manifestation of (non)parallel evolution in the laboratory, in natural populations, and in applied contexts such as cancer. We enumerate the many genetic, ecological, and evolutionary processes that contribute to variation in the extent of parallel evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I. Bolnick
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
- Current affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268, USA
| | | | - Krista B. Oke
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Diana J. Rennison
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yoel E. Stuart
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Chavarie L, Howland KL, Harris LN, Hansen MJ, Harford WJ, Gallagher CP, Baillie SM, Malley B, Tonn WM, Muir AM, Krueger CC. From top to bottom: Do Lake Trout diversify along a depth gradient in Great Bear Lake, NT, Canada? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193925. [PMID: 29566015 PMCID: PMC5863968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depth is usually considered the main driver of Lake Trout intraspecific diversity across lakes in North America. Given that Great Bear Lake is one of the largest and deepest freshwater systems in North America, we predicted that Lake Trout intraspecific diversity to be organized along a depth axis within this system. Thus, we investigated whether a deep-water morph of Lake Trout co-existed with four shallow-water morphs previously described in Great Bear Lake. Morphology, neutral genetic variation, isotopic niches, and life-history traits of Lake Trout across depths (0-150 m) were compared among morphs. Due to the propensity of Lake Trout with high levels of morphological diversity to occupy multiple habitat niches, a novel multivariate grouping method using a suite of composite variables was applied in addition to two other commonly used grouping methods to classify individuals. Depth alone did not explain Lake Trout diversity in Great Bear Lake; a distinct fifth deep-water morph was not found. Rather, Lake Trout diversity followed an ecological continuum, with some evidence for adaptation to local conditions in deep-water habitat. Overall, trout caught from deep-water showed low levels of genetic and phenotypic differentiation from shallow-water trout, and displayed higher lipid content (C:N ratio) and occupied a higher trophic level that suggested an potential increase of piscivory (including cannibalism) than the previously described four morphs. Why phenotypic divergence between shallow- and deep-water Lake Trout was low is unknown, especially when the potential for phenotypic variation should be high in deep and large Great Bear Lake. Given that variation in complexity of freshwater environments has dramatic consequences for divergence, variation in the complexity in Great Bear Lake (i.e., shallow being more complex than deep), may explain the observed dichotomy in the expression of intraspecific phenotypic diversity between shallow- vs. deep-water habitats. The ambiguity surrounding mechanisms driving divergence of Lake Trout in Great Bear Lake should be seen as reflective of the highly variable nature of ecological opportunity and divergent natural selection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kimberly L. Howland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Michael J. Hansen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI, United States of America
| | - William J. Harford
- Cooperative Institute of Marine & Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - William M. Tonn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Andrew M. Muir
- Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Charles C. Krueger
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
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Bürger R. Two-locus clines on the real line with a step environment. Theor Popul Biol 2017; 117:1-22. [PMID: 28818453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The shape of allele-frequency clines maintained by migration-selection balance depends not only on the properties of migration and selection, but also on the dominance relations among alleles and on linkage to other loci under selection. We investigate a two-locus model in which two diallelic, recombining loci are subject to selection caused by an abrupt environmental change. The habitat is one-dimensional and unbounded, selection at each locus is modeled by step functions such that in one region one allele at each locus is advantageous and in the other deleterious. We admit an environmentally independent, intermediate degree of dominance at both loci, including complete dominance. First, we derive an explicit expression for the single-locus cline with dominance, thus generalizing classical results by Haldane (1948). We show that the slope of the cline in the center (at the step) or, equivalently, the width of the cline, is independent of the degree of dominance. Second, under the assumption of strong recombination relative to selection and migration, the first-order approximations of the allele-frequency clines at each of the loci and of the linkage disequilibrium are derived. This may be interpreted as the quasi-linkage-equilibrium approximation of the two-locus cline. Explicit asymptotic expressions for the clines are deduced as x→±∞. For equivalent loci, explicit expressions for the whole clines are derived. The influence of dominance and of linkage on the slope of the cline in the center and on a global measure of steepness are investigated. This global measure reflects the influence of dominance. Finally, the accuracy of the approximations and the dependence of the shape of the two-locus cline on the full range of recombination rates is explored by numerical integration of the underlying system of partial differential equations.
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