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Claes JM, Haddock SHD, Coubris C, Mallefet J. Systematic Distribution of Bioluminescence in Marine Animals: A Species-Level Inventory. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:432. [PMID: 38672704 PMCID: PMC11051050 DOI: 10.3390/life14040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is the production of visible light by an organism. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in marine animals, especially in the deep sea. While the luminescent status of numerous marine animals has been recently clarified thanks to advancements in deep-sea exploration technologies and phylogenetics, that of others has become more obscure due to dramatic changes in systematics (themselves triggered by molecular phylogenies). Here, we combined a comprehensive literature review with unpublished data to establish a catalogue of marine luminescent animals. Inventoried animals were identified to species level in over 97% of the cases and were associated with a score reflecting the robustness of their luminescence record. While luminescence capability has been established in 695 genera of marine animals, luminescence reports from 99 additional genera need further confirmation. Altogether, these luminescent and potentially luminescent genera encompass 9405 species, of which 2781 are luminescent, 136 are potentially luminescent (e.g., suggested luminescence in those species needs further confirmation), 99 are non-luminescent, and 6389 have an unknown luminescent status. Comparative analyses reveal new insights into the occurrence of luminescence among marine animal groups and highlight promising research areas. This work will provide a solid foundation for future studies related to the field of marine bioluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien M. Claes
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (C.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Steven H. D. Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Constance Coubris
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (C.C.); (J.M.)
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (C.C.); (J.M.)
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Lau ES, Oakley TH. Multi-level convergence of complex traits and the evolution of bioluminescence. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:673-691. [PMID: 33306257 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary convergence provides natural opportunities to investigate how, when, and why novel traits evolve. Many convergent traits are complex, highlighting the importance of explicitly considering convergence at different levels of biological organization, or 'multi-level convergent evolution'. To investigate multi-level convergent evolution, we propose a holistic and hierarchical framework that emphasizes breaking down traits into several functional modules. We begin by identifying long-standing questions on the origins of complexity and the diverse evolutionary processes underlying phenotypic convergence to discuss how they can be addressed by examining convergent systems. We argue that bioluminescence, a complex trait that evolved dozens of times through either novel mechanisms or conserved toolkits, is particularly well suited for these studies. We present an updated estimate of at least 94 independent origins of bioluminescence across the tree of life, which we calculated by reviewing and summarizing all estimates of independent origins. Then, we use our framework to review the biology, chemistry, and evolution of bioluminescence, and for each biological level identify questions that arise from our systematic review. We focus on luminous organisms that use the shared luciferin substrates coelenterazine or vargulin to produce light because these organisms convergently evolved bioluminescent proteins that use the same luciferins to produce bioluminescence. Evolutionary convergence does not necessarily extend across biological levels, as exemplified by cases of conservation and disparity in biological functions, organs, cells, and molecules associated with bioluminescence systems. Investigating differences across bioluminescent organisms will address fundamental questions on predictability and contingency in convergent evolution. Lastly, we highlight unexplored areas of bioluminescence research and advances in sequencing and chemical techniques useful for developing bioluminescence as a model system for studying multi-level convergent evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Lau
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, U.S.A
| | - Todd H Oakley
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, U.S.A
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Claes JM, Delroisse J, Grace MA, Doosey MH, Duchatelet L, Mallefet J. Histological evidence for secretory bioluminescence from pectoral pockets of the American Pocket Shark (Mollisquama mississippiensis). Sci Rep 2020; 10:18762. [PMID: 33128012 PMCID: PMC7599239 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of pocket shark pectoral pockets has puzzled scientists over decades. Here, we show that the pockets of the American Pocket Shark (Mollisquama mississippiensis) contain a brightly fluorescent stratified cubic epithelium enclosed in a pigmented sheath and in close contact with the basal cartilage of the pectoral fins; cells of this epithelium display a centripetal gradient in size and a centrifuge gradient in fluorescence. These results strongly support the idea that pocket shark's pockets are exocrine holocrine glands capable of discharging a bioluminescent fluid, potentially upon a given movement of the pectoral fin. Such capability has been reported in many other marine organisms and is typically used as a close-range defensive trick. In situ observations would be required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien M Claes
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| | - Jérôme Delroisse
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Biosciences Institute, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Mark A Grace
- NOAA/NMFS, SEFSC/Mississippi Laboratories, 3209 Fredric St., Pascagoula, MS, 39564, USA
| | - Michael H Doosey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Dr., New Orleans, Louisiana, 70148, USA
| | - Laurent Duchatelet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Martini S, Kuhnz L, Mallefet J, Haddock SHD. Distribution and quantification of bioluminescence as an ecological trait in the deep sea benthos. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14654. [PMID: 31601885 PMCID: PMC6787029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50961-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioluminescence is a prominent functional trait used for visual communication. A recent quantification showed that in pelagic ecosystems more than 75% of individual macro-planktonic organisms are categorized as able to emit light. In benthic ecosystems, only a few censuses have been done, and were based on a limited number of observations. In this study, our dataset is based on observations from remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives conducted from 1991-2016, spanning 0-3,972 m depth. Data were collected in the greater Monterey Bay area in central California, USA and include 369,326 pelagic and 154,275 epibenthic observations at Davidson Seamount, Guide Seamount, Sur Ridge and Monterey Bay. Because direct observation of in situ bioluminescence remains a technical challenge, taxa from ROV observations were categorized based on knowledge gained from the literature to assess bioluminescence status. We found that between 30-41% of the individual observed benthic organisms were categorized as capable of emitting light, with a strong difference between benthic and pelagic ecosystems. We conclude that overall variability in the distribution of bioluminescent organisms is related to the major differences between benthic and pelagic habitats in the deep ocean. This study may serve as the basis of future investigations linking the optical properties of various habitats and the variability of bioluminescent organism distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Martini
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, LOV, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France. .,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA.
| | - Linda Kuhnz
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 3 place croix du sud, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Steven H D Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
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Sharifian S, Homaei A, Hemmati R, Khajeh K. Light emission miracle in the sea and preeminent applications of bioluminescence in recent new biotechnology. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 172:115-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Martini S, Haddock SHD. Quantification of bioluminescence from the surface to the deep sea demonstrates its predominance as an ecological trait. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45750. [PMID: 28374789 PMCID: PMC5379559 DOI: 10.1038/srep45750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability of animals to emit light, called bioluminescence, is considered to be a major factor in ecological interactions. Because it occurs across diverse taxa, measurements of bioluminescence can be powerful to detect and quantify organisms in the ocean. In this study, 17 years of video observations were recorded by remotely operated vehicles during surveys off the California Coast, from the surface down to 3,900 m depth. More than 350,000 observations are classified for their bioluminescence capability based on literature descriptions. The organisms represented 553 phylogenetic concepts (species, genera or families, at the most precise taxonomic level defined from the images), distributed within 13 broader taxonomic categories. The importance of bioluminescent marine taxa is highlighted in the water column, as we showed that 76% of the observed individuals have bioluminescence capability. More than 97% of Cnidarians were bioluminescent, and 9 of the 13 taxonomic categories were found to be bioluminescent dominant. The percentage of bioluminescent animals is remarkably uniform over depth. Moreover, the proportion of bioluminescent and non-bioluminescent animals within taxonomic groups changes with depth for Ctenophora, Scyphozoa, Chaetognatha, and Crustacea. Given these results, bioluminescence has to be considered an important ecological trait from the surface to the deep-sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Martini
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
| | - Steven H D Haddock
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, 95039, CA, USA
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