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Polster L, Schuemann J, Rinaldi I, Burigo L, McNamara AL, Stewart RD, Attili A, Carlson DJ, Sato T, Ramos Méndez J, Faddegon B, Perl J, Paganetti H. Extension of TOPAS for the simulation of proton radiation effects considering molecular and cellular endpoints. Phys Med Biol 2015; 60:5053-70. [PMID: 26061666 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/60/13/5053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to extend a widely used proton Monte Carlo tool, TOPAS, towards the modeling of relative biological effect (RBE) distributions in experimental arrangements as well as patients. TOPAS provides a software core which users configure by writing parameter files to, for instance, define application specific geometries and scoring conditions. Expert users may further extend TOPAS scoring capabilities by plugging in their own additional C++ code. This structure was utilized for the implementation of eight biophysical models suited to calculate proton RBE. As far as physics parameters are concerned, four of these models are based on the proton linear energy transfer, while the others are based on DNA double strand break induction and the frequency-mean specific energy, lineal energy, or delta electron generated track structure. The biological input parameters for all models are typically inferred from fits of the models to radiobiological experiments. The model structures have been implemented in a coherent way within the TOPAS architecture. Their performance was validated against measured experimental data on proton RBE in a spread-out Bragg peak using V79 Chinese Hamster cells. This work is an important step in bringing biologically optimized treatment planning for proton therapy closer to the clinical practice as it will allow researchers to refine and compare pre-defined as well as user-defined models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Polster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. Experimental Radiation Oncology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Li M, Gonon G, Buonanno M, Autsavapromporn N, de Toledo SM, Pain D, Azzam EI. Health risks of space exploration: targeted and nontargeted oxidative injury by high-charge and high-energy particles. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1501-23. [PMID: 24111926 PMCID: PMC3936510 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE During deep space travel, astronauts are often exposed to high atomic number (Z) and high-energy (E) (high charge and high energy [HZE]) particles. On interaction with cells, these particles cause severe oxidative injury and result in unique biological responses. When cell populations are exposed to low fluences of HZE particles, a significant fraction of the cells are not traversed by a primary radiation track, and yet, oxidative stress induced in the targeted cells may spread to nearby bystander cells. The long-term effects are more complex because the oxidative effects persist in progeny of the targeted and affected bystander cells, which promote genomic instability and may increase the risk of age-related cancer and degenerative diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Greater understanding of the spatial and temporal features of reactive oxygen species bursts along the tracks of HZE particles, and the availability of facilities that can simulate exposure to space radiations have supported the characterization of oxidative stress from targeted and nontargeted effects. CRITICAL ISSUES The significance of secondary radiations generated from the interaction of the primary HZE particles with biological material and the mitigating effects of antioxidants on various cellular injuries are central to understanding nontargeted effects and alleviating tissue injury. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the cellular responses to HZE particles, particularly under reduced gravity and situations of exposure to additional radiations, such as protons, should be useful in reducing the uncertainty associated with current models for predicting long-term health risks of space radiation. These studies are also relevant to hadron therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Cancer Center, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
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Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury. Cancer Lett 2011; 327:48-60. [PMID: 22182453 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular exposure to ionizing radiation leads to oxidizing events that alter atomic structure through direct interactions of radiation with target macromolecules or via products of water radiolysis. Further, the oxidative damage may spread from the targeted to neighboring, non-targeted bystander cells through redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms. To cope with the induced stress and the changes in the redox environment, organisms elicit transient responses at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels to counteract toxic effects of radiation. Metabolic pathways are induced during and shortly after the exposure. Depending on radiation dose, dose-rate and quality, these protective mechanisms may or may not be sufficient to cope with the stress. When the harmful effects exceed those of homeostatic biochemical processes, induced biological changes persist and may be propagated to progeny cells. Physiological levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play critical roles in many cellular functions. In irradiated cells, levels of these reactive species may be increased due to perturbations in oxidative metabolism and chronic inflammatory responses, thereby contributing to the long-term effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on genomic stability. Here, in addition to immediate biological effects of water radiolysis on DNA damage, we also discuss the role of mitochondria in the delayed outcomes of ionization radiation. Defects in mitochondrial functions lead to accelerated aging and numerous pathological conditions. Different types of radiation vary in their linear energy transfer (LET) properties, and we discuss their effects on various aspects of mitochondrial physiology. These include short and long-term in vitro and in vivo effects on mitochondrial DNA, mitochondrial protein import and metabolic and antioxidant enzymes.
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Korcyl M, Waligórski MPR. Track structure effects in a study of cell killing in normal human skin fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 85:1101-13. [DOI: 10.3109/09553000903242123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Beuve M. Formalization and Theoretical Analysis of the Local Effect Model. Radiat Res 2009; 172:394-402. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1544.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Katz R. The parameter-free track structure model of Scholz and Kraft for heavy-ion cross sections. Radiat Res 2004; 160:724-8. [PMID: 14640791 DOI: 10.1667/rr3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The "parameter-free", "local effects" theory of Scholz and Kraft is an extension to mammalian cells of the theory of RBE for dry enzymes and viruses of Butts and Katz. Its claim for parameter freedom has been challenged elsewhere. Here we examine its conceptual base and find errors in its use of the physical concept of cross section and its neglect of the radiobiological relationship between target size and radiosensitivity in evaluating the radiation damage to "point targets".
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Katz
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0111, USA.
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Paganetti H. Calculation of the spatial variation of relative biological effectiveness in a therapeutic proton field for eye treatment. Phys Med Biol 1998; 43:2147-57. [PMID: 9725595 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/43/8/011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons under conditions suitable for eye treatment has been studied. A complete three-dimensional modelling of the beam delivery system has been performed. Proton Monte Carlo transport calculations have been performed to obtain the proton energy distributions at different positions in a water phantom including the influence of range shifter, modulator wheel, scattering foils and collimators. A beam with a kinetic energy of 68 MeV +/- 250 keV has been simulated with respect to the HMI-Berlin eye treatment facility. The dependence of the RBE on absorbed dose and position within a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) has been investigated with the track structure model. Due to a decreasing proton energy with depth, the energy transfer per pathlength within the SOBP increases, affecting the RBE. An RBE increasing with depth as well as with decreasing absorbed dose has been found for the endpoint inactivation of V79 and CH2B2 hamster cells. RBE values at the distal end of the SOBP up to 1.3 and 1.5 have been found at a dose of 14 Gy and 2 Gy respectively. Within the SOBP plateau, no lateral variation of RBE has been found for a given depth. The model used offers the possibility of introducing a variable RBE in treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paganetti
- Hahn-Meitner-Institut-Berlin GmbH, ATT, Germany
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Paganetti H, Schmitz T. The influence of the beam modulation technique on dose and RBE in proton radiation therapy. Phys Med Biol 1996; 41:1649-63. [PMID: 8884903 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/41/9/006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Because a dose can be described as fluence times LET, it is evident that, in a mixed radiation field, similar doses can be achieved with different particle energy distributions. Isodose contours are iso-effect contours only if the energy spectra of the accompanying particles remain constant. Under this condition, the beam delivery technique used to build a spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) can influence the relative biological effectiveness (RBE). We investigated the influence of the beam modulation method on the dose distribution and, taking into account the respective RBEs, on the biological dose distribution. For this, we first performed proton transport calculations in order to obtain the dose and the proton energy spectra at a given depth. Secondly, RBE values were calculated using the microdosimetric response function and the track structure model for two biological end points. We found an increasing RBE with depth within the SOBP. The higher the energy used for modulation the lower the average LET and the RBE and the higher the proton fluence. The RBE for an active beam modulation system behaves like the respective RBE of a passive system with similar initial beam energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Paganetti
- Institute of Medicine IME, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
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Goodhead DT. Relationships of radiation track structure to biological effect: A re-interpretation of the parameters of the Katz model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(89)90048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Waligórski M, Hamm R, Katz R. The radial distribution of dose around the path of a heavy ion in liquid water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Katz R, Hofmann W. Biological effects of low doses of ionizing radiations: Particle tracks in radiobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5087(82)90657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Goodhead DT, Munson RJ, Thacker J, Cox R. Mutation and inactivation of cultured mammalian cells exposed to beams of accelerated heavy ions. IV. Biophysical interpretation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1980; 37:135-67. [PMID: 6966263 DOI: 10.1080/09553008014550201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A biophysical analysis is made of the results of recent experiments which used accelerated heavy ions of 20 to 470 keV micron-1 to induce inactivation and mutation (resistance to 6-thioguanine) in cultured V79 Chinese hamster cells and HF19 human diploid fibroblasts. It is shown that the discrete nature of the primary ions must be explicity taken into account before the numbers of induced lethal and mutagenic lesions can be deduced from the observed radiosensitivities. The measured numbers of lesions produced by the radiations of different LET are compared with the relative numbers predicted by various models of radiation action. The observations can be explained on the hypothesis that each lethal lesion is produced by a deposition of small energy (small number of ionizations) in a distance of about 3 nm. Two different lesions appear to be involved, one of which requires greater than or equal to 100 eV and is dominant with low-LET radiations, and the other requires greater than or equal to 300 eV and is dominant at high-LET. Similar conclusions may apply to mutagenic lesions except that the mechanism which dominates at high-LET requires significantly more than 300 eV. More precise assessments of the hypothesis and these numerical values must await detailed track structure calculations of the radiation on the nanometre scale. Alternative models which invoke 'accumulation of sublethal damage' or 'interaction between sublesions', over distances of the order of microns, do not provide a consistent explanation of the observations. This suggests that the frequently observed curvature of low-LET dose-responses is not due to interaction between sublesions but rather to some other mechanism such as a dose-dependent repair process. It is also shown that low velocity, high-LET ions produce an average of appreciably less than one lethal lesion in traversing the nucleus of the above mammalian cells; 90 keV micron-1 helium ions produce about 0.03-0.06 lethal lesions micron-1 of track through the nucleus of the cells of thickness about 7 microns. Some estimates are also made of the size of the nuclear region which is sensitive to the induction of mutation to 6-thioguanine-resistance; it is concluded that this region extends beyond the DNA of the structural gene itself.
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Saigusa T, Ueno Y. Calculated responses to a thermal neutron beam for hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations. Phys Med Biol 1978; 23:738-52. [PMID: 704676 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/23/4/015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hamster and HeLa cells containing boron-10 at different concentrations were irradiated by a thermal neutron beam from a reactor. The survival curves were calculated according to the Katz and Sharma theory of track structure for heavy charged particles. The thickness of cell specimens irradiated was taken to be 0.02 cm to enable the first collision dose to be used. The boron-10 concentrations were 0, 2,5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 microgram per g of tissue. For comparison with the experiments of Davis et al. the effect of fast neutorns was taken into account. Values for relative biological effectiveness (RBE) are given for different boron-10 concentrations and various surviving fractions. Isosurvival dose curves are defined and drawn which show the relation between neutron fluences and absorbed dose for different boron-10 concentrations. The RBE values increase with decreasing dose and change only slightly with increasing boron-10 concentration for an equal surviving fraction. Some differences were found between the calculated results for HeLa cells in the thin layer and the experimental data for the cells in a monolayer. The results of the calculations are discussed.
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Cox R, Thacker J, Goodhead DT. Inactivation and mutation of cultured mammalian cells by aluminium characteristic ultrasoft X-rays. II. Dose-responses of Chinese hamster and human diploid cells to aluminium X-rays and radiations of different LET. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION BIOLOGY AND RELATED STUDIES IN PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MEDICINE 1977; 31:561-76. [PMID: 301865 DOI: 10.1080/09553007714550661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The induction of inactivation and mutation to thioguanine-resistance of two types of cultured mammalian cells, V79 Chinese hamster and HF19 human diploid, was studied after irradiation with aluminium K characteristic ultrasoft X-rays, helium ion track intersections of different LET, 42 MeV d-Be neutrons, and hard X- or gamma-rays. The form of the dose-response curves was different for the two cell-types, and there was an overall difference in radiosensitivity, the human cells being the more sensitive to all radiations. However, for both inactivation and mutation-induction, the relative responses of both cell-types to these radiations was similar. Aluminium X-rays were considerably more effective than hard X- or gamma-rays and were at least as effective as helium ions of 20-28 keV micron-1, although aluminium X-rays produce tracks of very limited range (less than about 0.07 micron). Single track effects by aluminium X-rays cannot, therefore, extend beyond about 0.07 micron, and the subcellular sites involved in inactivation and mutation cannot be greater than this dimension or else the effectiveness of aluminium X-rays would be similar to that of low-LET radiations. This observation is in contradiction to models of radiation action which require relatively large sensitive sites; for example the 'theory of dual radiation action' requires a site diameter of about 0.4 micron to explain the shape of the dose-response curves for V79 hamster cells.
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Katz R, Larsson L, Pinkerton F, Benton E. Supralinearity and particle discrimination in nuclear emulsion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0145-224x(77)90023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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