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Balajadia E, Garcia S, Stampfli J, Schrader B, Guidolin C, Spitschan M. Usability and Acceptability of a Corneal-Plane α-Opic Light Logger in a 24-h Field Trial. Digit Biomark 2023; 7:139-149. [PMID: 37901367 PMCID: PMC10601946 DOI: 10.1159/000531404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exposure to light fundamentally influences human physiology and behaviour by synchronising our biological clock to the external light-dark cycle and controlling melatonin production. In addition to well-controlled laboratory studies, more naturalistic approaches to examining these "non-visual" effects of light have been developed in recent years. As naturalistic light exposure is quite unlike well-controlled stimulus conditions in the laboratory, it is critical to measure light exposure in a person-referenced way, the "spectral diet." To this end, light loggers have been developed to capture personalised light exposure. As an alternative to light sensors integrated into wrist-worn actimeters, pendants, or brooch-based light loggers, a recently developed wearable light logger laterally attached to spectacle frames enables the measurement of biologically relevant quantities in the corneal plane. Methods Here, we examine the usability and acceptability of using the light logger in an undergraduate student sample (n = 18, mean±1SD: 20.1 ± 1.7 years; 9 female; Oxford, UK) in real-world conditions during a 24-h measurement period. We probed the acceptability of the light logger using rating questionnaires and open-ended questions. Results Our quantitative results show a modest acceptability of the light logger. A thematic analysis of the open-ended questions reveals that the form factor of the device, in particular, size, weight, and stability, and reactions from other people to the wearer of the light logger, were commonly mentioned aspects. Conclusion In sum, the results indicate the miniaturisation of light loggers and "invisible" integration into extant everyday objects as key areas for future technological development, facilitating the availability of light exposure data for developing personalised intervention strategies in both research, clinical and consumer contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eljoh Balajadia
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie Garcia
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Janine Stampfli
- Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Horw, Switzerland
| | - Björn Schrader
- Lucerne School of Engineering and Architecture, Horw, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Guidolin
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Translational Sensory & Circadian Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM School of Medicine and Health, Chronobiology & Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM Institute for Advanced Study (TUM-IAS), Garching, Germany
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Abstract
During leisure time, people can decide if they want to expose themselves to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to what extent. While working, people do not have this choice. Outdoor workers are exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR) on a daily basis. This may pose a certain health risk, which can be estimated when the personal solar UVR exposure (PE) is known. During past decades, a variety of studies were conducted to measure PE of outdoor workers and our knowledge of the PE of outdoor workers has increased remarkably. As shown by this review, studies clearly indicate that PE of most outdoor workers exceeds the internationally proposed threshold limit value, which is comparable to 1.0 to 1.3 standard erythema dose (SED), respectively, to 1.1 to 1.5 UV Index received over one hour. Besides working in a high UVR environ, monotonic workflow (limited movement, nearly static posture) is a risk factor. In such cases, PE can be higher than ambient UVR. In this review, we provide also a list of milestones, depicting the progress and the most important findings in this field during the past 45 years. However, in many respects our knowledge is still rudimentary, for several reasons. Different measuring positions have been used so that measured PE is not comparable. Few studies were designed to enable the extension of measured PE to other locations or dates. Although the importance of a proper calibration of the measuring devices in respect to the changing solar spectrum was pointed out from the beginning, this is often not performed, which leads to high uncertainties in the presented PE levels. At the end of our review, we provide some key points, which can be used to evaluate the quality of a study respectively to support the design of future studies.
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Abstract
In the early 1970s, environmental conservationists were becoming concerned that a reduction in the thickness of the atmospheric ozone layer would lead to increased levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation at ground level, resulting in higher population exposure to UV and subsequent harm, especially a rise in skin cancer. At the time, no measurements had been reported on the normal levels of solar UV radiation which populations received in their usual environment, so this lack of data, coupled with increasing concerns about the impact to human health, led to the development of simple devices that monitored personal UV exposure. The first and most widely used UV dosimeter was the polymer film, polysulphone, and this review describes its properties and some of the pioneering studies using the dosimeter that led to a quantitative understanding of human exposure to sunlight in a variety of behavioral, occupational, and geographical settings.
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Schmalwieser AW, Siani AM. Review on Nonoccupational Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:900-915. [PMID: 29856894 DOI: 10.1111/php.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation follows people during their whole life. Exposure to UV radiation is vital but holds serious risks, too. The quantification of human UV exposure is a complex issue. UV exposure is directly related to incoming UV radiation as well as to a variety of factors such as the orientation of the exposed anatomical site with respect to the sun and the duration of exposure. The use of badge-sensors allows assessing the UV exposure of differently oriented body sites. Such UV devices have been available for over 40 years, and a variety of measuring campaigns have been undertaken since then. This study provides an overview of those studies which reported measurements of the personal UV exposure (PE) during outdoor activities of people not related to their occupation. This overview is given chronologically to show the progress of knowledge in this research and is given with respect to different activities. Special focus is put on the ratio of personal exposure to ambient UV radiation. This ratio, when given as a function of solar elevation, allows estimating PE at any other location or date if ambient UV radiation is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois W Schmalwieser
- Unit of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Vanos JK, McKercher GR, Naughton K, Lochbaum M. Schoolyard Shade and Sun Exposure: Assessment of Personal Monitoring During Children's Physical Activity. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1123-1132. [PMID: 28097673 DOI: 10.1111/php.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Childhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major risk factor for the development of melanoma later in life. However, it is challenging to accurately determine personal outdoor exposure to UVR, specifically erythemally weighted UVR (UVEry ), due to technological constraints, variable time-activity patterns, and the influence of outdoor environmental design. To address this challenge, this study utilized mobile and stationary techniques to examine the UVEry exposures of 14 children in a schoolyard in Lubbock, TX, in spring 2016. The aims of the study were to examine the influence of artificial shade on personal UVEry exposures and to assess full sun exposure ratios (ERs) within the same playground microenvironment. On average, personal wrist dosimeters worn during play in the sun measured 18% of the total onsite UVEry measured by a stationary UV pyranometer. Shade was found to significantly reduce the personal UVEry exposures by 55%, UVB280-315 nm exposures by 91%, and the overall solar radiation by 84%. Substantial benefits can be garnered through focused design of children's recreational space to utilize shade-both natural and artificial-to reduce UVR exposures during play, and to extend safe outdoor stays. Finally, although the wrist is a practical location for a dosimeter, it often underestimates full exposures, particularly during physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Vanos
- Atmospheric Science Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,Climate, Atmospheric Science, and Physical Oceanography, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Grant R McKercher
- Atmospheric Science Research Group, Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Kylie Naughton
- Climate Science Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Marc Lochbaum
- Exercise & Sport Psychology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Carey RN, Glass DC, Peters S, Reid A, Benke G, Driscoll TR, Fritschi L. Occupational exposure to solar radiation in Australia: who is exposed and what protection do they use? Aust N Z J Public Health 2015; 38:54-9. [PMID: 24494947 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is widely recognised as a leading cause of skin cancer, with outdoor workers being particularly at risk. Little is known on a national level about how many workers are exposed to solar radiation, the circumstances in which they are exposed, or their use of protective measures. METHODS The Australian Work Exposures Study (AWES) was a cross-sectional telephone survey of 5,023 Australian workers aged 18 to 65. A subset of 1,113 respondents who indicated they worked outdoors was asked about their exposure to solar radiation in terms of the amount of time they spent working outdoors, their working location and their use of sun protective measures. RESULTS A total of 1,100 respondents (22% overall) were assessed as being exposed to solar radiation at work. Exposure was more likely among males and those residing in lower socioeconomic and regional areas. Sun protection was used by 95% of the respondents, although the level of protection varied among workers, with only 8.7% classified as fully protected. CONCLUSIONS This study provides valuable information regarding solar exposure that has not previously been available. IMPLICATIONS The results of this study will inform strategies for risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee N Carey
- Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, University of Western Australia
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Xiang F, Harrison S, Nowak M, Kimlin M, Van der Mei I, Neale RE, Sinclair C, Lucas RM. Weekend personal ultraviolet radiation exposure in four cities in Australia: Influence of temperature, humidity and ambient ultraviolet radiation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 143:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hanna K, Fassett RG, Gill E, Healy H, Kimlin M, Ross L, Ash S. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations are more deficient/insufficient in peritoneal dialysis than haemodialysis patients in a sunny climate. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 28:209-18. [PMID: 24720834 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has identified associations between serum 25(OH)D and a range of clinical outcomes in chronic kidney disease and wider populations. The present study aimed to investigate vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in dialysis patients and the relationship with vitamin D intake and sun exposure. METHODS A cross-sectional study was used. Participants included 30 peritoneal dialysis (PD) (43.3% male; 56.87 ± 16.16 years) and 26 haemodialysis (HD) (80.8% male; 63.58 ± 15.09 years) patients attending a department of renal medicine. Explanatory variables were usual vitamin D intake from diet/supplements (IU day(-1) ) and sun exposure (min day(-1) ). Vitamin D intake, sun exposure and ethnic background were assessed by questionnaire. Weight, malnutrition status and routine biochemistry were also assessed. Data were collected during usual department visits. The main outcome measure was serum 25(OH)D (nm). RESULTS Prevalence of inadequate/insufficient vitamin D intake differed between dialysis modality, with 31% and 43% found to be insufficient (<50 nm) and 4% and 33% found to be deficient (<25 nm) in HD and PD patients, respectively (P < 0.001). In HD patients, there was a correlation between diet and supplemental vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D (ρ = 0.84, P < 0.001) and average sun exposure and 25(OH)D (ρ = 0.50, P < 0.02). There were no associations in PD patients. The results remained significant for vitamin D intake after multiple regression, adjusting for age, gender and sun exposure. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight a strong association between vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D in HD but not PD patients, with implications for replacement recommendations. The findings indicate that, even in a sunny climate, many dialysis patients are vitamin D deficient, highlighting the need for exploration of determinants and consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hanna
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - R G Fassett
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - E Gill
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - H Healy
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M Kimlin
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - L Ross
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Ash
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Walton AE, Janda M, Youl PH, Baade P, Aitken JF, Whiteman DC, Gordon LG, Neale RE. Uptake of skin self-examination and clinical examination behavior by outdoor workers. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2014; 69:214-222. [PMID: 24499249 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2013.771247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between outdoor work and response to a behavioral skin cancer early detection intervention among men 50 years or older. Overall, 495 men currently working in outdoor, mixed, or indoor occupations were randomized to a video-based intervention or control group. At 7 months post intervention, indoor workers reported the lowest proportion of whole-body skin self-examination (wbSSE; 20%). However, at 13 months mixed workers engaged more commonly in wbSSE (36%) compared with indoor (31%) and outdoor (32%) workers. In adjusted analysis, the uptake of early detection behaviors during the trial did not differ between men working in different settings. Outdoor workers compared with men in indoor or mixed work settings were similar in their response to an intervention encouraging uptake of secondary skin cancer prevention behaviors during this intervention trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Walton
- a Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Public Health , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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10
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Modesti S, Parisi AV, Colosimo A. Investigation on the capability of polysulphone for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 13:521-30. [PMID: 24352228 DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50267h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polysulphone (PS) dosimetry is a well-known technique broadly used to assess the erythemally effective solar UV dose received by anatomical sites (personal exposure). We investigate the capability of PS dosimetry to convert doses absorbed by PS badges into biologically effective solar UV exposures taking as examples two relevant effects for human skin: erythema induction and pre-vitamin D3 production. PS calibration curves for erythemal and pre-vitamin D3 were distinctly determined by using an empirical relationship between the biologically effective UV exposures and the PS absorbance change. This relationship is parameterized by a coefficient, distinct for each of the two considered biological effects, multiplying the same cubic polynomial function. It is shown how the multiplying coefficient is related to the ratio between the biologically effective and the PS weighted irradiances which is the prevailing factor affecting the accuracy of the calibration and, consequently, the capability of PS films for measuring biologically effective solar UV exposures. The points addressed in this paper can be extended to other biological effects of interest whose action spectra have some similarity with the PS film response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Siani
- Sapienza Università di Roma, Physics Department, P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Feister U, Meyer G, Kirst U. Solar UV Exposure of Seafarers along Subtropical and Tropical Shipping Routes. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1497-506. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Feister
- German Meteorological Service; Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg - Richard-Aßmann-Observatory; Lindenberg Germany
| | - Gabriele Meyer
- German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Transport and Traffic; Hamburg Germany
| | - Ulrich Kirst
- German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Transport and Traffic; Hamburg Germany
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12
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Wright CY, Brogniez C, Ncongwane KP, Sivakumar V, Coetzee G, Metzger JM, Auriol F, Deroo C, Sauvage B. Sunburn Risk Among Children and Outdoor Workers in South Africa and Reunion Island Coastal Sites. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:1226-33. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caradee Y. Wright
- Climate Studies; Modelling and Environmental Health Research Group; Council for Scientific and Industrial Research; Pretoria; South Africa
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Sciences et Technologies; CNRS/INSU; Université Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex; France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- UMS 3365 - OSU Réunion; Université de La Réunion; Saint Denis Cedex 09 La Réunion; France
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Sciences et Technologies; CNRS/INSU; Université Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex; France
| | - Christine Deroo
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Sciences et Technologies; CNRS/INSU; Université Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex; France
| | - Béatrice Sauvage
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique; Sciences et Technologies; CNRS/INSU; Université Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex; France
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14
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Humayun Q, Iqbal R, Azam I, Khan AH, Siddiqui AR, Baig-Ansari N. Development and validation of sunlight exposure measurement questionnaire (SEM-Q) for use in adult population residing in Pakistan. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:421. [PMID: 22682277 PMCID: PMC3436746 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a major public health problem worldwide. Sunlight is the main source of vitamin D and its measurement using dosimeters is expensive and difficult for use in population-based studies. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop and validate questionnaires to assess sunlight exposure in healthy individuals residing in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods Two questionnaires with seven important items for sunlight exposure assessment were developed. Fifty four healthy adults were enrolled based on their reported sunlight exposure (high = 17, moderate = 18, low = 19) from Aga Khan University, Karachi. Over four days, study participants were asked to wear a dosimeter between sunrise and sunset and report time spent and activities undertaken in the sun for questionnaire validation. Algorithm for item weightage was created as an average score based on ultraviolet B percentage received. Blood samples were obtained for serum vitamin D. Results The mean time (minutes) spent in sun over 4 days (±SD) was 69.5 (±32) for low, 83.5 (±29.7) for moderate and 329 (±115) for high exposure group. The correlation between average time (minutes) spent in sun over 4 days and mean change in absorbance of UV dosimeters for 4 days was 0.60 (p < 0.01). Correlation between average score and vitamin D levels was found to be 0.36 (p = 0.01) for short term questionnaire score, 0.43 (p = 0.01) for long term questionnaire score in summers and 0.48 (p = 0.01) in winters. Conclusions The sunlight exposure measurement questionnaires were valid tools for use in large epidemiological studies to quantify sunlight exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quratulain Humayun
- Public Health Solutions Pakistan, House No. 578, Street No. 53, G-9/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Sisto R, Colosimo A, Lang CA, Kimlin MG. Occupational Exposures to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Vineyard Workers in Tuscany (Italy). Photochem Photobiol 2011; 87:925-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.00934.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata Sisto
- ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione E la Sicurezza del Lavoro), Occupational Hygiene Department, Monteporzio Catone, Italy
| | - Alfredo Colosimo
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolyn A. Lang
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael G. Kimlin
- Australian Sun and Health Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Verdebout J. Estimating natural UV personal exposure with radiative transfer calculations. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2010; 141:275-282. [PMID: 20670965 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The following study has investigated whether straightforward radiative transfer calculations can be used to adequately document natural UV personal exposure. The method was evaluated by comparing the results with erythemal doses accumulated by polysulphone films positioned on mannequins. The calculations succeeded in reproducing the variability associated with changing solar zenith angle and atmospheric conditions. A possible use of the model has been illustrated by estimating the daily exposure during 1 y of a hypothetical office worker, according to a simple occupational schedule. The calculated daily exposures indicated the importance of holiday periods in the risk of acute overexposure and in the total yearly dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Verdebout
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy.
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18
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Seité S, Christiaens F, Bredoux C, Compan D, Zucchi H, Lombard D, Fourtanier A, Young AR. A broad-spectrum sunscreen prevents cumulative damage from repeated exposure to sub-erythemal solar ultraviolet radiation representative of temperate latitudes. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:219-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Hammond V, Reeder AI, Gray A. Patterns of real-time occupational ultraviolet radiation exposure among a sample of outdoor workers in New Zealand. Public Health 2009; 123:182-7. [PMID: 19181351 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an occupational health and safety issue for outdoor workers since excessive exposure is associated with negative health outcomes, including eye conditions and skin cancers. The objective of this research was to describe the pattern of UVR exposure experienced by outdoor workers from selected occupations in New Zealand in order to identify the impact of behaviour and work conditions on exposure. STUDY DESIGN This paper reports on the occupational UVR exposure arm of a dual arm cross-sectional study that also examined workers' sun protection practices. METHODS For five consecutive working days in January-March 2007, electronic dosimeters were used to record the time-stamped UVR exposure of a sample of 77 outdoor workers from three occupations (building, horticulture and roading) in Central Otago, New Zealand. RESULTS The geometric mean total daily UVR exposure (between 1100 and 1600 h) was 5.32 standard erythemal doses (SED; 95% reference range 0.28-19.97 SED). The geometric mean total daily UVR exposure as a percentage of the total daily ambient UVR was 20.5% (95% confidence interval 1.4-83.0%). Personal UVR exposure dipped between 1200 h and 1300 h--the same time that ambient UVR peaked--indicating the effect of shade seeking over the lunch period. Personal UVR exposure peaked between 1400 h and 1500 h, alongside decreasing ambient UVR levels, suggesting the influence of behavioural rather than climatic factors. The difference in workers' exposure between 1200 h and 1300 h, and 1400 h and 1500 h was statistically significant for both measured personal exposure (P < 0.005) and exposure calculated as a percentage of concurrent available ambient UVR (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS All the workers in this study recorded mean daily UVR exposure in excess of the current recommended occupational exposure limits. Only a minority of workers sought shade during their lunch break; most remained in highly exposed conditions. There is no evidence that work tasks which involve substantial sun exposure are being scheduled outside the high UVR period.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hammond
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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20
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Siani AM, Casale GR, Sisto R, Borra M, Kimlin MG, Lang CA, Colosimo A. Short-term UV Exposure of Sunbathers at a Mediterranean Sea Site. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:171-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Turner J, Parisi AV, Turnbull DJ. Reflected solar radiation from horizontal, vertical and inclined surfaces: ultraviolet and visible spectral and broadband behaviour due to solar zenith angle, orientation and surface type. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2008; 92:29-37. [PMID: 18490174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation affects human life and UV exposure is a significant everyday factor that individuals must be aware of to ensure minimal damaging biological effects to themselves. UV exposure is affected by many complex factors. Albedo is one factor, involving reflection from flat surfaces. Albedo is defined as the ratio of reflected (upwelling) irradiance to incident (downwelling) irradiance and is generally accepted only for horizontal surfaces. Incident irradiance on a non horizontal surface from a variety of incident angles may cause the reflectivity to change. Assumptions about the reflectivity of a vertical surface are frequently made for a variety of purposes but are rarely quantified. As urban structures are dominated by vertical surfaces, using albedo to estimate influence on UV exposure is limiting when incident (downwelling) irradiance is not normal to the surface. Changes to the incident angle are affected by the solar zenith angle, surface position and orientation and surface type. A new characteristic describing reflection from a surface has been used in this research. The ratio of reflected irradiance (from any surface position of vertical, horizontal or inclined) to global (or downwelling) irradiance (RRG) has been calculated for a variety of metal building surfaces in winter time in the southern hemisphere for both the UV and visible radiation spectrum, with special attention to RRG in the UV spectrum. The results show that the RRG due to a vertical surface can exceed the RRG due to a horizontal surface, at smaller solar zenith angles as well as large solar zenith angles. The RRG shows variability in reflective capacities of surface according to the above mentioned factors and present a more realistic influence on UV exposure than albedo for future investigations. Errors in measuring the RRG at large solar zenith angles are explored, which equally highlights the errors in albedo measurement at large solar zenith angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Turner
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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22
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Parisi AV, Kimlin MG. Personal solar UV Exposure Measurements Employing Modified Polysulphone with an Extended Dynamic Range†¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2004.tb00028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Antoine M, Pierre-Edouard S, Jean-Luc B, David V. Effective exposure to solar UV in building workers: influence of local and individual factors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:58-68. [PMID: 16926862 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar UV light is the main cause of skin cancers in humans. UV exposure depends on environmental as well as individual factors related to activity. Although outdoor occupational activities contribute significantly to the individual dose received, data on effective exposure are scarce and limited to a few occupations. A study was undertaken in order to assess effective short-term exposure among building workers and characterize the influence of individual and local factors on exposure. The effective exposure of construction workers in a mountainous area in the southern part of Switzerland was investigated through short-term dosimetry (97 dosimeters). Three altitudes, of about 500, 1500 and 2500 m were considered. Individual measurements over 20 working periods were performed using Spore film dosimeters on five body locations. The postural activity of workers was concomitantly recorded and static UV measurements were also performed. Effective exposure among building workers was high and exceeded occupational recommendations, for all individuals for at least one body location. The mean daily UV dose in plain was 11.9 SED (0.0-31.3 SED), in middle mountain 21.4 SED (6.6-46.8 SED) and in high mountain 28.6 SED (0.0-91.1 SED). Measured doses between workers and anatomical locations exhibited a high variability, stressing the role of local exposure conditions and individual factors. Short-term effective exposure ranged between 0 and 200% of ambient irradiation, indicating the occurrence of intense, subacute exposures. A predictive irradiation model was developed to investigate the role of individual factors. Posture and orientation were found to account for at least 38% of the total variance of relative individual exposure, and were also found to account more than altitude on the total variance of effective daily exposures. Targeted sensitization actions through professional information channels and specific prevention messages are recommended. Altitude outdoor workers should also benefit from preventive medical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Antoine
- Institute of Occupational Health Sciences IST, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Kimlin MG, Tenkate TD. Occupational exposure to ultraviolet radiation: the duality dilemma. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2007; 22:1-37. [PMID: 17508696 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2007.22.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a component of everyday life and a significant hazard for outdoor workers. In addition, a large range of artificial sources also has the potential to provide extreme occupational UV exposure. Even though the human health risks of overexposure to UV are well documented, to date relatively little is known quantitatively about UV exposure. For example, the evidence indicates that workers who are exposed to particular sources (for example, welding arcs) are exposed to extreme UV exposures, despite the use of current control measures. In contrast, increasing evidence points to significant health impacts resulting from underexposure to UV, particularly with the production (or more correctly lack of production) of vitamin D in the skin. The latter poses a serious issue for the work-force, with specific risks for workers lacking adequate sun exposure-underground miners, long-haul flight crews, shift workers, and perhaps indoor workers. Using a risk-management approach, this paper provides a comprehensive review of occupational UV sources, health impact of occupational UV exposure, occupational exposure standards, and levels of exposure in various settings, and discusses the appropriate control measures. In addition, the duality aspect of health impacts from overexposure and underexposure to UV and the associated occupational health implications are specifically explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kimlin
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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25
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Chodick G, Freedman MD, Kwok RK, Fears TR, Linet MS, Alexander BH, Kleinerman RA. Agreement between contemporaneously recorded and subsequently recalled time spent outdoors: implications for environmental exposure studies. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 17:106-11. [PMID: 16882464 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study is to evaluate the agreement between contemporaneously recorded and subsequently recalled time spent outdoors during 1 week among members of an occupational cohort. METHODS One hundred twenty-five radiologic technologists from northern and southern geographic areas in the United States recorded time spent outdoors for 7 consecutive days in a daily diary. Six months later, study participants completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire of the number of outdoor hours during the same 7-day period. We tested the agreement between questionnaire responses and diary entries. Logistic regression models were used to identify variables significantly affecting agreement. RESULTS Time spent outdoors comprised one fifth of the total time recorded in the diaries. Agreement (weighted kappa [kappa(w)]) between reported outdoor time during weekdays (kappa(w) = 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.59) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than for weekends (kappa(w) = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.12-0.34). Similarly, agreement was lower for weekends compared with weekdays in multivariate analyses, reaching statistical significance (p = 0.05) in only the southern regions. CONCLUSIONS Although our investigation was carried out among volunteers from the US radiologic technologist cohort, we believe retrospective questionnaires may be more accurate in reporting time spent outdoors for weekdays compared with weekends in any group of indoor workers. These differences have implications for the wording in future questionnaires about time spent outdoors and level and sources of uncertainty characterizing estimated time spent outdoors on weekdays versus weekend days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Chodick
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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26
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Tuchinda C, Srivannaboon S, Lim HW. Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54:845-54. [PMID: 16635665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In daily activity, much time is spent indoors and in vehicles. Although the adverse effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is now well recognized and active public education programs on photoprotection have been undertaken, the role of window glass in photoprotection has been rarely addressed. It has been known for some time that window glass filters out UVB and transmits UVA and visible light. Recent developments in the glass industry have resulted in glass that provides broad UV protection without the historically associated loss of visible light transmission. Factors affecting UV-protective properties of glass are glass type, glass color, interleave between glass, and glass coating. In this article, photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses is reviewed.
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Lewis EC, Mayer JA, Slymen D. Postal workers' occupational and leisure-time sun safety behaviors (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2006; 17:181-6. [PMID: 16425096 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-0482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES United States Postal Service letter carriers are exposed to long bouts of UVR and thus are vulnerable to skin cancer. While previous studies have shown that occupational sun protection is often deficient, few studies have examined outdoor workers' behavior during leisure time. METHODS Subjects (n = 2,660) self-reported widebrim hat and sunscreen use over the past five workdays and past two non-working days using Likert-type scales. Generalized linear mixed models and generalized estimating equations were used to compare hat and sunscreen rates and predictors during occupational and leisure time. RESULTS On average, carriers spent 3.9 h outside during workdays and 3.3 h during non-working days. Sunscreen and widebrim hat use during the workday is low and rates of use are significantly lower during non-working days. CONCLUSIONS Sun safety interventions for carriers should encourage sun protection at all times when outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Lewis
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, Hardy Tower 119, San Diego, CA, 92182-4162, USA
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Thieden E, Philipsen PA, Wulf HC. Ultraviolet radiation exposure pattern in winter compared with summer based on time-stamped personal dosimeter readings. Br J Dermatol 2005; 154:133-8. [PMID: 16403106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06961.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personal annual ultraviolet (UV) radiation data based on daily records are needed to develop protective strategies. OBJECTIVES To compare UV radiation exposure patterns in the winter half-year (October-March) and the summer half-year (April-September) for Danish indoor workers. METHODS Nineteen indoor workers (age range 17-56 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time-stamped UV doses continuously during a year. The corresponding sun exposure behaviour was recorded in diaries. Similar data were collected for 28 volunteers during sun holidays in the winter half-year. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure behaviour was analysed. RESULTS The ambient UV dose during the winter in Denmark (at 56 degrees N) was 394 standard erythema doses (SED) or 10.5% of the annual ambient UV dose. In winter compared with summer the subjects had: (i) a lower percentage of ambient UV radiation, 0.82% vs. 3.4%; (ii) a lower solar UV dose in Denmark, 3.1 SED (range 0.2-52) vs. 133 SED (range 69-363); (iii) less time outdoors per day with positive dosimeter measurements, 10 min vs. 2 h; and (iv) no exposure (0 SED) per day on 77% vs. 19% of the days. Sun holidays outside Denmark in winter gave a median 4.3 SED per day (range 0.6-7.6) and 26 SED (range 3-71) per trip. CONCLUSIONS In the winter half-year indoor workers received a negligible UV dose from solar exposure in Denmark and needed no UV precautions. No UV precautions are needed from November to February during holidays to latitudes above 45 degrees N, while precautions are needed the whole year around at lower latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thieden
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Thieden E, Collins SM, Philipsen PA, Murphy GM, Wulf HC. Ultraviolet exposure patterns of Irish and Danish gardeners during work and leisure. Br J Dermatol 2005; 153:795-801. [PMID: 16181463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cancer, caused by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is a growing problem in Europe. Reliable data on occupational exposure of outdoor workers are needed to develop protective strategies. OBJECTIVES To compare UV radiation exposure patterns between outdoor workers in two European populations. METHODS Fifty-three gardeners, 31 Irish and 22 Danish (age range 24-69 years) wore personal UV dosimeters, measuring time-stamped UV doses continuously during a 4-month summer period. The current and historical sun exposure pattern was recorded by means of a diary and questionnaire. Assessment of pigmentation, naevi, freckles and solar lentigines was performed. The relationship between UV dose and sun exposure pattern was analysed. RESULTS Regarding work days, the Irish had a significantly lower percentage of ambient UV exposure than the Danes, 4.5% vs. 8.1%; a lower UV dose per day, 0.97 standard erythema dose (SED) vs. 1.6 SED; a lower UV dose between 12.00 and 15.00 h, 0.43 SED vs. 0.75 SED; and fewer hours with positive dosimeter measurements, 3.2 h vs. 4.8 h (all values are medians, P < 0.01). Regarding days off work, the same patterns emerged for both UV doses and exposure hours. The Irish had significantly fewer days off than the Danes, median 21 days vs. 49 days, and fewer days with risk behaviour (sunbathing/exposing upper body), median 0 days vs. 8 days (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The lower UV exposure received by the Irish gardeners may have been due to indoor breaks during peak ambient UV. Other contributing factors may include differences in natural shade between the parks. Our data suggest that consideration of such factors in scheduling of outdoor work can significantly reduce the occupational UV exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Thieden
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Parisi AV, Kimlin MG. Personal Solar UV Exposure Measurements Employing Modified Polysulphone with an Extended Dynamic Range†¶. Photochem Photobiol 2004; 79:411-5. [PMID: 15191049 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2004)79<411:spsuem>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysulphone dosimeters using a simple to use filter have been developed and tested to provide an extended dynamic measurement range of personal solar UV exposures over an extended period (3 to 6 days). At a Southern Hemisphere subtropical site (27.6 degrees S, 151.9 degrees E), the dynamic range of the filtered polysulphone allowed measurements of erythemal exposures to approximately 100 minimum erythemal dose (MED) for a change in optical absorbance at 330 nm (deltaA330) of 0.35. In comparison, unfiltered polysulphone dosimeters were exposed to approximately 8 MED for the same deltaA330. The error associated with the use of the filtered polysulphone dosimeters is of the order of +/-15%, compared with +/-10% of the unfiltered variety. The developed filtered polysulphone dosimeter system allowed the measurement of erythemal UV exposures over 3 to 6 days at a subtropical site without the need to replace the dosimeters because of saturation. The results show that longer-term measurement programs of personal solar UV have been made more feasible with the use of these polysulphone dosimeters with an extended dynamic range compared with unfiltered polysulphone dosimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfio V Parisi
- Centre for Astronomy, Solar Radiation and Climate, Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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31
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Sullivan S, Cobb J, Rosen C, Holick M, Chen T, Kimlin M, Parisi A. Assessment of sun exposure in adolescent girls using activity diaries. Nutr Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(03)00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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