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Blackwell J, Kraśny MJ, O'Brien A, Ashkan K, Galligan J, Destrade M, Colgan N. Proton Resonance Frequency Shift Thermometry: A Review of Modern Clinical Practices. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 55:389-403. [PMID: 33217099 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become a popular modality in guiding minimally invasive thermal therapies, due to its advanced, nonionizing, imaging capabilities and its ability to record changes in temperature. A variety of MR thermometry techniques have been developed over the years, and proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift thermometry is the current clinical gold standard to treat a variety of cancers. It is used extensively to guide hyperthermic thermal ablation techniques such as high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and laser-induced thermal therapy (LITT). Essential attributes of PRF shift thermometry include excellent linearity with temperature, good sensitivity, and independence from tissue type. This noninvasive temperature mapping method gives accurate quantitative measures of the temperature evolution inside biological tissues. In this review, the current status and new developments in the fields of MR-guided HIFU and LITT are presented with an emphasis on breast, prostate, bone, uterine, and brain treatments. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blackwell
- Advanced Biological Imaging Laboratory, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marcin J Kraśny
- Advanced Biological Imaging Laboratory, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Aoife O'Brien
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Keyoumars Ashkan
- Neurosurgical Department, King's College Hospital Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Harley Street Clinic, London Neurosurgery Partnership, London, UK
| | - Josette Galligan
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michel Destrade
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Applied Mathematics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niall Colgan
- Advanced Biological Imaging Laboratory, School of Physics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Kokuryo D, Kumamoto E, Kuroda K. Recent technological advancements in thermometry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 163-164:19-39. [PMID: 33217482 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thermometry is the key factor for achieving successful thermal therapy. Although invasive thermometry with a probe has been used for more than four decades, this method can only detect the local temperature within the probing volume. Noninvasive temperature imaging using a tomographic technique is ideal for monitoring hot-spot formation in the human body. Among various techniques, such as X-ray computed tomography, microwave tomography, echo sonography, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the proton resonance frequency shift method of MR thermometry is the only method currently available for clinical practice because its temperature sensitivity is consistent in most aqueous tissues and can be easily observed using common clinical scanners. New techniques are being proposed to improve the robustness of this method against tissue motion. MR techniques for fat thermometry were also developed based on relaxation times. One of the latest non-MR techniques to attract attention is photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kokuryo
- Graduate School of System Informatics, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kumamoto
- Information Science and Technology Center, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kuroda
- School of Information Science and Technology, Tokai University, Japan; Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Japan.
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Odéen H, Parker DL. Magnetic resonance thermometry and its biological applications - Physical principles and practical considerations. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 110:34-61. [PMID: 30803693 PMCID: PMC6662927 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Most parameters that influence the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal experience a temperature dependence. The fact that MRI can be used for non-invasive measurements of temperature and temperature change deep inside the human body has been known for over 30 years. Today, MR temperature imaging is widely used to monitor and evaluate thermal therapies such as radio frequency, microwave, laser, and focused ultrasound therapy. In this paper we cover the physical principles underlying the biological applications of MR temperature imaging and discuss practical considerations and remaining challenges. For biological tissue, the MR signal of interest comes mostly from hydrogen protons of water molecules but also from protons in, e.g., adipose tissue and various metabolites. Most of the discussed methods, such as those using the proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift, T1, T2, and diffusion only measure temperature change, but measurements of absolute temperatures are also possible using spectroscopic imaging methods (taking advantage of various metabolite signals as internal references) or various types of contrast agents. Currently, the PRF method is the most used clinically due to good sensitivity, excellent linearity with temperature, and because it is largely independent of tissue type. Because the PRF method does not work in adipose tissues, T1- and T2-based methods have recently gained interest for monitoring temperature change in areas with high fat content such as the breast and abdomen. Absolute temperature measurement methods using spectroscopic imaging and contrast agents often offer too low spatial and temporal resolution for accurate monitoring of ablative thermal procedures, but have shown great promise in monitoring the slower and usually less spatially localized temperature change observed during hyperthermia procedures. Much of the current research effort for ablative procedures is aimed at providing faster measurements, larger field-of-view coverage, simultaneous monitoring in aqueous and adipose tissues, and more motion-insensitive acquisitions for better precision measurements in organs such as the heart, liver, and kidneys. For hyperthermia applications, larger coverage, motion insensitivity, and simultaneous aqueous and adipose monitoring are also important, but great effort is also aimed at solving the problem of long-term field drift which gets interpreted as temperature change when using the PRF method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Odéen
- University of Utah, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, 729 Arapeen Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1217, USA.
| | - Dennis L Parker
- University of Utah, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, 729 Arapeen Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1217, USA.
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Abstract
The unique ability of magnetic resonance imaging to measure temperature noninvasively, in vivo, makes it an attractive tool for monitoring interventional procedures, such as radiofrequency or microwave ablation in real-time. The most frequently used approach for magnetic resonance-based temperature measurement is proton resonance frequency (PRF) thermometry. Although it has many advantages, including tissue-independence and real-time capability, the main drawback is its motion sensitivity. This is likely the reason PRF thermometry in moving organs, such as the liver, is not commonly used in the clinical arena. In recent years, however, several developments suggest that motion-corrected thermometry in the liver is achievable. The present article summarizes the diverse attempts to correct thermometry in the liver. Therefore, the physical principle of PRF is introduced, with additional references for necrosis zone estimation and how to deal with fat phase modulation, and main magnetic field drifts. The primary categories of motion correction are presented, including general methods for motion compensation and library-based approaches, and referenceless thermometry and hybrid methods. Practical validation of the described methods in larger patient groups will be necessary to establish accurate motion-corrected thermometry in the clinical arena, with the goal of complete liver tumor ablation.
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Kuroda K. MR techniques for guiding high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatments. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:316-331. [PMID: 28580706 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.25770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To make full use of the ability of magnetic resonance (MR) to guide high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment, effort has been made to improve techniques for thermometry, motion tracking, and sound beam visualization. For monitoring rapid temperature elevation with proton resonance frequency (PRF) shift, data acquisition and processing can be accelerated with parallel imaging and/or sparse sampling in conjunction with appropriate signal processing methods. Thermometry should be robust against tissue motion, motion-induced magnetic field variation, and susceptibility change. Thus, multibaseline, referenceless, or hybrid techniques have become important. In cases with adipose or bony tissues, for which PRF shift cannot be used, thermometry with relaxation times or signal intensity may be utilized. Motion tracking is crucial not only for thermometry but also for targeting the focus of an ultrasound in moving organs such as the liver, kidney, or heart. Various techniques for motion tracking, such as those based on an anatomical image atlas with optical-flow displacement detection, a navigator echo to seize the diaphragm position, and/or rapid imaging to track vessel positions, have been proposed. Techniques for avoiding the ribcage and near-field heating have also been examined. MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR-ARFI) is an alternative to thermometry that can identify the location and shape of the focal spot and sound beam path. This technique could be useful for treating heterogeneous tissue regions or performing transcranial therapy. All of these developments, which will be discussed further in this review, expand the applicability of HIFU treatments to a variety of clinical targets while maintaining safety and precision. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy: Stage 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:316-331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagayaki Kuroda
- Department of Human and Information Science, School of Information Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan.,Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Inage, Chiba, Japan
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Zou C, Tie C, Pan M, Wan Q, Liang C, Liu X, Chung YC. Referenceless MR thermometry—a comparison of five methods. Phys Med Biol 2016; 62:1-16. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/62/1/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brodin NP, Partanen A, Asp P, Branch CA, Guha C, Tomé WA. A simple method for determining the coagulation threshold temperature of transparent tissue-mimicking thermal therapy gel phantoms: Validated by magnetic resonance imaging thermometry. Med Phys 2016; 43:1167-74. [PMID: 26936702 DOI: 10.1118/1.4941361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue-mimicking thermal therapy phantoms that coagulate at specific temperatures are valuable tools for developing and evaluating treatment strategies related to thermal therapy. Here, the authors propose a simple and efficient method for determining the coagulation threshold temperature of transparent thermal therapy gel phantoms. METHODS The authors used a previously published gel phantom recipe with 2% (w/v) of bovine serum albumin as the temperature-sensitive protein. Using the programmable heating settings of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machine, the authors heated 50 μl gel samples to various temperatures for 3 min and then imaged them using the BioRad Gel Doc system to determine the coagulation temperature using an opacity quantification method. The estimated coagulation temperatures were then validated for gel phantoms prepared with different pH levels using high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) heating and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thermometry methods on a clinical MR-HIFU system. RESULTS The PCR heating method produced consistent and reproducible coagulation of gel samples in precise correlation with the set incubation temperatures. The resulting coagulation threshold temperatures for gel phantoms of varying pH levels were found to be 44.1 ± 0.1, 53.4 ± 0.9, and 60.3 ± 0.9 °C for pH levels of 4.25, 4.50, and 4.75, respectively. This corresponded well with the coagulation threshold temperatures determined by MR-thermometry, with coagulation defined as a 95% decrease in T2 relaxation time, which were estimated at 53.6 ± 1.9 and 62.9 ± 2.4 °C for a pH of 4.50 and 4.75, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The opacity quantification method provides a fast and reproducible estimate of the coagulation threshold temperature of transparent temperature-sensitive gel phantoms. The temperatures determined using this method were well within the range of temperatures estimated using MR-thermometry. Due to the specific heating capabilities of the PCR machine, and the robust determination of coagulation threshold temperatures based on the statistically significant increase in the opacity of gel samples, coagulation temperatures can be determined more precisely and with less variability compared to MRI-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Patrik Brodin
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Ari Partanen
- Clinical Science MR Therapy, Philips, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Patrik Asp
- Liver Research Center and Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Craig A Branch
- Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Chandan Guha
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Wolfgang A Tomé
- Institute for Onco-Physics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461 and Department of Radiation Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10461
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Allegretti G, Saccomandi P, Giurazza F, Caponero M, Frauenfelder G, Di Matteo F, Beomonte Zobel B, Silvestri S, Schena E. Magnetic resonance-based thermometry during laser ablation on ex-vivo swine pancreas and liver. Med Eng Phys 2015; 37:631-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Zou C, Shen H, He M, Tie C, Chung YC, Liu X. A fast referenceless PRFS-based MR thermometry by phase finite difference. Phys Med Biol 2013; 58:5735-51. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/58/16/5735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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