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Evans AL, Buehler D, Schulte JJ, McCarthy DP, Hagness SC. Microwave dielectric properties of normal, fibroelastotic, and malignant human lung tissue. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2024; 10:055027. [PMID: 39102844 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ad6b32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Technological development of microwave treatment and detection techniques for lung cancer requires accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the microwave dielectric properties of human lung tissue. We characterize the dielectric properties of room temperature human lung tissue from 0.5 to 10 GHz for three lung tissue groups: normal, fibroelastotic, and malignant. We fit a two-pole Debye model to the measured frequency-dependent complex permittivity and calculate the median Debye parameters for the three groups. We find that malignant lung tissue is approximately 10% higher in relative permittivity and conductivity compared to normal lung tissue; this trend matches previously reported normal versus malignant data for other biological tissues. There is little contrast between benign lung tissue with fibroelastosis and malignant lung tissue. We extrapolate our data from room temperature to 37 °C using a temperature-dependence model for animal lung tissue and use the Maxwell-Garnett dielectric mixing model to predict the dielectric properties of inflation-dynamic human lung tissue; both approximations correspond with previously reported dielectric data of bovine and porcine lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey L Evans
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Darya Buehler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Jefree J Schulte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Daniel P McCarthy
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Susan C Hagness
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
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Alemaryeen A, Noghanian S. A Survey of the Thermal Analysis of Implanted Antennas for Wireless Biomedical Devices. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1894. [PMID: 37893331 PMCID: PMC10609145 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Wireless implantable biomedical devices (IBDs) are emerging technologies used to enhance patient treatment and monitoring. The performance of wireless IBDs mainly relies on their antennas. Concerns have emerged regarding the potential of wireless IBDs to unintentionally cause tissue heating, leading to potential harm to surrounding tissue. The previous literature examined temperature estimations and specific absorption rates (SAR) related to IBDs, mainly within the context of thermal therapy applications. Often, these studies consider system parameters such as frequency, input power, and treatment duration without isolating their individual impacts. This paper provides an extensive literature review, focusing on key antenna design parameters affecting heat distribution in IBDs. These parameters encompass antenna design, treatment settings, testing conditions, and thermal modeling. The research highlights that input power has the most significant impact on localized temperature, with operating frequency ranked as the second most influential factor. While emphasizing the importance of understanding tissue heating and optimizing antennas for improved power transfer, these studies also illuminate existing knowledge gaps. Excessive tissue heat can lead to harmful effects such as vaporization, carbonization, and irreversible tissue changes. To ensure patient safety and reduce expenses linked to clinical trials, employing simulation-driven approaches for IBD antenna design and optimization is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Alemaryeen
- Department of Computer Engineering and Communication, Tafila Technical University, Tafila 66110, Jordan
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Tehrani MHH, Soltani M, Kashkooli FM, Raahemifar K. Use of microwave ablation for thermal treatment of solid tumors with different shapes and sizes-A computational approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233219. [PMID: 32542034 PMCID: PMC7295236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microwave Ablation (MWA) is one of the most recent developments in the field of thermal therapy. This approach is an effective method for thermal tumor ablation by increasing the temperature above the normal physiological threshold to kill cancer cells with minimum side effects to surrounding organs due to rapid heat dispersive tissues. In the present study, the effects of the shape and size of the tumor on MWA are investigated. To obtain the temperature gradient, coupled bio-heat and electromagnetic equations are solved using a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM). To extract cellular response at different temperatures and times, the three-state mathematical model was employed to achieve the ablation zone size. Results show that treatment of larger tumors is more difficult than that of smaller ones. By doubling the diameter of the tumor, the percentage of dead cancer cells is reduced by 20%. For a spherical tumor smaller than 2 cm, applying 50 W input power compared to 25 W has no significant effects on treatment efficiency and only increases the risk of damage to adjacent tissues. However, for tumors larger than 2 cm, it can increase the ablation zone up to 21%. In the spherical and oblate tumors, the mean percentage of dead cells at 6 GHz is nearly 30% higher than that at 2.45GHz, but for prolate tumors, treatment efficacy is reduced by 10% at a higher frequency. Moreover, the distance between two slots in the coaxial double slot antenna is modified based on the best treatment of prolate tumors. The findings of this study can be used to choose the optimum frequency and the best antenna design according to the shape and size of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H. H. Tehrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Soltani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Bioengineering Initiative Center, Computational Medicine Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CBB), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kaamran Raahemifar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- College of Information Sciences and Technology (IST), Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Program, Penn State University, State College, Pennsylvania, PA, United States of America
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Fang Z, Zhang B, Moser M, Zhang E, Zhang W. Design of a Novel Electrode of Radiofrequency Ablation for Large Tumors: A Finite Element Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4038129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to design a novel radiofrequency (RF) electrode for larger and rounder ablation volumes and its ability to achieve the complete ablation of liver tumors larger than 3 cm in diameter using finite element method. A new RF expandable electrode comprising three parts (i.e., insulated shaft, changing shaft, and hooks) was designed. Two modes of this new electrode, such as monopolar expandable electrode (MEE) and hybrid expandable electrode (HEE), and a commercial expandable electrode (CEE) were investigated using liver tissue with (scenario I) and without (scenario II) a liver tumor. A temperature-controlled radiofrequency ablation (RFA) protocol with a target temperature of 95 °C and an ablation time of 15 min was used in the study. Both the volume and shape of the ablation zone were examined for all RF electrodes in scenario I. Then, the RF electrode with the best performance in scenario I and CEE were used to ablate a large liver tumor with the diameter of 3.5 cm (scenario II) to evaluate the effectiveness of complete tumor ablation of the designed RF electrode. In scenario I, the ablation volumes of CEE, HEE, and MEE were 12.11 cm3, 33.29 cm3, and 48.75 cm3, respectively. The values of sphericity index (SI) of CEE, HEE, and MEE were 0.457, 0.957, and 0.976, respectively. The best performance was achieved by using MEE. In scenario II, the ablation volumes of MEE and CEE were 71.59 cm3 and 19.53 cm3, respectively. Also, a rounder ablation volume was achieved by using MEE compared to CEE (SI: 0.978 versus 0.596). The study concluded that: (1) compared with CEE, both MEE and HEE get larger and rounder ablation volumes due to the larger electrode–tissue interface and rounder shape of hook deployment; (2) MEE has the best performance in getting a larger and rounder ablation volume; and (3) computer simulation result shows that MEE is also able to ablate a large liver tumor (i.e., 3.5 cm in diameter) completely, which has at least 0.785 cm safety margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Fang
- Tumor Ablation Group, CISR Center, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China e-mail:
| | - Bing Zhang
- Mem. ASME Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada e-mail:
| | - Michael Moser
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada e-mail:
| | - Edwin Zhang
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1W7, Canada e-mail:
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Fellow ASME Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada e-mail:
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Jiang Y, Zhao J, Li W, Yang Y, Liu J, Qian Z. A coaxial slot antenna with frequency of 433 MHz for microwave ablation therapies: design, simulation, and experimental research. Med Biol Eng Comput 2017; 55:2027-2036. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-017-1651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lopresto V, Pinto R, Farina L, Cavagnaro M. Treatment planning in microwave thermal ablation: clinical gaps and recent research advances. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 33:83-100. [PMID: 27431328 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2016.1214883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Microwave thermal ablation (MTA) is a minimally invasive therapeutic technique aimed at destroying pathologic tissues through a very high temperature increase induced by the absorption of an electromagnetic field at microwave (MW) frequencies. Open problems, which are delaying MTA applications in clinical practice, are mainly linked to the extremely high temperatures, up to 120 °C, reached by the tissue close to the antenna applicator, as well as to the ability of foreseeing and controlling the shape and dimension of the thermally ablated area. Recent research was devoted to the characterisation of dielectric, thermal and physical properties of tissue looking at their changes with the increasing temperature, looking for possible developments of reliable, automatic and personalised treatment planning. In this paper, a review of the recently obtained results as well as new unpublished data will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopresto
- a Division of Health Protection Technologies , Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , Rome , Italy
| | - R Pinto
- a Division of Health Protection Technologies , Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA) , Rome , Italy
| | - L Farina
- b Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Cavagnaro
- b Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Zhang B, Moser MAJ, Zhang EM, Luo Y, Zhang W. Numerical analysis of the relationship between the area of target tissue necrosis and the size of target tissue in liver tumours with pulsed radiofrequency ablation. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 31:715-25. [PMID: 26360111 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2015.1058429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is currently restricted to the treatment of target tissues with a small size (<3 cm in diameter). To overcome this problem with RFA, some phenomena need to be understood first. The study presented in this paper investigated the relationship between the area of target tissue necrosis (TTN) and the size of target tissue in pulsed radiofrequency ablation (PRFA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Liver tumour, one of the common targets of RFA in clinical practice, was used as the target tissue in this study. Two types of pulsed RF power supply methods (half-square and half-sine) and three target tissues with different sizes (25 mm, 30 mm and 35 mm in diameter) were studied using finite element modelling. The finite element model (FEM) was validated by using an in vitro experiment with porcine liver tissue. The first roll-off occurrence or 720 s, whichever occurs first, was chosen as the ablation termination criterion in this study. RESULTS For each target tissue size, the largest TTN area was obtained using the maximum voltage applied (MVA) without roll-off occurrence. In this study, target tissues with a 25 mm diameter can be ablated cleanly but target tissues with 30-mm and 35-mm failed to be ablated. CONCLUSIONS The half-square PRFA could achieve a larger TTN area than the half-sine PRFA. The MVA decreases with an increase in the target tissue diameter in both the half-square PRFA and the half-sine PRFA. The findings of this study are in agreement with the clinical results that lesions (≥ 3 cm in diameter) have less favourable results from RFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Michael A J Moser
- b Department of Surgery , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Edwin M Zhang
- c Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Yigang Luo
- b Department of Surgery , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- a Division of Biomedical Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada .,d Complex and Intelligent Systems Centre, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China , and.,e Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada
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Zhang B, Moser MAJ, Zhang EM, Luo Y, Zhang H, Zhang W. Study of the relationship between the target tissue necrosis volume and the target tissue size in liver tumours using two-compartment finite element RFA modelling. Int J Hyperthermia 2015; 30:593-602. [PMID: 25430990 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2014.984000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the target tissue necrosis volume and the target tissue size during the radiofrequency ablation (RFA) procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The target tissues with four different sizes (dxy = 20, 25, 30 and 35 mm) were modelled using a two-compartment radiofrequency ablation model. Different voltages were applied to seek the maximum target tissue necrosis volume for each target tissue size. The first roll-off occurrence or the standard ablation time (12 min) was taken as the sign for the termination of the RFA procedure. RESULTS Four different maximum voltages without the roll-off occurrence were found for the four different sizes of target tissues (dxy = 20, 25, 30 and 35 mm), and they were 36.6, 35.4, 33.9 and 32.5 V, respectively. The target tissues with diameters of 20, 25 mm can be cleanly ablated at their own maximum voltages applied (MVA) but the same finding was not found for the 35-mm target tissue. For the target tissue with diameter of 30 mm, the 50 °C isothermal contour (IT50) result showed that the target tissue can be cleanly ablated, but the same result did not show in the Arrhenius damage model result. Furthermore, two optimal RFA protocols with a minimal thermal damage to the healthy tissues were found for the target tissues with diameters of 20 and 25 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that target tissues of different sizes should be treated with different RFA protocols. The maximum target tissue volume was achieved with the MVA without the roll-off occurrence for each target tissue size when a constant RF power supply was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- Complex and Intelligent Systems Centre, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
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Karampatzakis A, Kühn S, Tsanidis G, Neufeld E, Samaras T, Kuster N. Heating characteristics of antenna arrays used in microwave ablation: A theoretical parametric study. Comput Biol Med 2013; 43:1321-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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