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Ijima E, Kodera S, Hirata A, Hikage T, Matsumoto A, Ishitake T, Masuda H. Excessive whole-body exposure to 28 GHz quasi-millimeter wave induces thermoregulation accompanied by a change in skin blood flow proportion in rats. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1225896. [PMID: 37732093 PMCID: PMC10507335 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Limited information is available on the biological effects of whole-body exposure to quasi-millimeter waves (qMMW). The aim of the present study was to determine the intensity of exposure to increase body temperature and investigate whether thermoregulation, including changes in skin blood flow, is induced in rats under whole-body exposure to qMMW. Methods The backs of conscious rats were extensively exposed to 28 GHz qMMW at absorbed power densities of 0, 122, and 237 W/m2 for 40 minutes. Temperature changes in three regions (dorsal and tail skin, and rectum) and blood flow in the dorsal and tail skin were measured simultaneously using fiber-optic probes. Results Intensity-dependent temperature increases were observed in the dorsal skin and the rectum. In addition, skin blood flow was altered in the tail but not in the dorsum, accompanied by an increase in rectal temperature and resulting in an increase in tail skin temperature. Discussion These findings suggest that whole-body exposure to qMMW drives thermoregulation to transport and dissipate heat generated on the exposed body surface. Despite the large differences in size and physiology between humans and rats, our findings may be helpful for discussing the operational health-effect thresholds in the standardization of international exposure guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Ijima
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kodera
- Department Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hirata
- Department Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Hikage
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akiko Matsumoto
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Saga University School of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishitake
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Masuda
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Tyrakis C, Theodorou K, Kiouvrekis Y, Alexias A, Kappas C. Radiofrequency Exposure Levels in Greece. Bioelectromagnetics 2023; 44:17-25. [PMID: 36786436 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Medical Physics Department (Medical School, University of Thessaly) participated in a Greek National EMF research program (EDBM34) with the scope to measure and evaluate radiofrequency (RF) exposure (27-3000 MHz) in areas of sensitive land use. A thousand (1000) measurements were carried out at two "metropolitan locations" (Athens and Thessaloniki: 624 points) and several rest urban/rural locations (376 points). SRM 3006 spectrum analyzer manufactured by Narda Safety Test Solutions was used. The broadband mean electric field in metropolitan areas was 0.41 V/m, while in the rest of Greece was 0.36 V/m. In metropolitan areas, the predominant RF source was the TV and Radio FM signals (36.2% mean contribution to the total RF exposure level). In the rest areas, the predominant source was the systems of the meteorological and military/defensive service (31.1%). The mobile sector contributed 14.9% in metropolitan areas versus 12.2% in the rest of Greece. The predominant mobile source was 900 MHz in both cases (4.5% in metropolitan areas vs. 3.3% in the rest of Greece). The total exposure from all RF sources complied with the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) 2020 safety guidelines [ICNIRP, 2020]. The maximum exposure level was 0.129% of the limit for the metropolitan areas vs. 0.110% for the rest of Greece. Nonremarkable differences between metropolitan areas' exposure and the rest of Greece. In most cases, new 5 G antennas will be added to the existing base stations. Thus, the total exposure may be increased, leading to higher safety distances. © 2023 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charilaos Tyrakis
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kiki Theodorou
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Yiannis Kiouvrekis
- Department of Public and One Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Aris Alexias
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Constantin Kappas
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
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Jeschke P, Alteköster C, Hansson Mild K, Israel M, Ivanova M, Schiessl K, Shalamanova T, Soyka F, Stam R, Wilén J. Protection of Workers Exposed to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: A Perspective on Open Questions in the Context of the New ICNIRP 2020 Guidelines. Front Public Health 2022; 10:875946. [PMID: 35757616 PMCID: PMC9215329 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.875946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers in occupational settings are usually exposed to numerous sources of electromagnetic fields (EMF) and to different physical agents. Risk assessment for industrial workplaces concerning EMF is not only relevant to operators of devices or machinery emitting EMF, but also to support-workers, bystanders, service and maintenance personnel, and even visitors. Radiofrequency EMF guidelines published in 2020 by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) may also be indirectly applied to assess risks emerging from EMF sources at workplaces by technical standards or legislation. To review the applicability and adequacy to assess exposure to EMF in occupational settings in the European Union, the most current ICNIRP guidelines on radiofrequency EMF are reviewed. Relevant ICNIRP fundamentals and principles are introduced, followed by practical aspects of exposure assessment. To conclude, open questions are formulated pointing out gaps between the guidelines' principles and occupational practice, such as the impact of hot and humid environments and physical activity or controversies around ICNIRPS's reduction factors in view of assessment uncertainty in general. Thus, the article aims to provide scientific policy advisors, labor inspectors, or experts developing standards with a profound understanding about ICNIRP guidelines' applicability to assess hazards related to radiofrequency EMF in occupational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jeschke
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Alteköster
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Kjell Hansson Mild
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michel Israel
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihaela Ivanova
- National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Florian Soyka
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Rianne Stam
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Jonna Wilén
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Rubia-Rodríguez I, Zilberti L, Arduino A, Bottauscio O, Chiampi M, Ortega D. In silico assessment of collateral eddy current heating in biocompatible implants subjected to magnetic hyperthermia treatments. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:846-861. [PMID: 34074196 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1909758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bearing partially or fully metallic passive implants represents an exclusion criterion for patients undergoing a magnetic hyperthermia procedure, but there are no specific studies backing this restrictive decision. This work assesses how the secondary magnetic field generated at the surface of two common types of prostheses affects the safety and efficiency of magnetic hyperthermia treatments of localized tumors. The paper also proposes the combination of a multi-criteria decision analysis and a graphical representation of calculated data as an initial screening during the preclinical risk assessment for each patient.Materials and methods: Heating of a hip joint and a dental implant during the treatment of prostate, colorectal and head and neck tumors have been assessed considering different external field conditions and exposure times. The Maxwell equations including the secondary field produced by metallic prostheses have been solved numerically in a discretized computable human model. The heat exchange problem has been solved through a modified version of the Pennes' bioheat equation assuming a temperature dependency of blood perfusion and metabolic heat, i.e. thermorregulation. The degree of risk has been assessed using a risk index with parameters coming from custom graphs plotting the specific absorption rate (SAR) vs temperature increase, and coefficients derived from a multi-criteria decision analysis performed following the MACBETH approach.Results: The comparison of two common biomaterials for passive implants - Ti6Al4V and CoCrMo - shows that both specific absorption rate (SAR) and local temperature increase are found to be higher for the hip prosthesis made by Ti6Al4V despite its lower electrical and thermal conductivity. By tracking the time evolution of temperature upon field application, it has been established that there is a 30 s delay between the time point for which the thermal equilibrium is reached at prostheses and tissues. Likewise, damage may appear in those tissues adjacent to the prostheses at initial stages of treatment, since recommended thermal thresholds are soon surpassed for higher field intensities. However, it has also been found that under some operational conditions the typical safety rule of staying below or attain a maximum temperature increase or SAR value is met.Conclusion: The current exclusion criterion for implant-bearing patients in magnetic hyperthermia should be revised, since it may be too restrictive for a range of the typical field conditions used. Systematic in silico treatment planning using the proposed methodology after a well-focused diagnostic procedure can aid the clinical staff to find the appropriate limits for a safe treatment window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Zilberti
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Chiampi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), Turin, Italy
| | - Daniel Ortega
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of the Province of Cádiz (INiBICA), University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics department, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
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Hirata A, Kodera S, Sasaki K, Gomez-Tames J, Laakso I, Wood A, Watanabe S, Foster KR. Human exposure to radiofrequency energy above 6 GHz: review of computational dosimetry studies. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 33761473 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abf1b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
International guidelines/standards for human protection from electromagnetic fields have been revised recently, especially for frequencies above 6 GHz where new wireless communication systems have been deployed. Above this frequency a new physical quantity 'absorbed/epithelial power density' has been adopted as a dose metric. Then, the permissible level of external field strength/power density is derived for practical assessment. In addition, a new physical quantity, fluence or absorbed energy density, is introduced for protection from brief pulses (especially for shorter than 10 s). These limits were explicitly designed to avoid excessive increases in tissue temperature, based on electromagnetic and thermal modeling studies but supported by experimental data where available. This paper reviews the studies on the computational modeling/dosimetry which are related to the revision of the guidelines/standards. The comparisons with experimental data as well as an analytic solution are also been presented. Future research needs and additional comments on the revision will also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akimasa Hirata
- Dept. of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya Japan
| | - Sachiko Kodera
- Dept. of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jose Gomez-Tames
- Dept. of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan.,Center of Biomedical Physics and Information Technology, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya Japan
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Andrew Wood
- Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Soichi Watanabe
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenneth R Foster
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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Abstract
Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are used to enable a number of modern devices, including mobile telecommunications infrastructure and phones, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. As radiofrequency EMFs at sufficiently high power levels can adversely affect health, ICNIRP published Guidelines in 1998 for human exposure to time-varying EMFs up to 300 GHz, which included the radiofrequency EMF spectrum. Since that time, there has been a considerable body of science further addressing the relation between radiofrequency EMFs and adverse health outcomes, as well as significant developments in the technologies that use radiofrequency EMFs. Accordingly, ICNIRP has updated the radiofrequency EMF part of the 1998 Guidelines. This document presents these revised Guidelines, which provide protection for humans from exposure to EMFs from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.
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Li K, Sasaki K, Watanabe S, Shirai H. Relationship between power density and surface temperature elevation for human skin exposure to electromagnetic waves with oblique incidence angle from 6 GHz to 1 THz. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:065016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cavagnaro M, Lin JC. Importance of Exposure Duration and Metrics on Correlation Between RF Energy Absorption and Temperature Increase in a Human Model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2018; 66:2253-2258. [PMID: 30561338 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2886475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the influence of absorption metrics and averaging schemes on correlation between RF/microwave energy and induced temperature elevation for plane wave exposures. METHODS A voxel-based, anatomically realistic model of the human body was considered. Correlation of electromagnetic fields and temperature increases were evaluated at several frequencies. Both specific absorption rate (SAR) and volume absorption rate (VAR) were considered. RESULTS The best correlation with temperature increase occurs for exposure durations between 1 and 2 min both for SAR and VAR for most of the 700 to 2700 MHz frequencies considered. In this case, a 1 g mass or 1 cm3 volume appears to be optimal. However, for VAR, as frequency increases to above 900 MHz, a better correlation is achieved at slightly increased exposure times and volumes. For longer exposures, the maximum correlation coefficient is reduced, and the correlation favors larger averaging mass or volume. At steady-state (30 min), correlation of temperature increase with SAR is maximum for a mass of 9 g for all frequencies considered, whereas the volume for VAR maximum correlation is 15 cm3 for higher frequencies and 20 cm3 for lower frequencies. CONCLUSIONS In general, SAR provides a better correlation with temperature compared to VAR for short exposures, while VAR renders better correlations for higher frequencies and longer exposures. SIGNIFICANCE The correlation between electromagnetic absorption and temperature increases has implications in guidelines for limiting human exposure to electromagnetic fields and in biomedical applications such as imaging, sensing, and hyperthermia.
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Sasaki K, Mizuno M, Wake K, Watanabe S. Monte Carlo simulations of skin exposure to electromagnetic field from 10 GHz to 1 THz. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:6993-7010. [PMID: 28742056 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa81fc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present an assessment of human-body exposure to an electromagnetic field at frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to 1 THz. The energy absorption and temperature elevation were assessed by solving boundary value problems of the one-dimensional Maxwell equations and a bioheat equation for a multilayer plane model. Dielectric properties were measured [Formula: see text] at frequencies of up to 1 THz at body temperature. A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to assess variations of the transmittance into a skin surface and temperature elevation inside a body by considering the variation of the tissue thickness due to individual differences among human bodies. Furthermore, the impact of the dielectric properties of adipose tissue on temperature elevation, for which large discrepancies between our present measurement results and those in past works were observed, was also examined. We found that the dielectric properties of adipose tissue do not impact on temperature elevation at frequencies over 30 GHz. The potential risk of skin burn was discussed on the basis of the temperature elevation in millimeter-wave and terahertz-wave exposure. Furthermore, the consistency of the basic restrictions in the international guidelines set by ICNIRP was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Sasaki
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
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Morimoto R, Laakso I, De Santis V, Hirata A. Relationship between peak spatial-averaged specific absorption rate and peak temperature elevation in human head in frequency range of 1–30 GHz. Phys Med Biol 2016; 61:5406-5425. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/61/14/5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Lee D, Lee J, Lee I. Cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field effects on the locomotor behaviors of the fishes Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Int J Radiat Biol 2015; 91:843-50. [PMID: 26073525 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2015.1062575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The locomotor behavior of small fish was characterized under a cell phone-generated radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF EMF). MATERIALS AND METHODS The trajectory of movement of 10 pairs of guppy (Poecilia reticulate) and 15 pairs of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a fish tank was recorded and tracked under the presence of a cell phone-generated RF EMF. The measures were based on spatial and temporal distributions. A time-series trajectory was utilized to emphasize the dynamic nature of locomotor behavior. Fish movement was recorded in real-time. Their spatial, velocity, turning angle and sinuosity distribution were analyzed in terms of F(v,x), P[n(x,t)], P(v), F (θ) and F(s), respectively. In addition, potential temperature elevation caused by a cellular phone was also examined. RESULTS We demonstrated that a cellular phone-induced temperature elevation was not relevant, and that our measurements reflected RF EMF-induced effects on the locomotor behavior of Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio. Fish locomotion was observed under normal conditions, in the visual presence of a cell phone, after feeding, and under starvation. Fish locomotor behavior was random both in normal conditions and in the presence of an off-signaled cell phone. However, there were significant changes in the locomotion of the fish after feeding under the RF EMF. CONCLUSIONS The locomotion of the fed fish was affected in terms of changes in population and velocity distributions under the presence of the RF EMF emitted by the cell phone. There was, however, no significant difference in angular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lee
- a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China
| | - Joshua Lee
- a Shenyang International School , Shenyang, Liaoning , China
| | - Imshik Lee
- b Institute of Physics, Nankai University , Tianjin , China
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Krishnamurthy U, Neelavalli J, Mody S, Yeo L, Jella PK, Saleem S, Korzeniewski SJ, Cabrera MD, Ehterami S, Bahado-Singh RO, Katkuri Y, Haacke EM, Hernandez-Andrade E, Hassan SS, Romero R. MR imaging of the fetal brain at 1.5T and 3.0T field strengths: comparing specific absorption rate (SAR) and image quality. J Perinat Med 2015; 43:209-20. [PMID: 25324440 PMCID: PMC5987203 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2014-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our two objectives were to evaluate the feasibility of fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a fast spin echo sequence at 3.0T field strength with low radio frequency (rf) energy deposition (as measured by specific absorption rate: SAR) and to compare image quality, tissue contrast and conspicuity between 1.5T and 3.0T MRI. METHODS T2 weighted images of the fetal brain at 1.5T were compared to similar data obtained in the same fetus using a modified sequence at 3.0T. Quantitative whole-body SAR and normalized image signal to noise ratio (SNR), a nominal scoring scheme based evaluation of diagnostic image quality, and tissue contrast and conspicuity for specific anatomical structures in the brain were compared between 1.5T and 3.0T. RESULTS Twelve pregnant women underwent both 1.5T and 3.0T MRI examinations. The image SNR was significantly higher (P=0.03) and whole-body SAR was significantly lower (P<0.0001) for images obtained at 3.0T compared to 1.5T. All cases at both field strengths were scored as having diagnostic image quality. Images from 3.0T MRI (compared to 1.5T) were equal (57%; 21/37) or superior (35%; 13/37) for tissue contrast and equal (61%; 20/33) or superior (33%, 11/33) for conspicuity. CONCLUSIONS It is possible to obtain fetal brain images with higher resolution and better SNR at 3.0T with simultaneous reduction in SAR compared to 1.5T. Images of the fetal brain obtained at 3.0T demonstrated superior tissue contrast and conspicuity compared to 1.5T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Krishnamurthy
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jaladhar Neelavalli
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Swati Mody
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lami Yeo
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pavan K. Jella
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sheena Saleem
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Steven J. Korzeniewski
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; USA
| | - Maria D. Cabrera
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shadi Ehterami
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ray O. Bahado-Singh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Yashwanth Katkuri
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ewart M. Haacke
- Department of Radiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Edgar Hernandez-Andrade
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sonia S. Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Fiocchi S, Parazzini M, Liorni I, Samaras T, Ravazzani P. Temperature Increase in the Fetus Exposed to UHF RFID Readers. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:2011-9. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2312023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiocchi
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Parazzini
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Liorni
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria DEIB, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Theodoros Samaras
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paolo Ravazzani
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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