1
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Tude LT, Murphy CN, Eastham PR. Overcoming Temperature Limits in the Optical Cooling of Solids Using Light-Dressed States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:266901. [PMID: 38996326 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.266901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Laser cooling of solids currently has a temperature floor of 50-100 K. We propose a method that could overcome this using defects, such as diamond color centers, with narrow electronic manifolds and bright optical transitions. It exploits the dressed states formed in strong fields which extend the set of phonon transitions and have tunable energies. This allows an enhancement of the cooling power and diminishes the effect of inhomogeneous broadening. We demonstrate these effects theoretically for the silicon vacancy and the germanium vacancy, and discuss the role of background absorption, phonon-assisted emission, and nonradiative decay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Conor N Murphy
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Trinity Quantum Alliance, Unit 16, Trinity Technology and Enterprise Centre, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Paul R Eastham
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Trinity Quantum Alliance, Unit 16, Trinity Technology and Enterprise Centre, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
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2
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Balliu E, Meehan B, Cahoon MA, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Dragic PD, Boilard T, Talbot L, Bernier M, Digonnet MJF. High-efficiency radiation-balanced Yb-doped silica fiber laser with 200-mW output. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2021-2024. [PMID: 38621066 DOI: 10.1364/ol.517568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The focus of this study was the development of a second generation of fiber lasers internally cooled by anti-Stokes fluorescence. The laser consisted of a length of a single-mode fiber spliced to fiber Bragg gratings to form the optical resonator. The fiber was single-moded at the pump (1040 nm) and signal (1064 nm) wavelengths. Its core was heavily doped with Yb, in the initial form of CaF2 nanoparticles, and co-doped with Al to reduce quenching and improve the cooling efficiency. After optimizing the fiber length (4.1 m) and output-coupler reflectivity (3.3%), the fiber laser exhibited a threshold of 160 mW, an optical efficiency of 56.8%, and a radiation-balanced output power (no net heat generation) of 192 mW. On all three metrics, this performance is significantly better than the only previously reported radiation-balanced fiber laser, which is even more meaningful given that the small size of the single-mode fiber core (7.8-µm diameter). At the maximum output power (∼2 W), the average fiber temperature was still barely above room temperature (428 mK). This work demonstrates that with anti-Stokes pumping, it is possible to induce significant gain and energy storage in a small-core Yb-doped fiber while keeping the fiber cool.
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3
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Zhang Z, Ghonge S, Ding Y, Zhang S, Berciu M, Schaller RD, Jankó B, Kuno M. Resonant Multiple-Phonon Absorption Causes Efficient Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence in CsPbBr 3 Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6438-6444. [PMID: 38363716 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite nanocrystals, such as CsPbBr3, exhibit efficient photoluminescence (PL) up-conversion, also referred to as anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL). This is a phenomenon where irradiating nanocrystals up to 100 meV below gap results in higher energy band edge emission. Most surprising is that ASPL efficiencies approach unity and involve single-photon interactions with multiple phonons. This is unexpected given the statistically disfavored nature of multiple-phonon absorption. Here, we report and rationalize near-unity anti-Stokes photoluminescence efficiencies in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals and attribute them to resonant multiple-phonon absorption by polarons. The theory explains paradoxically large efficiencies for intrinsically disfavored, multiple-phonon-assisted ASPL in nanocrystals. Moreover, the developed microscopic mechanism has immediate and important implications for applications of ASPL toward condensed phase optical refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Sushrut Ghonge
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Mona Berciu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Campus 325-6224, Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Boldizsár Jankó
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Masaru Kuno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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4
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Topper B, Kuhn S, Neumann A, Albrecht AR, Flores AS, Hässner D, Hein S, Hupel C, Nold J, Haarlammert N, Schreiber T, Sheik-Bahae M, Mafi A. Laser cooling ytterbium doped silica by 67 K from ambient temperature. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3660-3672. [PMID: 38297582 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Laser cooling of a 5 cm long, 1 mm diameter ytterbium doped (6.56×1025 ions/m3) silica rod by 67 K from room temperature was achieved. For the pump source, a 100 W level ytterbium fiber amplifier was constructed along with a 1032 nm fiber Bragg grating seed laser. Experiments were done in vacuum and monitored with the non-contact differential luminescence thermometry method. Direct measurements of the absorption spectrum as a function of temperature were made, to avoid any possible ambiguities from site-selectivity and deviations from McCumber theory at low temperature. This allowed direct computation of the cooling efficiency versus temperature at the pump wavelength, permitting an estimated heat lift of 1.42 W/m as the sample cooled from ambient temperature to an absolute temperature of 229 K.
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5
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Tanaka H, Püschel S. Monte Carlo fluorescence ray tracing simulation for laser cooling of solids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2306-2320. [PMID: 38297764 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We propose an approach to evaluate solid-state media for laser cooling by anti-Stokes fluorescence employing a Monte Carlo-based simulation of fluorescence ray tracing. This approach prompted a revisit of the experimental method, laser-induced thermal modulation spectroscopy (LITMoS), showing that the external quantum efficiency and the background absorption coefficient can be retrieved solely from the two wavelengths where neither cooling nor heating is observed. Our simulation can accurately compute two experimentally inaccessible quantities essential to evaluate laser-cooling media: the mean fluorescence wavelength and the fluorescence escape efficiency. These computed quantities in combination with LITMoS results allow us to retrieve the internal quantum efficiency which is a performance indicator independent of various factors such as the sample size and doping level. Using the proposed approach, we thoroughly investigate the impact of doping level, sample geometry, and refractive index on the fluorescence escape efficiency and reveal its temperature dependency for the example of Yb:YLF. Through comprehensive numerical analysis, we demonstrate that the reduction of sample symmetry is crucial in achieving lower cooling temperatures.
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6
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Pokryshkin NS, Mantsevich VN, Timoshenko VY. Anti-Stokes Photoluminescence in Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: From Understanding the Mechanism towards Application in Fully Solid-State Optical Cooling. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1833. [PMID: 37368263 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) is an up-conversion phonon-assisted process of radiative recombination of photoexcited charge carriers when the ASPL photon energy is above the excitation one. This process can be very efficient in nanocrystals (NCs) of metalorganic and inorganic semiconductors with perovskite (Pe) crystal structure. In this review, we present an analysis of the basic mechanisms of ASPL and discuss its efficiency depending on the size distribution and surface passivation of Pe-NCs as well as the optical excitation energy and temperature. When the ASPL process is sufficiently efficient, it can result in an escape of most of the optical excitation together with the phonon energy from the Pe-NCs. It can be used in optical fully solid-state cooling or optical refrigeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Pokryshkin
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Phys-Bio Institute, University "MEPhI", 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victor Y Timoshenko
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Püschel S, Mauerhoff F, Kränkel C, Tanaka H. Laser cooling in Yb:KY 3F 10: a comparison with Yb:YLF. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47235-47248. [PMID: 36558656 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling by anti-Stokes fluorescence is a technology to realize all-solid-state optical cryocoolers. We grew Yb3+-doped KY3F10 (Yb:KYF) crystals as novel laser cooling media and compare their cooling performance to Yb3+-doped LiYF4 (Yb:YLF) crystals also grown in our institute. We present temperature-dependent absorption and emission cross sections as well as the fluorescence lifetime of Yb:KYF, and calculate its material figure-of-merit for laser cooling. Yb:KYF exhibits a higher figure-of-merit than Yb:YLF at temperatures below 200 K. This is because, in contrast to Yb:YLF, the excitation transition from the second-highest Stark level of the ground state is best-suited for cryogenic cooling in Yb:KYF. Thus, it has the potential to achieve unprecedentedly low temperatures below the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. In this work, we observe the first laser cooling of Yb:KYF, and obtain a background absorption coefficient of ∼10-4 cm-1, which is among the lowest ever reported for Yb3+-doped fluoride crystals. A simple model calculation predicts that our Yb:KYF and Yb:YLF crystals can potentially be cooled down to ≈100 K in a high-power cooling setup. Our Yb:KYF crystals still leave room for further improvement through the optimization of the growth process and the use of purer raw materials.
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8
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Lai JM, Sun YJ, Tan QH, Tan PH, Zhang J. Laser Cooling of a Lattice Vibration in van der Waals Semiconductor. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7129-7135. [PMID: 35993841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling atoms and molecules to ultralow temperatures has produced plenty of opportunities in fundamental physics, precision metrology, and quantum science. Although theoretically proposed over 40 years, the laser cooling of certain lattice vibrations (i.e., phonon) remains a challenge owing to the complexity of solid structures. Here, we demonstrate Raman cooling of a longitudinal optical phonon in two-dimensional semiconductor WS2 by red-detuning excitation at the sideband of the exciton (bound electron-hole pair). Strong coupling between the phonon and exciton and appreciable optomechanical coupling rates provide access to cooling high-frequency phonons that are robust against thermal decoherence even at room temperature. Our experiment opens possibilities of laser cooling and control of individual optical phonon and, eventually, possible cooling of matter in van der Waals semiconductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Min Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing-Hai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Topper B, Neumann A, Albrecht AR, Flores AS, Kuhn S, Häßner D, Hein S, Hupel C, Nold J, Haarlammert N, Schreiber T, Sheik-Bahae M, Mafi A. Laser cooling experiments to measure the quantum efficiency of Yb-doped silica fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3608-3611. [PMID: 35838742 DOI: 10.1364/ol.463157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A detailed investigation into the wavelength-dependent cooling efficiencies of two ultra-pure large core diameter ytterbium-doped silica fibers is carried out by means of the laser-induced thermal modulation spectroscopy (LITMoS) method. From these measurements, an external quantum efficiency of 0.99 is obtained for both fibers. Optimal cooling is seen for pump wavelengths between 1032 and 1035 nm. The crossover wavelength from heating to cooling is identified to be between 1018 and 1021 nm. The fiber with higher Yb3+ ion density exhibits better cooling, seen by the input power normalized temperature differential.
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10
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Vigneron PB, Meehan B, Cahoon MA, Hawkins TW, Ballato J, Dragic PD, Engholm M, Boilard T, Bernier M, Digonnet MJF. Anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling of nanoparticle-doped silica fibers. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2590-2593. [PMID: 35561408 DOI: 10.1364/ol.457206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The first observation of cooling by anti-Stokes pumping in nanoparticle-doped silica fibers is reported. Four Yb-doped fibers fabricated using conventional modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) techniques were evaluated, namely, an aluminosilicate fiber and three fibers in which the Yb ions were encapsulated in CaF2, SrF2, or BaF2 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles, which oxidize during preform processing, provide a modified chemical environment for the Yb3+ ions that is beneficial to cooling. When pumped at the near-optimum cooling wavelength of 1040 nm at atmospheric pressure, the fibers experienced a maximum measured temperature drop of 20.5 mK (aluminosilicate fiber), 26.2 mK (CaF2 fiber), and 16.7 mK (SrF2 fiber). The BaF2 fiber did not cool but warmed slightly. The three fibers that cooled had a cooling efficiency comparable to that of the best previously reported Yb-doped silica fiber that cooled. Data analysis shows that this efficiency is explained by the fibers' high critical quenching concentration and low residual absorptive loss (linked to sub-ppm OH contamination). This study demonstrates the large untapped potential of nanoparticle doping in the current search for silicate compositions that produce optimum anti-Stokes cooling.
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11
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Dimitriev OP. Dynamics of Excitons in Conjugated Molecules and Organic Semiconductor Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 122:8487-8593. [PMID: 35298145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The exciton, an excited electron-hole pair bound by Coulomb attraction, plays a key role in photophysics of organic molecules and drives practically important phenomena such as photoinduced mechanical motions of a molecule, photochemical conversions, energy transfer, generation of free charge carriers, etc. Its behavior in extended π-conjugated molecules and disordered organic films is very different and very rich compared with exciton behavior in inorganic semiconductor crystals. Due to the high degree of variability of organic systems themselves, the exciton not only exerts changes on molecules that carry it but undergoes its own changes during all phases of its lifetime, that is, birth, conversion and transport, and decay. The goal of this review is to give a systematic and comprehensive view on exciton behavior in π-conjugated molecules and molecular assemblies at all phases of exciton evolution with emphasis on rates typical for this dynamic picture and various consequences of the above dynamics. To uncover the rich variety of exciton behavior, details of exciton formation, exciton transport, exciton energy conversion, direct and reverse intersystem crossing, and radiative and nonradiative decay are considered in different systems, where these processes lead to or are influenced by static and dynamic disorder, charge distribution symmetry breaking, photoinduced reactions, electron and proton transfer, structural rearrangements, exciton coupling with vibrations and intermediate particles, and exciton dissociation and annihilation as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg P Dimitriev
- V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine, pr. Nauki 41, Kyiv 03028, Ukraine
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12
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Abstract
Progress in optical manipulation has stimulated remarkable advances in a wide range of fields, including materials science, robotics, medical engineering, and nanotechnology. This Review focuses on an emerging class of optical manipulation techniques, termed heat-mediated optical manipulation. In comparison to conventional optical tweezers that rely on a tightly focused laser beam to trap objects, heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques exploit tailorable optothermo-matter interactions and rich mass transport dynamics to enable versatile control of matter of various compositions, shapes, and sizes. In addition to conventional tweezing, more distinct manipulation modes, including optothermal pulling, nudging, rotating, swimming, oscillating, and walking, have been demonstrated to enhance the functionalities using simple and low-power optics. We start with an introduction to basic physics involved in heat-mediated optical manipulation, highlighting major working mechanisms underpinning a variety of manipulation techniques. Next, we categorize the heat-mediated optical manipulation techniques based on different working mechanisms and discuss working modes, capabilities, and applications for each technique. We conclude this Review with our outlook on current challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field of heat-mediated optical manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jingang Li
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, Texas Materials Institute, and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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13
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Laser Cooling Beyond Rate Equations: Approaches from Quantum Thermodynamics. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Solids can be cooled by driving impurity ions with lasers, allowing them to transfer heat from the lattice phonons to the electromagnetic surroundings. This exemplifies a quantum thermal machine, which uses a quantum system as a working medium to transfer heat between reservoirs. We review the derivation of the Bloch-Redfield equation for a quantum system coupled to a reservoir, and its extension, using counting fields, to calculate heat currents. We use the full form of this equation, which makes only the weak-coupling and Markovian approximations, to calculate the cooling power for a simple model of laser cooling. We compare its predictions with two other time-local master equations: the secular approximation to the full Bloch-Redfield equation, and the Lindblad form expected for phonon transitions in the absence of driving. We conclude that the full Bloch-Redfield equation provides accurate results for the heat current in both the weak- and strong- driving regimes, whereas the other forms have more limited applicability. Our results support the use of Bloch-Redfield equations in quantum thermal machines, despite their potential to give unphysical results.
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14
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Püschel S, Mauerhoff F, Kränkel C, Tanaka H. Solid-state laser cooling in Yb:CaF 2 and Yb:SrF 2 by anti-Stokes fluorescence. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:333-336. [PMID: 35030612 DOI: 10.1364/ol.449115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first example, to the best of our knowledge, of solid-state laser cooling in ytterbium-doped CaF2 and SrF2 crystals by anti-Stokes fluorescence. The crystals were grown by the Czochralski method in a fluorine-rich atmosphere to prevent the formation of divalent ytterbium ions. Using laser-induced thermal modulation spectroscopy (LITMoS), we find the cooling efficiencies for both crystals to be higher than 3% at room temperature. According to model calculations performed using temperature-dependent spectroscopic data, these crystals can be cooled to temperatures as low as 150 K when excited at around 1030 nm.
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15
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Topper B, Peysokhan M, Albrecht AR, Flores AS, Kuhn S, Hässner D, Hein S, Hupel C, Nold J, Haarlammert N, Schreiber T, Sheik-Bahae M, Mafi A. Laser cooling of a Yb doped silica fiber by 18 Kelvin from room temperature. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5707-5710. [PMID: 34780442 DOI: 10.1364/ol.444709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An ytterbium doped silica optical fiber with a core diameter of 900µm has been cooled by 18.4 K below ambient temperature by pumping with 20 W of 1035 nm light in vacuum. In air, cooling by 3.6 K below ambient was observed with the same 20 W pump. The temperatures were measured with a thermal imaging camera and differential luminescence thermometry. The cooling efficiency is calculated to be 1.2±0.1%. The core of the fiber was codoped with Al3+ for an Al to Yb ratio of 6:1, to allow for a larger Yb concentration and enhanced laser cooling.
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16
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Luntz-Martin DR, Felsted RG, Dadras S, Pauzauskie PJ, Vamivakas AN. Laser refrigeration of optically levitated sodium yttrium fluoride nanocrystals. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:3797-3800. [PMID: 34329284 DOI: 10.1364/ol.426334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid state laser refrigeration can cool optically levitated nanocrystals in an optical dipole trap, allowing for internal temperature control by mitigating photothermal heating. This work demonstrates cooling of ytterbium-doped cubic sodium yttrium fluoride nanocrystals to 252 K on average with the most effective crystal cooling to 241 K. The amount of cooling increases linearly with the intensity of the cooling laser and is dependent on the pressure of the gas surrounding the nanocrystal. Cooling optically levitated nanocrystals allows for crystals prone to heating to be studied at lower pressures than currently achievable and for temperature control and stabilization of trapped nanocrystals.
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17
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Xia X, Pant A, Ganas AS, Jelezko F, Pauzauskie PJ. Quantum Point Defects for Solid-State Laser Refrigeration. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e1905406. [PMID: 32666603 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the role that point defects have played over the last two decades in realizing solid-state laser refrigeration is discussed. A brief introduction to the field of solid-state laser refrigeration is given with an emphasis on the fundamental physical phenomena and quantized electronic transitions that have made solid-state laser-cooling possible. Lanthanide-based point defects, such as trivalent ytterbium ions (Yb3+ ), have played a central role in the first demonstrations and subsequent development of advanced materials for solid-state laser refrigeration. Significant discussion is devoted to the quantum mechanical description of optical transitions in lanthanide ions, and their influence on laser cooling. Transition-metal point defects have been shown to generate substantial background absorption in ceramic materials, decreasing the overall efficiency of a particular laser refrigeration material. Other potential color centers based on fluoride vacancies with multiple potential charge states are also considered. In conclusion, novel materials for solid-state laser refrigeration, including color centers in diamond that have recently been proposed to realize the solid-state laser refrigeration of semiconducting materials, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- Molecular Engineering and Science Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Anupum Pant
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Abbie S Ganas
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Physics Department, Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Peter J Pauzauskie
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Chemistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Physics Department, Institut für Quantenoptik, Universität Ulm, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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18
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Peysokhan M, Rostami S, Mobini E, Albrecht AR, Kuhn S, Hein S, Hupel C, Nold J, Haarlammert N, Schreiber T, Eberhardt R, Flores A, Tünnermann A, Sheik-Bahae M, Mafi A. Implementation of Laser-Induced Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Power Cooling of Ytterbium-Doped Silica Glass. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8376-8381. [PMID: 33817498 PMCID: PMC8015082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling of a solid is achieved when a coherent laser illuminates the material, and the heat is extracted by annihilation of phonons resulting in anti-Stokes fluorescence. Over the past year, net solid-state laser cooling was successfully demonstrated for the first time in Yb-doped silica glass in both bulk samples and fibers. Here, we report more than 6 K of cooling below the ambient temperature, which is the lowest temperature achieved in solid-state laser cooling of silica glass to date to the best of our knowledge. We present details on the experiment performed using a 20 W laser operating at a 1035 nm wavelength and temperature measurements using both a thermal camera and the differential luminescence thermometry technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Peysokhan
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
- Center
for High Technology Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87106, New Mexico, United States
| | - Saeid Rostami
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
| | - Esmaeil Mobini
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
- Center
for High Technology Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87106, New Mexico, United States
| | - Alexander R. Albrecht
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
| | - Stefan Kuhn
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Sigrun Hein
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Christian Hupel
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Johannes Nold
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Nicoletta Haarlammert
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Thomas Schreiber
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Ramona Eberhardt
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Angel Flores
- Air
Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Directorate, 3550 Aberdeen Avenue SE, Kirtland Air Force Base 87117, New Mexico, United States
| | - Andreas Tünnermann
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Street 7, Jena 07745, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Albert-Einstein-Street 15, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Mansoor Sheik-Bahae
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
| | - Arash Mafi
- Department
of Physics & Astronomy, University of
New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, New Mexico, United States
- Center
for High Technology Materials, University
of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87106, New Mexico, United States
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19
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Püschel S, Kalusniak S, Kränkel C, Tanaka H. Temperature-dependent radiative lifetime of Yb:YLF: refined cross sections and potential for laser cooling. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:11106-11120. [PMID: 33820229 DOI: 10.1364/oe.422535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the spectroscopic characterization of ytterbium-doped LiYF4 (Yb:YLF) for the application of laser cooling. Time-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy reveals a temperature dependence of the radiative lifetime which we explain by the Boltzmann distribution of excited ions in the upper Stark levels. The emission cross sections of Yb:YLF from 17 K to 440 K are revised using the temperature-dependent radiative lifetimes from fluorescence spectra. We provide fit equations for the peak values of important transitions as a function of temperature, which is also useful for the design of Yb:YLF laser oscillators and amplifiers operated at cryogenic temperatures. Based on our spectroscopic data, we show the prerequisite crystal purity to achieve laser cooling below liquid nitrogen temperatures.
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20
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Roman BJ, Villegas NM, Lytle K, Sheldon M. Optically Cooling Cesium Lead Tribromide Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8874-8879. [PMID: 33196199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One photon up-conversion photoluminescence is an optical phenomenon whereby the thermal energy of a fluorescent material increases the energy of an emitted photon compared with the energy of the photon that was absorbed. When this occurs with near unity efficiency, the emitting material undergoes a net decrease in temperature, so-called optical cooling. Because the up-conversion mechanism is thermally activated, the yield of up-converted photoluminescence is also a reporter of the temperature of the emitter. Taking advantage of this optical signature, cesium lead trihalide nanocrystals are shown to cool during the up-conversion of 532 nm CW laser excitation. Raman thermometric analysis of a substrate on which the nanocrystals were deposited further verifies the decrease in the local environmental temperature by as much as 25 °C during optical pumping. This is the first demonstration of optical cooling driven by colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal up-conversion.
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21
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Kosinskii I, Rozhdestvensky Y, Ivanov A. Thermally stabilized operating mode of an erbium-ytterbium laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8997-9002. [PMID: 33104588 DOI: 10.1364/ao.403389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical method of pumping optimization for the Er-Yb laser based on the concept of a self-cooling laser. The pumping optimization realizes the anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling and excitation transfer by the Yb ions simultaneously. In this case, the Yb ions become the sources of cooling while the Er ions remain the heating sources. With a certain ratio between the cooling and heating sources, the operating temperature of the laser medium can be stabilized. We simulate the pumping process for the parameters of the Er, Yb:YAG system to demonstrate the possibility of getting a thermally stabilized operating mode of the laser for the ion ratios in the range of 40 to 60 Yb ions to one Er ion. The simulations show that the self-cooled laser medium can be implemented for the laser intensities of kW/cm2 in the cavity.
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22
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Knall J, Engholm M, Ballato J, Dragic PD, Yu N, Digonnet MJF. Experimental comparison of silica fibers for laser cooling. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:4020-4023. [PMID: 32667344 DOI: 10.1364/ol.395513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooling in silica has recently been demonstrated, but there is still a lack of understanding on how fiber composition, core size, and OH- contamination influence cooling performance. In this work, six Yb-doped silica fibers were studied to illuminate the influence of these parameters. The best fiber cooled by -70mK with only 170 mW/m of absorbed pump power at 1040 nm, which corresponds to twice as much heat extracted per unit length compared to the first reported laser cooling in silica. This new fiber has an extremely low OH- loss and a higher Al concentration (2.0 wt.% Al), permitting a high Yb concentration (2.52 wt.% Yb) without incurring significant quenching. Strong correlations were found between the absorptive loss responsible for heating and the loss measured at 1380 nm due to absorption by OH-.
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23
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Knall J, Vigneron PB, Engholm M, Dragic PD, Yu N, Ballato J, Bernier M, Digonnet MJF. Laser cooling in a silica optical fiber at atmospheric pressure. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1092-1095. [PMID: 32108778 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, laser cooling is reported in a silica optical fiber. The fiber has a 21-µm diameter core doped with 2.06 wt.% ${{\rm Yb}^{3 + }}$Yb3+ and co-doped with ${{\rm Al}_2}{{\rm O}_3}$Al2O3 and ${{\rm F}^ - }$F- to increase the critical quenching concentration by a factor of 16 over the largest reported values for the Yb-doped silica. Using a custom slow-light fiber Bragg grating sensor, temperature changes up to $ - {50}\;{\rm mK}$-50mK were measured with 0.33 W/m of absorbed pump power per unit length at 1040 nm. The measured dependencies of the temperature change on the pump power and the pump wavelength are in excellent agreement with predictions from an existing model, and they reflect the fiber's groundbreaking quality for the radiation-balanced fiber lasers.
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24
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Buddhiraju S, Li W, Fan S. Photonic Refrigeration from Time-Modulated Thermal Emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:077402. [PMID: 32142345 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.077402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We develop theoretical and computational formalisms to describe thermal radiation from temporally modulated systems. We show that such a modulation results in a photon-based active cooling mechanism. This mechanism has a high thermodynamic performance that can approach the Carnot limit. Our work points to exciting new avenues in active, time-modulated control of thermal emission for cooling and energy harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Buddhiraju
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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25
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Dimitriev O, Fedoryak A, Slominskii Y, Smirnova A, Yoshida T. Phonon-assisted anti-Stokes luminescence of tricarbocyanine near-infrared dye. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Ma X, Pan F, Li H, Shen P, Ma C, Zhang L, Niu H, Zhu Y, Xu S, Ye H. Mechanism of Single-Photon Upconversion Photoluminescence in All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals: The Role of Self-Trapped Excitons. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5989-5996. [PMID: 31549509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficient single-photon upconversion photoluminescence (UCPL) feature of lead halide perovskite semiconductors makes it promising for developing laser cooling devices. This is an attractive potential application, but the underlying physics still remains unclear so far. By using the all-inorganic CsPbX3 (X = Br, I) nanocrystal samples, this phenomenon was investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and time-resolved PL under different temperatures and various excitation conditions. A broad emission band located at the low-energy side of the free exciton (FE) peak was detected and deduced to be from the self-trapped exciton (STE). The lifetime of STE emission was found to be 171 ns at 10 K, much longer than that of FE. The UCPL phenomenon was then attributed to thermal activation of transformation from STEs to FEs, and the energy barrier was derived to be 103.7 meV for CsPbBr3 and 45.2 meV for CsPb(Br/I)3, respectively. The transformation also can be seen from the fluorescence decay processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Ma
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Pan
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqi Li
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Niu
- Department of Physics , Xi'an Jiaotong University City College , Xi'an 710018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhang Zhu
- Department of Physics , Xi'an Jiaotong University City College , Xi'an 710018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Department of Physics, and Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI) , The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong , People's Republic of China
| | - Honggang Ye
- Department of Applied Physics, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Jadczak J, Bryja L, Kutrowska-Girzycka J, Kapuściński P, Bieniek M, Huang YS, Hawrylak P. Room temperature multi-phonon upconversion photoluminescence in monolayer semiconductor WS 2. Nat Commun 2019; 10:107. [PMID: 30631049 PMCID: PMC6328540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Photon upconversion is an anti-Stokes process in which an absorption of a photon leads to a reemission of a photon at an energy higher than the excitation energy. The upconversion photoemission has been already demonstrated in rare earth atoms in glasses, semiconductor quantum wells, nanobelts, carbon nanotubes and atomically thin semiconductors. Here, we demonstrate a room temperature upconversion photoluminescence process in a monolayer semiconductor WS2, with energy gain up to 150 meV. We attribute this process to transitions involving trions and many phonons and free exciton complexes. These results are very promising for energy harvesting, laser refrigeration and optoelectronics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jadczak
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland.
| | - L Bryja
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - J Kutrowska-Girzycka
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - P Kapuściński
- Department of Experimental Physics, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - M Bieniek
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Y-S Huang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - P Hawrylak
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Gao YF, Tan QH, Liu XL, Ren SL, Sun YJ, Meng D, Lu YJ, Tan PH, Shan CX, Zhang J. Phonon-Assisted Photoluminescence Up-Conversion of Silicon-Vacancy Centers in Diamond. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6656-6661. [PMID: 30354139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phonon-assisted anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) up-conversion lies at the heart of optical refrigeration in solids. The thermal energy contained in the lattice vibrations is taken away by the emitted anti-Stokes photons' ASPL process, resulting in laser cooling of solids. To date, net laser cooling of solids is limited in rare-earth (RE)-doped crystals, glasses, and direct band gap semiconductors. Searching more solid materials with efficient phonon-assisted photoluminescence up-conversion is important to enrich optical refrigeration research. Here, we demonstrate the phonon-assisted PL up-conversion process from the silicon vacancy (SiV) center in diamond for the first time by studying ASPL spectra for the dependence of temperature, laser power, and excitation energy. Although net cooling has not been observed, our results show that net laser cooling might be eventually achieved in diamond by improving the external quantum efficiency to higher than 95%. Our work provides a promising route to investigate the laser cooling effect in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Fei Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Hai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Liang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jia Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Da Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures , Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, & College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
- CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 101408 , People's Republic of China
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29
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Hehlen MP, Meng J, Albrecht AR, Lee ER, Gragossian A, Love SP, Hamilton CE, Epstein RI, Sheik-Bahae M. First demonstration of an all-solid-state optical cryocooler. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:15. [PMID: 30839618 PMCID: PMC6107020 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state optical refrigeration uses anti-Stokes fluorescence to cool macroscopic objects to cryogenic temperatures without vibrations. Crystals such as Yb3+-doped YLiF4 (YLF:Yb) have previously been laser-cooled to 91 K. In this study, we show for the first time laser cooling of a payload connected to a cooling crystal. A YLF:Yb crystal was placed inside a Herriott cell and pumped with a 1020-nm laser (47 W) to cool a HgCdTe sensor that is part of a working Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer to 135 K. This first demonstration of an all-solid-state optical cryocooler was enabled by careful control of the various desired and undesired heat flows. Fluorescence heating of the payload was minimized by using a single-kink YLF thermal link between the YLF:Yb cooling crystal and the copper coldfinger that held the HgCdTe sensor. The adhesive-free bond between YLF and YLF:Yb showed excellent thermal reliability. This laser-cooled assembly was then supported by silica aerogel cylinders inside a vacuum clamshell to minimize undesired conductive and radiative heat loads from the warm surroundings. Our structure can serve as a baseline for future optical cryocooler devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus P. Hehlen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Junwei Meng
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Alexander R. Albrecht
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Eric R. Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Aram Gragossian
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Steven P. Love
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | | | - Richard I. Epstein
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
| | - Mansoor Sheik-Bahae
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA
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