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Namgung B, Dai H, Prathyushaa Vikraman P, Saha T, Sengupta S, Lin Jang H. An inexpensive "do-it-yourself" device for rapid generation of uniform tumor spheroids. DEVICE 2024; 2:100255. [PMID: 38617078 PMCID: PMC11008532 DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2024.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cancer cell culture models such as tumor spheroids better recapitulate in vivo tumors than conventional two-dimensional (2D) models. However, two major challenges limit the routine use of 3D tumor spheroids. Firstly, most existing methods of generating tumor spheroids are not high-throughput. Secondly, tumor spheroids generated using current methods are highly variable in dimension. Here, we describe a simple 'Do-It-Yourself (DIY)' device that can be assembled for less than $7 of parts and generate uniform tumor spheroids in a high-throughput manner. We used a simple phone coin vibrating motor to superimpose the vibration for breaking a laminar jet of cell-loaded alginate solution into equally sized spherical beads. We generated 3,970 tumor spheroids/min, which exhibited a hypoxic core recapitulating in vivo tumors and could be used to test the diffusion efficacy of anticancer drugs. Such low-cost, easy-to-fabricate, simple-to-operate systems with high-throughput outcomes are essential to democratize and standardize cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumseok Namgung
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongqing Dai
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Pooja Prathyushaa Vikraman
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Contributed equally
| | - Tanmoy Saha
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shiladitya Sengupta
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hae Lin Jang
- Center for Engineered Therapeutics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Dubay R, Urban JN, Darling EM. Single-Cell Microgels for Diagnostics and Therapeutics. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 31:2009946. [PMID: 36329867 PMCID: PMC9629779 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202009946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation within hydrogel droplets is transforming what is feasible in multiple fields of biomedical science such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro modeling, and cell-based therapies. Recent advances have allowed researchers to miniaturize material encapsulation complexes down to single-cell scales, where each complex, termed a single-cell microgel, contains only one cell surrounded by a hydrogel matrix while remaining <100 μm in size. With this achievement, studies requiring single-cell resolution are now possible, similar to those done using liquid droplet encapsulation. Of particular note, applications involving long-term in vitro cultures, modular bioinks, high-throughput screenings, and formation of 3D cellular microenvironments can be tuned independently to suit the needs of individual cells and experimental goals. In this progress report, an overview of established materials and techniques used to fabricate single-cell microgels, as well as insight into potential alternatives is provided. This focused review is concluded by discussing applications that have already benefited from single-cell microgel technologies, as well as prospective applications on the cusp of achieving important new capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dubay
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
- Draper, 555 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Joseph N Urban
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Eric M Darling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University, 175 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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3
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Lin S, Wang D, Zhang L, Jin Y, Li Z, Bonaccurso E, You Z, Deng X, Chen L. Macrodrop-Impact-Mediated Fluid Microdispensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101331. [PMID: 34174164 PMCID: PMC8373096 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution fluid dispensing techniques play a critical role in modern digital microfluidics, micro-biosensing, and advanced fabrication. Though most of existing dispensers can achieve precise and high-throughput fluid dispensing, they suffer from some inherent problems, such as specially fabricated dispensing micronozzles/microtips, large operating systems, low volume tunability, and poor performance for low surface tension liquids and liquids containing solid/liquid additives. Herein, the authors propose a facile, low-frequency micro dispensing technique based on the Rayleigh-Plateau instability of singular liquid jets, which are stimulated by the air cavity collapse arising in the impact of microliter drops on non-wetting surfaces. This novel dispensing strategy is capable to produce single microdrops of low-viscosity liquids with a tunable volume from picoliters to nanoliters, and the operational surface tension range covers most laboratory solvents. The dispensing function is implemented without using small-dimension nozzles/tips and enables handling diverse complex liquids. Moreover, the rather simple operating platform allows the integration of the whole dispensing function into a handy portable device with a low cost. Employing this microdispensing technique, the authors have controlled microchemical reactions, handled liquid samples in biological analysis, and fabricated smart materials and devices. The authors envision that this rational microdrop generator would find applications in various research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiji Lin
- School of PhysicsUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan611731P. R. China
| | - Dehui Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610054P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610054P. R. China
| | - Yakang Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyClear Water BayKowloonHong Kong SARP. R. China
| | | | - Zili You
- School of Life Science and TechnologyCenter for Informational BiologyUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610054P. R. China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan610054P. R. China
| | - Longquan Chen
- School of PhysicsUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduSichuan611731P. R. China
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Santos AP, Chevallier SS, de Haan B, de Vos P, Poncelet D. Impact of electrostatic potential on microcapsule-formation and physicochemical analysis of surface structure: Implications for therapeutic cell-microencapsulation. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:638-647. [PMID: 33541171 DOI: 10.1177/0885328221988979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-encapsulation is used for preventing therapeutic cells from being rejected by the host. The technology to encapsulate cells in immunoprotective biomaterials, such as alginate, commonly involves application of an electrostatic droplet generator for reproducible manufacturing droplets of similar size and with similar surface properties. As many factors influencing droplet formation are still unknown, we investigated the impact of several parameters and fitted them to equations to make procedures more reproducible and allow optimal control of capsule size and properties. We demonstrate that droplet size is dependent on an interplay between the critical electric potential (Uc,), the needle size, and the distance between the needle and the gelation bath, and that it can be predicted with the equations proposed. The droplet formation was meticulously studied and followed by a high-speed camera. The X-ray photoelectron analysis demonstrated optimal gelation and substitution of sodium with calcium on alginate surfaces while the atomic force microscopy analysis demonstrated a low but considerable variation in surface roughness and low surface stiffness. Our study shows the importance of documenting critical parameters to guarantee reproducible manufacturing of beads with constant and adequate size and preventing batch-to-batch variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Santos
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiologicos, Avenida Belgrano y pasaje Caseros, Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Bart de Haan
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Denis Poncelet
- Oniris Nantes - Site de la Géraudière, Nantes, Pays de la Loire France.,EncapProcess, Suce sur Erdre, Pays de la Loire, France
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5
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Abstract
Microencapsulation processes may be divided into three steps, namely: incorporation of the bioactive substance in the matrix, dispersion of the matrix in droplets, and conversion in microcapsules. This contribution is focused on the second step and more specifically using the dripping approach to form droplets by extrusion of liquid through a nozzle. Different technologies of dripping are described, using as an example the production of alginate beads.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bidoret
- Oniris, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, Rue de la Géraudière, CS 82225, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - E Martins
- Oniris, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, Rue de la Géraudière, CS 82225, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | - D Poncelet
- Oniris, UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, Rue de la Géraudière, CS 82225, 44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
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Visser CW, Frommhold PE, Wildeman S, Mettin R, Lohse D, Sun C. Dynamics of high-speed micro-drop impact: numerical simulations and experiments at frame-to-frame times below 100 ns. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1708-22. [PMID: 25607820 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Technologies including (3D-) (bio-)printing, diesel engines, laser-induced forward transfer, and spray cleaning require optimization and therefore understanding of micrometer-sized droplets impacting at velocities beyond 10 m s(-1). However, as yet, this regime has hardly been addressed. Here we present the first time-resolved experimental investigation of microdroplet impact at velocities up to V0 = 50 m s(-1), on hydrophilic and -phobic surfaces at frame rates exceeding 10(7) frames per second. A novel method to determine the 3D-droplet profile at sub-micron resolution at the same frame rates is presented, using the fringe pattern observed from a bottom view. A numerical model, which is validated by the side- and bottom-view measurements, is employed to study the viscous boundary layer inside the droplet and the development of the rim. The spreading dynamics, the maximal spreading diameter, the boundary layer thickness, the rim formation, and the air bubble entrainment are compared to theory and previous experiments. In general, the impact dynamics are equal to millimeter-sized droplet impact for equal Reynolds-, Weber- and Stokes numbers (Re, We, and St, respectively). Using our numerical model, effective scaling laws for the progression of the boundary layer thickness and the rim diameter are provided. The dimensionless boundary layer thickness develops in time (t) according to δBL ~ D0/√Re(t/τ)0.45, and the diameter of the rim develops as DRim ~ D0/√We(t/τ)0.68, with drop diameter D0 and inertial time scale τ = D0/V0. These scalings differ from previously assumed, but never validated, values. Finally, no splash is observed, at variance with many predictions but in agreement with models including the influence of the surrounding gas. This confirms that the ambient gas properties are key ingredients for splash threshold predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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Wegener M, Muhmood L, Sun S, Deev AV. Novel High-Temperature Experimental Setup to Study Dynamic Surface Tension Phenomena in Oxide Melts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4022623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Wegener
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Luckman Muhmood
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Shouyi Sun
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Alex V. Deev
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, VIC 3169, Australia
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8
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Direct observation and characterization of the generation of organic solvent droplets with and without triglyceride oil by electrospraying. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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van Dijk MA, Gregori G, Hoogveld HL, Rijkeboer M, Denis M, Malkassian A, Gons HJ. Optimizing the setup of a flow cytometric cell sorter for efficient quantitative sorting of long filamentous cyanobacteria. Cytometry A 2011; 77:911-24. [PMID: 21290465 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity within natural phytoplankton communities makes it very difficult to analyze parameters at the single-cell level. Flow cytometric sorting is therefore a useful tool in aquatic sciences, as it provides material for post-sort analysis and culturing. Sorting subpopulations from natural communities, however, often requires handling morphologically diverse and complex particles with various abundances. Long particles, such as filament-forming cyanobacteria (>100-μm long), prove very difficult to handle. These potentially toxic organisms are widespread in eutrophic systems and have important ecological consequences. Being able to sort filamentous cyanobacteria efficiently and as viable cells is therefore highly desirable when studying factors associated with their toxicity and occurrence. This unconventional sorting requires extensive user experience and special instrument setup. We have investigated the effect of hydrodynamic and electromechanical components of a flow cytometer, and sorting protocol on the quantitative sorting efficiency of these long particles using two filamentous cyanobacterial strains with average lengths of ∼100 and ∼300 μm. Sorting efficiency ranged from 9.4 to 96.0% and was significantly affected by filament length, sorting envelope, drop delay (dd), and for the long species also by tip size, but not by cycle time. Filaments survived sorting and were not damaged. The optimal settings found for the modular MoFlo® cell-sorter to sort the filaments were a 100-μm flow tip at 30 psi (207 kPa) with a three-droplet envelope in Enrich mode while using an extended analysis time of 17.6 μs and an intermediate plate charge and deflection percentage combination of 3,000 V/60%, combined with a dd 0 for the cultures with 100-μm filaments and dd +1 for the culture with 300-μm filaments. To the best of our knowledge, the filaments up to 1063.5 μm sorted in this study are the longest ever sorted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A van Dijk
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Rijksstraatweg 6, 3631 AC Nieuwersluis, The Netherlands.
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10
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Rezvanpour A, Attia ABE, Wang CH. Enhancement of Particle Collection Efficiency in Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Process for Pharmaceutical Particle Fabrication. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1009662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rezvanpour
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Amalina B. E. Attia
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117576
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11
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McGuire S, Fisher C, Holl M, Meldrum D. A novel pressure-driven piezodispenser for nanoliter volumes. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2008; 79:086111. [PMID: 19044392 DOI: 10.1063/1.2969658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A successful dispensing device has been built for use in biotechnology applications requiring nanoliter volume liquid transfer. Air pressure is used as the primary driving force and is controlled via a high speed miniature solenoid valve as opposed to many existing systems that use a valve in line with constantly pressurized fluid to start and stop the dispensing action. This automated pressure-driven system is used to improve a typical piezodriven microdispenser. The resulting system is much less prone to failures resulting from air entrainment and can dispense much higher viscosity fluids than the microdispenser alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn McGuire
- Genomation Laboratory, University of Washington, P.O. Box 352500, Seattle, Washington 98195-2500, USA
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12
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Hede PD, Bach P, Jensen AD. Two-fluid spray atomisation and pneumatic nozzles for fluid bed coating/agglomeration purposes: A review. Chem Eng Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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16
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Kerst A, Judat B, Schlünder EU. Flow regimes of free jets and falling films at high ambient pressure. Chem Eng Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(00)00074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Blaisot JB, Ledoux M. Simultaneous measurement of diameter and position of spherical particles in a spray by an original imaging method. APPLIED OPTICS 1998; 37:5137-5144. [PMID: 18285987 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.005137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The size and the position of individual particles in a falling spray crossing a horizontal plane are measured simultaneously with a shadowgraph imaging setup. An original method for measurement of drop sizes based on a prescribed analytical form of the luminance distribution of the objects (i.e., the drops) is presented. The processing time is strongly reduced compared with that for the usual inversion techniques. The turbulent dispersion of drops in a grid-generated turbulence is studied. Evidence for the presence of coalescence in the spray is presented.
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18
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The formation of inorganic particles during suspension heating of simulated wastes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ep.670100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Mass transfer to droplets formed by the controlled breakup of a cylindrical jet—physical absorption. Chem Eng Sci 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(88)85123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Hagstrom RT, Hirsch G. Search for fractional charges using droplet-jet techniques. Int J Clin Exp Med 1987; 36:1983-1989. [PMID: 9958389 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.36.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Harkins KR, Galbraith DW. Factors governing the flow cytometric analysis and sorting of large biological particles. CYTOMETRY 1987; 8:60-70. [PMID: 3803096 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990080110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the suitability of large flow cell tips for the flow cytometric analysis and sorting of large biological particles, including plant cells (pollen) and protoplasts. Using flow tips ranging in diameter from 79-204 micron, we have optimized conditions for the establishment of a stable hydrodynamic flow leading to accurate droplet production. We describe instrument modifications required for large particle sorting and demonstrate the use of these experimental conditions for the sorting to high purity of pollen and viable plant protoplasts possessing diameters as large as 95 micron. Our experiments have revealed a complex interaction among sorting efficiency, particle diameter, flow cell tip diameter and bimorphic crystal drive frequency. This interaction can be satisfactorily explained in terms of interference effects owing to phase differences between the particle-induced disturbance and the undulation driven by the bimorphic crystal.
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22
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A review of direct liquid introduction interfacing for LC/MS Part I: Instrumental aspects. Chromatographia 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02311882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Lai ST. Characterization and molecular weight determination of water-soluble polyethylene glycol oligomers using open-tubing liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)83772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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24
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Niessen W, Poppe H. Open-tubular liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry using direct liquid introduction. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Design and construction of LC/MS interfaces utilizing fused-silica capillary tubes as vacuum nebulizers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(85)85044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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27
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Tijssen R, Bleumer J, Smit A, van Kreveld M. Microcapillary liquid chromatography in open tubular columns with diameters of 10–50 μm. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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6. Nonlinear Phenomena. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-695x(08)60337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Pinnick RG, Rosen JM, Hofmann DJ. Measured light-scattering properties of individual aerosol particles compared to mie scattering theory. APPLIED OPTICS 1973; 12:37-41. [PMID: 20125225 DOI: 10.1364/ao.12.000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersed spherical aerosols of 0.26-2-micro diameter with approximate range of indexes of refraction of atmospheric aerosols have been produced in the laboratory by atomization of liquids with a vibrating capillary. Integrated light scattered 8 through 38 degrees from the direction of forward scattering has been measured with a photoelectric particle counter and compared to Mie theory calculations for particles with complex indexes of refraction 1.4033-0i, 1.592-0i, 1.67-0.26i, and 1.65-0.069i. The agreement is good. The calculations take into account the particle counter white light illumination with color temperature 3300 K, the optical system geometry, and the phototube spectral sensitivity. It is shown that for aerosol particles of unknown index of refraction the particle counter size resolution is poor for particle size greater than 0.5micro, but good for particles in the 0.26-0.5-micro size range.
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30
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Hertz CH, Simonsson SI. Intensity modulation of ink-jet oscillographs. MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 1969; 7:337-40. [PMID: 5823254 DOI: 10.1007/bf02474777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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