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Jiang J, Poortinga AT, Liao Y, Kamperman T, Venner CH, Visser CW. High-Throughput Fabrication of Size-Controlled Pickering Emulsions, Colloidosomes, and Air-Coated Particles via Clog-Free Jetting of Suspensions. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2208894. [PMID: 36626724 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microcapsules with a liquid core and a solid shell composed of hydrophobic nanoparticles are broadly applied in food, pharmaceutics, and biotechnologies. For example, Pickering emulsions, colloidosomes, or antibubbles (droplets surrounded by air layers in water) enable controlled release of active agents, biocompatibility, and contact-less liquid transportation. However, producing controlled nanoparticle- or polymer-laden hydrophobic shells at scale is highly challenging, since bulk methods are polydisperse and microfluidic chips are prone to clogging and slow. Here, clog-free coating of an aqueous jet with silica nanoparticle suspensions with concentrations up to 10% (w/v), as well as high concentrations of polymers (30% (w/v) poly(lactic acid) (PLA)), is demonstrated, enabling continuous generation of microcapsules at flow rates up to 4 mL min-1 . Pickering emulsions are converted into capsules, providing hydrophobic shells consisting of nanoparticles for controlled release. As a highlight, the scalable fabrication of air-coated capsules (antibubbles) in the sub-millimeter range is demonstrated. The shell contains an air film that protects the liquid core for days yet enables ultrasound-induced release within 3 min. By enabling rapid fabrication of controlled Pickering emulsions, colloidosomes, antibubbles, and biodegradable capsules, jetting through a liquid layer (JetALL) provides a versatile platform for advanced applications in food, pharmacy, and life science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieke Jiang
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Albert T Poortinga
- Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5612 AZ, Netherlands
| | - Yuanyuan Liao
- IamFluidics B.V. , High Tech Factory, Enschede, 7522 NM, Netherlands
| | - Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis H Venner
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB, Netherlands
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2
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Jiang J, Shea G, Rastogi P, Kamperman T, Venner CH, Visser CW. Continuous High-Throughput Fabrication of Architected Micromaterials via In-Air Photopolymerization. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2006336. [PMID: 33274554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in optical coding, drug delivery, diagnostics, tissue engineering, shear-induced gelation, and functionally engineered rheology crucially depend on microparticles and microfibers with tunable shape, size, and composition. However, scalable manufacturing of the required complex micromaterials remains a long-standing challenge. Here in-air polymerization of liquid jets is demonstrated as a novel platform to produce microparticles and microfibers with tunable size, shape, and composition at high throughput (>100 mL h-1 per nozzle). The polymerization kinetics is quantitatively investigated and modeled as a function of the ink composition, the UV light intensity, and the velocity of the liquid jet, enabling engineering of complex micromaterials in jetting regimes. The size, morphology, and local chemistry of micromaterials are independently controlled, as highlighted by producing micromaterials using 5 different photopolymers as well as multi-material composites. Simultaneous optimization of these control parameters yields rapid fabrication of stimuli-responsive Janus fibers that function as soft actuators. Finally, in-air photopolymerization enables control over the curvature of printed droplets, as highlighted by high-throughput printing of microlenses with tunable focal distance. The combination of rapid processing and tunability in composition and architecture opens a new route toward applications of tailored micromaterials in soft matter, medicine, pharmacy, and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieke Jiang
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Shea
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Prasansha Rastogi
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cornelis H Venner
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics group, Department of Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
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3
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Amato DN, Amato DV, Sandoz M, Weigand J, Patton DL, Visser CW. Programmable Porous Polymers via Direct Bubble Writing with Surfactant-Free Inks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:42048-42055. [PMID: 32805865 PMCID: PMC7503514 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of macroporous polymers with functionally graded architecture or chemistry bears transformative potential in acoustic damping, energy storage materials, flexible electronics, and filtration but is hardly reachable with current processes. Here, we introduce thiol-ene chemistries in direct bubble writing, a recent technique for additive manufacturing of foams with locally controlled cell size, density, and macroscopic shape. Surfactant-free and solvent-free graded three-dimensional (3D) foams without drying-induced shrinkage were fabricated by direct bubble writing at an unparalleled ink viscosity of 410 cP (40 times higher than previous formulations). Functionalities including shape memory, high glass transition temperatures (>25 °C), and chemical gradients were demonstrated. These results extend direct bubble writing from aqueous inks to nonaqueous formulations at high liquid flow rates (3 mL min-1). Altogether, direct bubble writing with thiol-ene inks promises rapid one-step fabrication of functional materials with locally controlled gradients in the chemical, mechanical, and architectural domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlia N. Amato
- School of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Douglas V. Amato
- School of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Michael Sandoz
- School of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jeremy Weigand
- School of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Derek L. Patton
- School of Polymer
Science and Engineering, University of Southern
Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Engineering Fluid Dynamics Group, Thermal
and Fluid Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Visser CW, Amato DN, Mueller J, Lewis JA. Architected Polymer Foams via Direct Bubble Writing. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1904668. [PMID: 31535777 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer foams are cellular solids composed of solid and gas phases, whose mechanical, thermal, and acoustic properties are determined by the composition, volume fraction, and connectivity of both phases. A new high-throughput additive manufacturing method, referred to as direct bubble writing, for creating polymer foams with locally programmed bubble size, volume fraction, and connectivity is reported. Direct bubble writing relies on rapid generation and patterning of liquid shell-gas core droplets produced using a core-shell nozzle. The printed polymer foams are able to retain their overall shape, since the outer shell of these bubble droplets consist of a low-viscosity monomer that is rapidly polymerized during the printing process. The transition between open- and closed-cell foams is independently controlled by the gas used, while the foam can be tailored on-the-fly by adjusting the gas pressure used to produce the bubble droplets. As exemplars, homogeneous and graded polymer foams in several motifs, including 3D lattices, shells, and out-of-plane pillars are fabricated. Conductive composite foams with controlled stiffness for use as soft pressure sensors are also produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Dahlia N Amato
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jochen Mueller
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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5
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Koldeweij RBJ, van Capelleveen BF, Lohse D, Visser CW. Marangoni-driven spreading of miscible liquids in the binary pendant drop geometry. Soft Matter 2019; 15:8525-8531. [PMID: 31592523 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When two liquids with different surface tensions come into contact, the liquid with lower surface tension spreads over the other liquid. This Marangoni-driven spreading has been studied for various geometries and surfactants, but the dynamics of miscible liquids in the binary geometry (drop-drop) has hardly been investigated. Here we use stroboscopic illumination by nanosecond laser pulses to temporally resolve the distance L(t) over which a low-surface-tension drop spreads over a miscible high-surface-tension drop. L(t) is measured as a function of time, t, for various surface tension differences between the liquids and for various viscosities, revealing a power-law L(t) ∼ tα with a spreading exponent α ≈ 0.75. This value is consistent with previous results for viscosity-limited spreading over a deep bath. The universal power law L[combining tilde] ∝ t[combining tilde]3/4 that describes the dimensionless distance L[combining tilde] as a function of the dimensionless time t[combining tilde] reasonably captures our experiments, as well as previous experiments for different geometries, miscibilities, and surface tension modifiers (solvents and surfactants). The range of this power law remarkably covers ten orders of magnitude in dimensionless time. This result enables engineering of drop encapsulation for various liquid-liquid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin B J Koldeweij
- Physics of Fluids Group & Max Planck Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Center for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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6
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Kamperman T, Trikalitis VD, Karperien M, Visser CW, Leijten J. Ultrahigh-Throughput Production of Monodisperse and Multifunctional Janus Microparticles Using in-Air Microfluidics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:23433-23438. [PMID: 29952552 PMCID: PMC6050533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalized Janus microparticles advance many applications ranging from chemical synthesis to consumer electronics. Although these particles can be accurately manufactured using microfluidic droplet generators, the per-nozzle throughputs are relatively low (∼μL/min). Here, we use "in-air microfluidics" to combine liquid microjets in midair, thereby enabling orders of magnitude faster production of Janus microparticles (∼mL/min) as compared to chip-based microfluidics. Monodisperse Janus microparticles with diameters between 50 and 500 μm, tunable compartment sizes, and functional cargo are controllably produced. Furthermore, these microparticles are designed as magnetically steerable microreactors, which represents a novel tool to perform enzymatic cascade reactions within continuous fluid flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kamperman
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Vasileios D. Trikalitis
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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7
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Visser CW, Kamperman T, Karbaat LP, Lohse D, Karperien M. In-air microfluidics enables rapid fabrication of emulsions, suspensions, and 3D modular (bio)materials. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao1175. [PMID: 29399628 PMCID: PMC5792224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips provide unparalleled control over droplets and jets, which have advanced all natural sciences. However, microfluidic applications could be vastly expanded by increasing the per-channel throughput and directly exploiting the output of chips for rapid additive manufacturing. We unlock these features with in-air microfluidics, a new chip-free platform to manipulate microscale liquid streams in the air. By controlling the composition and in-air impact of liquid microjets by surface tension-driven encapsulation, we fabricate monodisperse emulsions, particles, and fibers with diameters of 20 to 300 μm at rates that are 10 to 100 times higher than chip-based droplet microfluidics. Furthermore, in-air microfluidics uniquely enables module-based production of three-dimensional (3D) multiscale (bio)materials in one step because droplets are partially solidified in-flight and can immediately be printed onto a substrate. In-air microfluidics is cytocompatible, as demonstrated by additive manufacturing of 3D modular constructs with tailored microenvironments for multiple cell types. Its in-line control, high throughput and resolution, and cytocompatibility make in-air microfluidics a versatile platform technology for science, industry, and health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Lisanne P. Karbaat
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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Ribeiro A, Blokzijl MM, Levato R, Visser CW, Castilho M, Hennink WE, Vermonden T, Malda J. Assessing bioink shape fidelity to aid material development in 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2017; 10:014102. [PMID: 28976364 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aa90e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During extrusion-based bioprinting, the deposited bioink filaments are subjected to deformations, such as collapse of overhanging filaments, which compromises the ability to stack several layers of bioink, and fusion between adjacent filaments, which compromises the resolution and maintenance of a desired pore structure. When developing new bioinks, approaches to assess their shape fidelity after printing would be beneficial to evaluate the degree of deformation of the deposited filament and to estimate how similar the final printed construct would be to the design. However, shape fidelity has been prevalently assessed qualitatively through visual inspection after printing, hampering the direct comparison of the printability of different bioinks. In this technical note, we propose a quantitative evaluation for shape fidelity of bioinks based on testing the filament collapse on overhanging structures and the filament fusion of parallel printed strands. Both tests were applied on a hydrogel platform based on poloxamer 407 and poly(ethylene glycol) blends, providing a library of hydrogels with different yield stresses. The presented approach is an easy way to assess bioink shape fidelity, applicable to any filament-based bioprinting system and able to quantitatively evaluate this aspect of printability, based on the degree of deformation of the printed filament. In addition, we built a simple theoretical model that relates filament collapse with bioink yield stress. The results of both shape fidelity tests underline the role of yield stress as one of the parameters influencing the printability of a bioink. The presented quantitative evaluation will allow for reproducible comparisons between different bioink platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ribeiro
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Berrospe-Rodriguez C, Visser CW, Schlautmann S, Rivas DF, Ramos-Garcia R. Toward jet injection by continuous-wave laser cavitation. J Biomed Opt 2017; 22:1-9. [PMID: 29030942 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.10.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This is a study motivated by the need to develop a needle-free device for eliminating major global healthcare problems caused by needles. The generation of liquid jets by means of a continuous-wave laser, focused into a light absorbing solution, was studied with the aim of developing a portable and affordable jet injector. We designed and fabricated glass microfluidic devices, which consist of a chamber where thermocavitation is created and a tapered channel. The growth of a vapor bubble displaces and expels the liquid through the channel as a fast traveling jet. Different parameters were varied with the purpose of increasing the jet velocity. The velocity increases with smaller channel diameters and taper ratios, whereas larger chambers significantly reduce the jet speed. It was found that the initial position of the liquid-air meniscus interface and its dynamics contribute to increased jet velocities. A maximum velocity of 94±3 m/s for a channel diameter of D=120 μm, taper ratio n=0.25, and chamber length E=200 μm was achieved. Finally, agarose gel-based skin phantoms were used to demonstrate the potential of our devices to penetrate the skin. The maximum penetration depth achieved was ∼1 mm, which is sufficient to penetrate the stratum corneum and for most medical applications. A meta-analysis shows that larger injection volumes will be required as a next step to medical relevance for laser-induced jet injection techniques in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Berrospe-Rodriguez
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Puebla, Pue., México
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Harvard University, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- University of Twente, Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- University of Twente, Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and T, The Netherlands
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- University of Twente, Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and T, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Ramos-Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Departamento de Óptica, Puebla, Pue., México
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Kamperman T, Henke S, Visser CW, Karperien M, Leijten J. Centering Single Cells in Microgels via Delayed Crosslinking Supports Long-Term 3D Culture by Preventing Cell Escape. Small 2017; 13:1603711. [PMID: 28452168 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell-laden microgels support physiological 3D culture conditions while enabling straightforward handling and high-resolution readouts of individual cells. However, their widespread adoption for long-term cultures is limited by cell escape. In this work, it is demonstrated that cell escape is predisposed to off-center encapsulated cells. High-speed microscopy reveals that cells are positioned at the microgel precursor droplets' oil/water interface within milliseconds after droplet formation. In conventional microencapsulation strategies, the droplets are typically gelled immediately after emulsification, which traps cells in this off-center position. By delaying crosslinking, driving cells toward the centers of microgels is succeeded. The centering of cells in enzymatically crosslinked microgels prevents their escape during at least 28 d. It thereby uniquely enables the long-term culture of individual cells within <5-µm-thick 3D uniform hydrogel coatings. Single cell analysis of mesenchymal stem cells in enzymatically crosslinked microgels reveals unprecedented high cell viability (>90%), maintained metabolic activity (>70%), and multilineage differentiation capacity (>60%) over a period of 28 d. The facile nature of this microfluidic cell-centering method enables its straightforward integration into many microencapsulation strategies and significantly enhances control, reproducibility, and reliability of 3D single cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Henke
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Luo J, Pohl R, Qi L, Römer GW, Sun C, Lohse D, Visser CW. Printing Functional 3D Microdevices by Laser-Induced Forward Transfer. Small 2017; 13:1602553. [PMID: 27982515 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Slender, out-of-plane metal microdevices are made in a new spatial domain, by using laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) of metals. Here, a thermocouple with a thickness of 10 µm and a height of 250 µm, consisting of platinum and gold pillars is demonstrated. Multimaterial LIFT enables manufacturing in the micrometer to millimeter range, i.e., between lithography and other 3D printing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- School of Mechatronic Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Modern Design and Integrated Manufacturing Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, 710072, Xi'an, China
| | - Ralph Pohl
- Chair of Applied Laser Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Lehua Qi
- School of Mechatronic Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Modern Design and Integrated Manufacturing Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Youyi West Road 127#, 710072, Xi'an, China
| | - Gert-Willem Römer
- Chair of Applied Laser Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Sun
- Center for Combustion Energy and Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology & MESA+ Institute & JMBC Burgers center, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology & MESA+ Institute & JMBC Burgers center, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology & MESA+ Institute & JMBC Burgers center, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Berrospe-Rodriguez C, Visser CW, Schlautmann S, Ramos-Garcia R, Fernandez Rivas D. Continuous-wave laser generated jets for needle free applications. Biomicrofluidics 2016; 10:014104. [PMID: 26858816 PMCID: PMC4714984 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We designed and built a microfluidic device for the generation of liquid jets produced by thermocavitation. A continuous wave (CW) laser was focused inside a micro-chamber filled with a light-absorbing solution to create a rapidly expanding vapor bubble. The chamber is connected to a micro-channel which focuses and ejects the liquid jet through the exit. The bubble growth and the jet velocity were measured as a function of the devices geometry (channel diameter D and chamber width A). The fastest jets were those for relatively large chamber size with respect to the channel diameter. Elongated and focused jets up to 29 m/s for a channel diameter of [Formula: see text] and chamber size of [Formula: see text] were obtained. The proposed CW laser-based device is potentially a compact option for a practical and commercially feasible needle-free injector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Berrospe-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Ramos-Garcia
- Departamento de Óptica, Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica , Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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13
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Visser CW, Pohl R, Sun C, Römer GW, Huis in 't Veld B, Lohse D. Toward 3D Printing of Pure Metals by Laser-Induced Forward Transfer. Adv Mater 2015; 27:4087-4092. [PMID: 26045211 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of common metals is highly challenging because metals are generally solid at room conditions. Copper and gold pillars are manufactured with a resolution below 5 μm and a height up to 2 mm, using laser-induced forward transfer to create and eject liquid metal droplets. The solidified drop's shape is crucial for 3D printing and is discussed as a function of the laser energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph Pohl
- Chair of Applied Laser Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Sun
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Willem Römer
- Chair of Applied Laser Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Huis in 't Veld
- Chair of Applied Laser Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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14
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Hendriks J, Willem Visser C, Henke S, Leijten J, Saris DB, Sun C, Lohse D, Karperien M. Optimizing cell viability in droplet-based cell deposition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11304. [PMID: 26065378 PMCID: PMC5387118 DOI: 10.1038/srep11304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofabrication commonly involves the use of liquid droplets to transport cells to the printed structure. However, the viability of the cells after impact is poorly controlled and understood, hampering applications including cell spraying, inkjet bioprinting, and laser-assisted cell transfer. Here, we present an analytical model describing the cell viability after impact as a function of the cell-surrounding droplet characteristics. The model connects (1) the cell survival as a function of cell membrane elongation, (2) the membrane elongation as a function of the cell-containing droplet size and velocity, and (3) the substrate properties. The model is validated by cell viability measurements in cell spraying, which is a method for biofabrication and used for the treatment of burn wounds. The results allow for rational optimization of any droplet-based cell deposition technology, and we include practical suggestions to improve the cell viability in cell spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendriks
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Henke
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël B.F. Saris
- Department of Orthopedics, UMC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Reconstructive Medicine, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Chao Sun
- Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Detlef Lohse
- Physics of Fluids Group, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
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15
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Visser CW, Frommhold PE, Wildeman S, Mettin R, Lohse D, Sun C. Dynamics of high-speed micro-drop impact: numerical simulations and experiments at frame-to-frame times below 100 ns. Soft Matter 2015; 11:1708-22. [PMID: 25607820 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02474e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Technologies including (3D-) (bio-)printing, diesel engines, laser-induced forward transfer, and spray cleaning require optimization and therefore understanding of micrometer-sized droplets impacting at velocities beyond 10 m s(-1). However, as yet, this regime has hardly been addressed. Here we present the first time-resolved experimental investigation of microdroplet impact at velocities up to V0 = 50 m s(-1), on hydrophilic and -phobic surfaces at frame rates exceeding 10(7) frames per second. A novel method to determine the 3D-droplet profile at sub-micron resolution at the same frame rates is presented, using the fringe pattern observed from a bottom view. A numerical model, which is validated by the side- and bottom-view measurements, is employed to study the viscous boundary layer inside the droplet and the development of the rim. The spreading dynamics, the maximal spreading diameter, the boundary layer thickness, the rim formation, and the air bubble entrainment are compared to theory and previous experiments. In general, the impact dynamics are equal to millimeter-sized droplet impact for equal Reynolds-, Weber- and Stokes numbers (Re, We, and St, respectively). Using our numerical model, effective scaling laws for the progression of the boundary layer thickness and the rim diameter are provided. The dimensionless boundary layer thickness develops in time (t) according to δBL ~ D0/√Re(t/τ)0.45, and the diameter of the rim develops as DRim ~ D0/√We(t/τ)0.68, with drop diameter D0 and inertial time scale τ = D0/V0. These scalings differ from previously assumed, but never validated, values. Finally, no splash is observed, at variance with many predictions but in agreement with models including the influence of the surrounding gas. This confirms that the ambient gas properties are key ingredients for splash threshold predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claas Willem Visser
- Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, The Netherlands.
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16
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Abstract
Tailoring the hydrodynamic boundary condition is essential for both applied and fundamental aspects of drag reduction. Hydrodynamic friction on superhydrophobic substrates providing gas-liquid interfaces can potentially be optimized by controlling the interface geometry. Therefore, establishing stable and optimal interfaces is crucial but rather challenging. Here we present unique superhydrophobic microfluidic devices that allow the presence of stable and controllable microbubbles at the boundary of microchannels. We experimentally and numerically examine the effect of microbubble geometry on the slippage at high resolution. The effective slip length is obtained for a wide range of protrusion angles, θ, of the microbubbles into the flow, using a microparticle image velocimetry technique. Our numerical results reveal a maximum effective slip length, corresponding to a 23% drag reduction at an optimal θ ≈ 10°. In agreement with the simulation results, our measurements correspond to up to 21% drag reduction when θ is in the range of -2° to 12°. The experimental and numerical results reveal a decrease in slip length with increasing protrusion angles when >/~ 10°. Such microfluidic devices with tunable slippage are essential for the amplified interfacial transport of fluids and particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Karatay
- Soft Matter, Fluidics, and Interfaces Group, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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