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Fukumoto K, Lee S, Adachi SI, Suzuki Y, Kusakabe K, Yamamoto R, Kitatani M, Ishida K, Nakagawa Y, Merkel M, Shiga D, Kumigashira H. Surface terminations control charge transfer from bulk to surface states in topological insulators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10537. [PMID: 38719934 PMCID: PMC11079079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Topological insulators (TI) hold significant potential for various electronic and optoelectronic devices that rely on the Dirac surface state (DSS), including spintronic and thermoelectric devices, as well as terahertz detectors. The behavior of electrons within the DSS plays a pivotal role in the performance of such devices. It is expected that DSS appear on a surface of three dimensional(3D) TI by mechanical exfoliation. However, it is not always the case that the surface terminating atomic configuration and corresponding band structures are homogeneous. In order to investigate the impact of surface terminating atomic configurations on electron dynamics, we meticulously examined the electron dynamics at the exfoliated surface of a crystalline 3D TI (Bi2 Se3 ) with time, space, and energy resolutions. Based on our comprehensive band structure calculations, we found that on one of the Se-terminated surfaces, DSS is located within the bulk band gap, with no other surface states manifesting within this region. On this particular surface, photoexcited electrons within the conduction band effectively relax towards DSS and tend to linger at the Dirac point for extended periods of time. It is worth emphasizing that these distinct characteristics of DSS are exclusively observed on this particular surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Fukumoto
- High energy accelerator research organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan.
| | - Seunghee Lee
- High energy accelerator research organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Adachi
- High energy accelerator research organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Yuta Suzuki
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusakabe
- University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Rikuto Yamamoto
- University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Motoharu Kitatani
- University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo, 678-1297, Japan
| | - Kunio Ishida
- Utsunomiya University, 7-1-2 Yoto, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8585, Japan
| | | | - Michael Merkel
- FOCUS GmbH, Neukirchner Str.2, 65510, Huenstetten, Germany
| | - Daisuke Shiga
- Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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Chen S, Bylinkin A, Wang Z, Schnell M, Chandan G, Li P, Nikitin AY, Law S, Hillenbrand R. Real-space nanoimaging of THz polaritons in the topological insulator Bi 2Se 3. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1374. [PMID: 35296642 PMCID: PMC8927118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon polaritons in topological insulators attract attention from a fundamental perspective and for potential THz photonic applications. Although polaritons have been observed by THz far-field spectroscopy on topological insulator microstructures, real-space imaging of propagating THz polaritons has been elusive so far. Here, we show spectroscopic THz near-field images of thin Bi2Se3 layers (prototypical topological insulators) revealing polaritons with up to 12 times increased momenta as compared to photons of the same energy and decay times of about 0.48 ps, yet short propagation lengths. From the images we determine and analyze the polariton dispersion, showing that the polaritons can be explained by the coupling of THz radiation to various combinations of Dirac and massive carriers at the Bi2Se3 surfaces, massive bulk carriers and optical phonons. Our work provides critical insights into the nature of THz polaritons in topological insulators and establishes instrumentation and methodology for imaging of THz polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Andrei Bylinkin
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Zhengtianye Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Martin Schnell
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Greeshma Chandan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics & School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | - Alexey Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain. .,CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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3
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Izadi S, Han JW, Salloum S, Wolff U, Schnatmann L, Asaithambi A, Matschy S, Schlörb H, Reith H, Perez N, Nielsch K, Schulz S, Mittendorff M, Schierning G. Interface-Dominated Topological Transport in Nanograined Bulk Bi 2 Te 3. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2103281. [PMID: 34545684 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
3D topological insulators (TI) host surface carriers with extremely high mobility. However, their transport properties are typically dominated by bulk carriers that outnumber the surface carriers by orders of magnitude. A strategy is herein presented to overcome the problem of bulk carrier domination by using 3D TI nanoparticles, which are compacted by hot pressing to macroscopic nanograined bulk samples. Bi2 Te3 nanoparticles well known for their excellent thermoelectric and 3D TI properties serve as the model system. As key enabler for this approach, a specific synthesis is applied that creates nanoparticles with a low level of impurities and surface contamination. The compacted nanograined bulk contains a high number of interfaces and grain boundaries. Here it is shown that these samples exhibit metallic-like electrical transport properties and a distinct weak antilocalization. A downward trend in the electrical resistivity at temperatures below 5 K is attributed to an increase in the coherence length by applying the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka model. THz time-domain spectroscopy reveals a dominance of the surface transport at low frequencies with a mobility of above 103 cm2 V-1 s-1 even at room temperature. These findings clearly demonstrate that nanograined bulk Bi2 Te3 features surface carrier properties that are of importance for technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Izadi
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Physics, Experimental Physics, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Salloum
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wolff
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lauritz Schnatmann
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Physics, Experimental Physics, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aswin Asaithambi
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Matschy
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Heike Schlörb
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Heiko Reith
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas Perez
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kornelius Nielsch
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Metallic Materials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Mittendorff
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Physics, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Gabi Schierning
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Physics, Experimental Physics, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Abstract
Mid- and near-infrared measurements reveal that the optical conductivity of the three-dimensional topological insulator, Bi2Te2Se, is dominated by bulk carriers and shows a linear-in-frequency increase at 0.5 to 0.8 eV. This linearity might be interpreted as a signature of three-dimensional (bulk) Dirac bands; however, band-structure calculations show that transitions between bands with complex dispersion contribute instead to the inter-band optical conductivity at these frequencies and, hence, the observed linearity is accidental. These results warn against the oversimplified interpretations of optical-conductivity measurements in different Dirac materials.
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5
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Ban WJ, Wu DS, Xu B, Luo JL, Xiao H. Revealing 'plasmaron' feature in DySb by optical spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:405701. [PMID: 31242466 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab2d1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and optical spectroscopy study on single crystal sample DySb. It exhibits extremely large magnetoresistance (XMR), and a magnetic phase transition from paramagnetic (PM) to antiferromagnetic (AFM) state at about 10 K. A 'screened' plasma edge at about 4000 cm-1 is revealed by optical measurement, which suggests that the material has a low carrier density. With decreasing temperature, the 'screened' plasma edge shows a blue shift, possibly due to a decrease of the effective mass of carriers. Notably, an anomalous temperature dependent midinfrared absorption feature is observed in the vicinity of the 'screened' plasma edge. In addition, it can be connected to the inflection point in the real part of the dielectric function [Formula: see text], the frequency of which exactly tracks the temperature dependent 'screened' plasma frequency. This phenomena can be explained by the appearance of a coupled electron-plasmon 'plasmaron' feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Ban
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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6
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Crosse JA. Theory of topological insulator waveguides: polarization control and the enhancement of the magneto-electric effect. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43115. [PMID: 28220875 PMCID: PMC5318882 DOI: 10.1038/srep43115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological insulators subject to a time-reversal-symmetry-breaking perturbation are predicted to display a magneto-electric effect that causes the electric and magnetic induction fields to mix at the material's surface. This effect induces polarization rotations of between ≈1-10 mrad per interface in an incident plane-polarized electromagnetic wave normal to a multilayered structure. Here we show, theoretically and numerically, that by using a waveguide geometry with a topological insulator guide layer and magneto-dielectric cladding it is possible to achieve rotations of ≈100 mrad and generate an elliptical polarization with only a three-layered structure. This geometry is beneficial, not only as a way to enhance the magneto-electric effect, rendering it easier to observe, but also as a method for controlling the polarization of electromagnetic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Crosse
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3 117583, Singapore
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7
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Dordevic SV, Foster GM, Wolf MS, Stojilovic N, Lei H, Petrovic C, Chen Z, Li ZQ, Tung LC. Fano q-reversal in topological insulator Bi2Se3. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:165602. [PMID: 27001951 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/16/165602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We studied the magneto-optical response of a canonical topological insulator Bi2Se3 with the goal of addressing a controversial issue of electron-phonon coupling. Magnetic-field induced modifications of reflectance are very pronounced in the infrared part of the spectrum, indicating strong electron-phonon coupling. This coupling causes an asymmetric line-shape of the 60 cm(-1) phonon mode, and is analyzed within the Fano formalism. The analysis reveals that the Fano asymmetry parameter (q) changes sign when the cyclotron resonance is degenerate with the phonon mode. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example of magnetic field driven q-reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Dordevic
- Department of Physics, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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8
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Politano A, Silkin VM, Nechaev IA, Vitiello MS, Viti L, Aliev ZS, Babanly MB, Chiarello G, Echenique PM, Chulkov EV. Interplay of Surface and Dirac Plasmons in Topological Insulators: The Case of Bi_{2}Se_{3}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:216802. [PMID: 26636863 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.216802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated plasmonic excitations at the surface of Bi_{2}Se_{3}(0001) via high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. For low parallel momentum transfer q_{∥}, the loss spectrum shows a distinctive feature peaked at 104 meV. This mode varies weakly with q_{∥}. The behavior of its intensity as a function of primary energy and scattering angle indicates that it is a surface plasmon. At larger momenta (q_{∥}~0.04 Å^{-1}), an additional peak, attributed to the Dirac plasmon, becomes clearly defined in the loss spectrum. Momentum-resolved loss spectra provide evidence of the mutual interaction between the surface plasmon and the Dirac plasmon of Bi_{2}Se_{3}. The proposed theoretical model accounting for the coexistence of three-dimensional doping electrons and two-dimensional Dirac fermions accurately represents the experimental observations. The results reveal novel routes for engineering plasmonic devices based on topological insulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Politano
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - V M Silkin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - I A Nechaev
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - M S Vitiello
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - L Viti
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Z S Aliev
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, ANAS, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijian
- Institute of Physics, ANAS, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijian
| | - M B Babanly
- Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, ANAS, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijian
| | - G Chiarello
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
- CNISM, Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146 Roma, Italy
| | - P M Echenique
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM-Materials Physics Center MPC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
| | - E V Chulkov
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad del País Vasco, Apartado 1072, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
- Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State University, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM-Materials Physics Center MPC, Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, Paseo de Manuel Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Spain
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9
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He X, Zhang H, Lin W, Wei R, Qiu J, Zhang M, Hu B. PVP-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of High-Yielded Bi2Te3 Hexagonal Nanoplates: Application in Passively Q-Switched Fiber Laser. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15868. [PMID: 26511763 PMCID: PMC4625368 DOI: 10.1038/srep15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-yielded Bi2Te3 hexagonal nanoplates were fabricated via a facile solvothermal method with the assistance of poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). Effects of PVP molecular weight and concentration on the morphology and size distribution of the products were illustrated in this study. Molecular weight of PVP is significant for determining the morphology of Bi2Te3. The hexagonal nanoplates with high yield were obtained in the presence of PVP with molecular weight of 40000–45000. The average size and size distribution of Bi2Te3 nanoplates can be slightly varied by controlling concentration of PVP. High-yielded Bi2Te3 nanoplates exhibit characteristics of saturable absorption, identified by open-aperture Z-scan technique. The synthesized Bi2Te3 nanoplates with large saturation intensity of 4.6 GW/cm2 and high modulation depth of 45.95% generated a stable passively Q-switched fiber laser pulse at 1.5 μm. In comparison with recently reported Q-switched fiber lasers utilizing exfoliated Bi2Te3 nanosheets, our passive Q-switching operations could be conducted at a relatively low threshold power of 30.2 mW or a quite high output power of 99.45 mW by tuning the cavity parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.,State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Optical Communication Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Optical Communication Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Optical Communication Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Optical Communication Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices and Institute of Optical Communication Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China
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10
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Cao T, Wang S. Topological insulator metamaterials with tunable negative refractive index in the optical region. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:526. [PMID: 24330596 PMCID: PMC3866564 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A blueshift tunable metamaterial (MM) exhibiting a double-negative refractive index based on a topological insulator (bismuth selenide, Bi2Se3) has been demonstrated in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region. The potential of Bi2Se3 as a dielectric interlayer of the multilayer MM is explored. The optical response of elliptical nanohole arrays penetrating through Au/Bi2Se3/Au films is numerically investigated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. The blueshift tuning range of the MM is as high as 370 nm (from 2,140 to 1,770 nm) after switching the Bi2Se3 between its trigonal and orthorhombic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, People's Republic of China
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11
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Cao T, Wang S, Jiang W. Tunable metamaterials using a topological insulator at near-infrared regime. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42635a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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