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Kundrát V, Novák L, Bukvišová K, Zálešák J, Kolíbalová E, Rosentsveig R, Sreedhara M, Shalom H, Yadgarov L, Zak A, Kolíbal M, Tenne R. Mechanism of WS 2 Nanotube Formation Revealed by in Situ/ ex Situ Imaging. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12284-12294. [PMID: 38698720 PMCID: PMC11100282 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiwall WS2 nanotubes have been synthesized from W18O49 nanowhiskers in substantial amounts for more than a decade. The established growth model is based on the "surface-inward" mechanism, whereby the high-temperature reaction with H2S starts on the nanowhisker surface, and the oxide-to-sulfide conversion progresses inward until hollow-core multiwall WS2 nanotubes are obtained. In the present work, an upgraded in situ SEM μReactor with H2 and H2S sources has been conceived to study the growth mechanism in detail. A hitherto undescribed growth mechanism, named "receding oxide core", which complements the "surface-inward" model, is observed and kinetically evaluated. Initially, the nanowhisker is passivated by several WS2 layers via the surface-inward reaction. At this point, the diffusion of H2S through the already existing outer layers becomes exceedingly sluggish, and the surface-inward reaction is slowed down appreciably. Subsequently, the tungsten suboxide core is anisotropically volatilized within the core close to its tips. The oxide vapors within the core lead to its partial out-diffusion, partially forming a cavity that expands with reaction time. Additionally, the oxide vapors react with the internalized H2S gas, forming fresh WS2 layers in the cavity of the nascent nanotube. The rate of the receding oxide core mode increases with temperatures above 900 °C. The growth of nanotubes in the atmospheric pressure flow reactor is carried out as well, showing that the proposed growth model (receding oxide core) is also relevant under regular reaction parameters. The current study comprehensively explains the WS2 nanotube growth mechanism, combining the known model with contemporary insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Kundrát
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Novák
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Bukvišová
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Zálešák
- Thermo Fisher
Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, 62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Chemistry
and Physics of Materials, University of
Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2A, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Kolíbalová
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Rita Rosentsveig
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - M.B. Sreedhara
- Solid State
and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute
of Science, CV Raman Road, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Hila Shalom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070814, Israel
| | - Lena Yadgarov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 4070814, Israel
| | - Alla Zak
- Faculty of
Science, Holon Institute of Technology, Golomb Street 52, Holon 5810201, Israel
| | - Miroslav Kolíbal
- Central European
Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Kundrat V, Bukvisova K, Novak L, Prucha L, Houben L, Zalesak J, Vukusic A, Holec D, Tenne R, Pinkas J. W 18O 49 Nanowhiskers Decorating SiO 2 Nanofibers: Lessons from In Situ SEM/TEM Growth to Large Scale Synthesis and Fundamental Structural Understanding. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:378-390. [PMID: 38188265 PMCID: PMC10767701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tungsten suboxide W18O49 nanowhiskers are a material of great interest due to their potential high-end applications in electronics, near-infrared light shielding, catalysis, and gas sensing. The present study introduces three main approaches for the fundamental understanding of W18O49 nanowhisker growth and structure. First, W18O49 nanowhiskers were grown from γ-WO3/a-SiO2 nanofibers in situ in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) utilizing a specially designed microreactor (μReactor). It was found that irradiation by the electron beam slows the growth kinetics of the W18O49 nanowhisker, markedly. Following this, an in situ TEM study led to some new fundamental understanding of the growth mode of the crystal shear planes in the W18O49 nanowhisker and the formation of a domain (bundle) structure. High-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis of a cross-sectioned W18O49 nanowhisker revealed the well-documented pentagonal Magnéli columns and hexagonal channel characteristics for this phase. Furthermore, a highly crystalline and oriented domain structure and previously unreported mixed structural arrangement of tungsten oxide polyhedrons were analyzed. The tungsten oxide phases found in the cross section of the W18O49 nanowhisker were analyzed by nanodiffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), which were discussed and compared in light of theoretical calculations based on the density functional theory method. Finally, the knowledge gained from the in situ SEM and TEM experiments was valorized in developing a multigram synthesis of W18O49/a-SiO2 urchin-like nanofibers in a flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Kundrat
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Bukvisova
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC
BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, CZ-61200 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Libor Novak
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prucha
- The
Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of
Scientific Instruments, Kralovopolska 147, CZ-61264 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lothar Houben
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jakub Zalesak
- Thermo
Fisher Scientific, Vlastimila
Pecha 12, CZ-62700 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Str.
2A, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Vukusic
- Department
of Materials Science, Montanuniversität
Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - David Holec
- Department
of Materials Science, Montanuniversität
Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Reshef Tenne
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jiri Pinkas
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk
University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Gavhane D, Sontakke AD, van Huis MA. Thermolysis-Driven Growth of Vanadium Oxide Nanostructures Revealed by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy: Implications for Battery Applications. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:7280-7289. [PMID: 37205293 PMCID: PMC10186331 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the growth modes of 2D transition-metal oxides through direct observation is of vital importance to tailor these materials to desired structures. Here, we demonstrate thermolysis-driven growth of 2D V2O5 nanostructures via in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Various growth stages in the formation of 2D V2O5 nanostructures through thermal decomposition of a single solid-state NH4VO3 precursor are unveiled during the in situ TEM heating. Growth of orthorhombic V2O5 2D nanosheets and 1D nanobelts is observed in real time. The associated temperature ranges in thermolysis-driven growth of V2O5 nanostructures are optimized through in situ and ex situ heating. Also, the phase transformation of V2O5 to VO2 was revealed in real time by in situ TEM heating. The in situ thermolysis results were reproduced using ex situ heating, which offers opportunities for upscaling the growth of vanadium oxide-based materials. Our findings offer effective, general, and simple pathways to produce versatile 2D V2O5 nanostructures for a range of battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dnyaneshwar
S. Gavhane
- Soft
Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials
Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Atul D. Sontakke
- Condensed
Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn A. van Huis
- Soft
Condensed Matter and Biophysics, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials
Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
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Guaiacol to Aromatics: Efficient Transformation over In Situ-Generated Molybdenum and Tungsten Oxides. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of bio-based feedstocks is an important step towards the production of fuels and chemicals from biomass. This paper describes in situ-generated bulk molybdenum and tungsten oxides in the hydrodeoxygenation of the lignin-derived compound guaiacol. The catalysts obtained were studied using powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transition electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The use of metal carbonyls as precursors was shown to promote the formation of amorphous molybdenum oxide and crystalline tungsten phosphide under hydrodeoxygenation conditions. The catalysts’ activity was investigated under various reaction conditions (temperature, H2 pressure, solvent). MoOx was more active in the partial and full hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol at temperatures of 200–380 °C (5 MPa H2, 6 h). However, cyclohexane, which is an undesirable product, was formed in significant amounts using MoOx (5 MPa H2, 6 h), while WOx was more selective to aromatics. When using dodecane as a solvent (380 °C, 5 MPa H2, 6 h), the benzene-toluene-xylenes fraction was obtained with a 96% yield over the WOx catalyst.
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Liu J, Shang H, Pan F, Du Z. Pre-reduction Kinetics of WO 2.72 in a Fluidized Bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Technology University, Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
| | - Feng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Zhan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Sheng L, Chen L, Zhang Z, Wang Y. Atomic-scale observation of pressure-dependent reduction dynamics of W 18O 49 nanowires using environmental TEM. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:16307-16311. [PMID: 28608883 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The real-time observation of structural evolution of materials can provide critical information for understanding their reduction mechanisms under different environments. Herein, we report the atomic-scale observation of the reduction dynamics of W18O49 nanowires (NWs) using environmental transmission electron microscopy. Intriguingly, the reduction pathway is found to be affected by oxygen pressure. Under high oxygen pressure (∼0.095 Pa), a W18O49 NW epitaxially transforms into a WO2 NW via mass transport across the interface between (010)W18O49 and (101)WO2. While under low oxygen pressure (∼0.0004 Pa), the transformation follows the sequence of W18O49(NW) → WO2(NW) → β-W(nanoparticles), which is identified as a new reduction pathway. These findings reveal the pressure-dependent reduction and a new transformation pathway, and extend our current understanding of the reduction dynamics of metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
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7
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Zhang Z, Wang Y, Li H, Yuan W, Zhang X, Sun C, Zhang Z. Atomic-Scale Observation of Vapor-Solid Nanowire Growth via Oscillatory Mass Transport. ACS NANO 2016; 10:763-769. [PMID: 26645527 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ atomic-scale transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can provide critical information regarding growth dynamics and kinetics of nanowires. A catalyst-aided nanowire growth mechanism has been well-demonstrated by this method. By contrast, the growth mechanism of nanowires without catalyst remains elusive because of a lack of crucial information on related growth dynamics at the atomic level. Herein, we present a real-time atomic-scale observation of the growth of tungsten oxide nanowires through an environmental TEM. Our results unambiguously demonstrate that the vapor-solid mechanism dominates the nanowire growth, and the oscillatory mass transport on the nanowire tip maintains the noncatalytic growth. Autocorrelation analysis indicates that adjacent nucleation events in the nanowire growth are independent of each other. These findings may improve the understanding of the vapor-solid growth mechanism of nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfei Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hengbo Li
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wentao Yuan
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Hitachi High Technologies America , Pleasanton, California 94588, United States
| | - Chenghua Sun
- ARC Centre for Electromaterials Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ze Zhang
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
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8
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Chen C, Hu Z, Li Y, Liu L, Mori H, Wang Z. In-Situ High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Investigation of Overheating of Cu Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19545. [PMID: 26785839 PMCID: PMC4726356 DOI: 10.1038/srep19545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesizing and functionalizing metal nanoparticles supported on substrates is currently the subject of intensive study owing to their outstanding catalytic performances for heterogeneous catalysis. Revealing the fundamental effect of the substrates on metal nanoparticles represents a key step in clarifying mechanisms of stability and catalytic properties of these heterogeneous systems. However, direct identification of these effects still poses a significant challenge due to the complicacy of interactions between substrates and nanoparticles and also for the technical difficulty, restraining our understanding of these heterogeneous systems. Here, we combine in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with molecular dynamics simulations to investigate Cu nanoparticles supported on graphite and Cu2O substrates, and demonstrate that melting behavior and thermal stability of Cu nanoparticles can be markedly influenced by substrates. The graphite-supported Cu nanoparticles do not melt during annealing at 1073 K until they vanish completely, i.e. only the sublimation occurs, while the Cu2O-supported Cu nanoparticles suffer melting during annealing at 973 K. Such selective superheating of the Cu nanoparticles can be attributed to the adsorption of a thin carbon layer on the surface of the Cu nanoparticles, which helps guide further stability enhancement of functional nanoparticles for realistic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Chen
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ziyu Hu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, No. 3 He-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfen Li
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Limin Liu
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, No. 3 He-Qing Road, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hirotaro Mori
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Zhangchang Wang
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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9
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Experimental set up for in situ transmission electron microscopy observations of chemical processes. Micron 2012; 43:1147-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Huang C, Tao R, Zhao Y, Chen S, Sun Z, Liu Z. One-pot solvothermal method to synthesize platinum/W18O49 ultrafine nanowires and their catalytic performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm15726d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Chen CL, Arakawa K, Mori H. Two-dimensional metallic tungsten nanowire network fabricated by electron-beam-induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:285304. [PMID: 20562484 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/28/285304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional tungsten nanowires and two-dimensional tungsten nanowire networks were fabricated on a tungsten substrate by using electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) without precursor injection. The as-prepared tungsten nanostructures were studied using a combination of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction. It was revealed that the tungsten nanostructures were composed of pure metallic tungsten. The WO(3) oxide formed in the chemical preparation of tungsten foils was probably the source of tungsten for the fabrication of tungsten nanostructures by EBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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14
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Hummelgård M, Zhang R, Carlberg T, Vengust D, Dvorsek D, Mihailovic D, Olin H. Nanowire transformation and annealing by Joule heating. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:165704. [PMID: 20351407 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/16/165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Joule heating of bundles of Mo(6)S(3)I(6) nanowires, in real time, was studied using in situ TEM probing. TEM imaging, electron diffraction, and conductivity measurements showed a complete transformation of Mo(6)S(3)I(6) into Mo via thermal decomposition. The resulting Mo nanowires had a conductivity that was 2-3 orders higher than the starting material. The conductivity increased even further, up to 1.8 x 10(6) S m( - 1), when the Mo nanowires went through annealing phases. These results suggest that Joule heating might be a general way to transform or anneal nanowires, pointing to applications such as metal nanowire fabrication, novel memory elements based on material transformation, or in situ improvement of field emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Hummelgård
- Department of Natural Sciences, Engineering and Mathematics, Mid Sweden University, SE-851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden.
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15
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Wang D, Li J, Cao X, Pang G, Feng S. Hexagonal mesocrystals formed by ultra-thin tungsten oxide nanowires and their electrochemical behaviour. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:7718-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Chen CL, Furusho H, Mori H. Silver nanowires with a monoclinic structure fabricated by a thermal evaporation method. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:405605. [PMID: 19738296 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/40/405605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires with a monoclinic structure (mono-Ag NWs) were fabricated by a thermal evaporation method for the first time. The crystal lattice parameters of the mono-Ag NWs were calculated using the UnitCell program. They are as follows: a = 0.303 nm, b = 1.140 nm, c = 0.292 nm, and beta = 118.5 degrees. In situ annealing experiments revealed that the as-prepared mono-Ag NWs transited to fcc-Ag NWs during annealing at approximately 1173 K for 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chen
- Research Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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