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Hoang Minh N, Yoon JS, Kang DH, Yoo YE, Kim K. Assembling Vertical Nanogap Arrays with Nanoentities for Highly Sensitive Electrical Biosensing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2274-2280. [PMID: 36717271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanogap biosensors have emerged as promising platforms for detecting and measuring biochemical substances at low concentrations. Although the nanogap biosensors provide high sensitivity, low limit of detection (LOD), and enhanced signal strength, it requires arduous fabrication processes and costly equipment to obtain micro/nanoelectrodes with extremely narrow gaps in a controlled manner. In this work, we report the novel design and fabrication processes of vertical nanogap structures that can electrically detect and quantify low-concentration biochemical substances. Approximately 40 nm gaps are facilely created by magnetically assembling antibody-coated nanowires onto a nanodisk patterned between a pair of microelectrodes. Analyte molecules tagged with conductive nanoparticles are captured and bound to nanowires and bridge over the nanogaps, which consequently causes an abrupt change in the electrical conductivity between the microelectrodes. Using biotin and streptavidin as model antibodies and analytes, we demonstrated that our nanogap biosensors can effectively measure the protein analytes with the LOD of ∼18 pM. The outcome of this research could inspire the design and fabrication of nanogap devices and nanobiosensors, and it would have a broad impact on the development of microfluidics, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Minh
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Yoon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Eun Yoo
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanomechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanoh Kim
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
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2
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Stoukatch S, Dupont F, Redouté JM. Device Processing Challenges for Miniaturized Sensing Systems Targeting Biological Fluids. BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS & DEVICES 2022. [PMCID: PMC9510362 DOI: 10.1007/s44174-022-00034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a review of device processing technologies used in the fabrication of biomedical systems, and highlights the requirements of advanced manufacturing technology. We focus on biomedical systems that perform diagnostics of fluidic specimens, with analytes that are in the liquid phase. In the introduction, we define biomedical systems as well as their versatile applications and the essential current trends. The paper gives an overview of the most important biomolecules that typically must be detected or analyzed in several applications. The paper is structured as follows. First, the conventional architecture and construction of a biosensing system is introduced. We provide an overview of the most common biosensing methods that are currently used for the detection of biomolecules and its analysis. We present an overview of reported biochips, and explain the technology of biofunctionalization and detection principles, including their corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Next, we introduce microfluidics as a method for delivery of the specimen to the biochip sensing area. A special focus lies on material requirements and on manufacturing technology for fabricating microfluidic systems, both for niche and mass-scale production segments. We formulate requirements and constraints for integrating the biochips and microfluidic systems. The possible impacts of the conventional microassembly techniques and processing methods on the entire biomedical system and its specific parts are also described. On that basis, we explain the need for alternative microassembly technologies to enable the integration of biochips and microfluidic systems into fully functional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Stoukatch
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - F. Dupont
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
| | - J.-M. Redouté
- Microsys Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Liege University, Seraing, Belgium
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3
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Xing J, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zeng X. Nanomaterial assisted diagnosis of dopamine to determine attention deficit hyperactivity disorder - ‘An issue with Chinese children’. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Arjmandi-Tash H, van Deursen PM, Bellunato A, de Sere C, Overchenko Z, Gupta KBS, Schneider GF. Supramolecular Multilayered Templates for Fabricating Nanometer-Precise Spacings: Implications for the Next-Generation of Devices Integrating Nanogap/Nanochannel Components. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2020; 3:10586-10590. [PMID: 33283172 PMCID: PMC7706106 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.0c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Molecular transistors, electromagnetic waveguides, plasmonic devices, and novel generations of nanofluidic channels comprise precisely separated gaps of nanometric and subnanometric spacing. Nonetheless, fabricating a nanogap/nanochannel is a technological challenge, currently tackled by several approaches such as breakdown electromigration and lithography. The aforementioned techniques, though, are limited, respectively, in terms of gap stability and ultimate resolution. Here, nanogaps/nanochannels are templated via the microtomy of metallic thin films embedded in a polymer matrix and precisely separated by a nanometric, sacrificial layer of polyelectrolytes grown via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach. The versatility of the LbL technique, both in terms of the number of layers and composition of polyelectrolytes, allows to finely tune the spacing across the gap; the LbL template can further be removed by plasma etching. Our findings pave the path toward the realization of molecularly defined functional spacings at the nanometer-scale for the modular implementation of devices integrating nanogap/nanochannel components.
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5
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Torres Alonso E, Shin D, Rajan G, Neves AIS, Russo S, Craciun MF. Water-Based Solution Processing and Wafer-Scale Integration of All-Graphene Humidity Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802318. [PMID: 31406661 PMCID: PMC6685499 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
One of the main advantages of 2D materials for various applications is that they can be prepared in form of water-based solutions. The high yield and cost-effectiveness of this method make them of great interest for printed electronics, composites, and bio- and healthcare technologies. However, once deposited on a substrate, etching away these solution-processed materials is a difficult task, yet crucial for pattern definition and thus device fabrication. In particular, the realization of micrometer-sized patterns requires mesh and paste optimization when screen-printed or solvent-engineered and surface functionalization when inkjet-printed, both usually involving additional postdeposition steps. These constraints are holding back the integration of these 2D materials in devices and applications. In this work, a method for the fabrication of micrometer-sized well-defined patterns in water-based 2D materials is presented, with an extensive characterization of the films and patterns obtained. The method is ultimately used to create humidity sensors with performance comparable to that of commercial ones. These sensor devices are fabricated onto a 4' silicon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wafers to create all-graphene humidity sensors that are flexible, transparent, and compatible with current complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and roll-to-roll workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Torres Alonso
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
| | - Dong‐Wook Shin
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
| | - Gopika Rajan
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
| | - Ana I. S. Neves
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
| | - Monica F. Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterEX4 4QFExeterUK
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6
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An extended core nanocoax pillar architecture for enhanced molecular detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 134:83-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Proust J, Martin J, Gérard D, Bijeon JL, Plain J. Detecting a Zeptogram of Pyridine with a Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Nanosensor. ACS Sens 2019; 4:586-594. [PMID: 30735031 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to their small sensing volume, nanosensors based on localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR) allow the detection of minute amounts of analytes, down to the single-molecule limit. However, the detected analytes are often large molecules, such as proteins. The detection of small molecules remains largely unexplored. Here, we use a hybrid photonic-plasmonic nanosensor to detect a small target molecule (pyridine). The sensor's design is based on a dielectric photonic microstructure acting as an antenna, which efficiently funnels light toward a plasmonic transducer and enhances the detection efficiency. This sensor exhibits a limit of detection as small as 10-14 mol L-1. Using a calibration procedure based on electrodynamical numerical simulations, we compute the number of detected molecules. This yields a limit of detection in mass of 4 zeptograms (1 zg = 10-21 g), a record value for plasmonic molecular sensors. Our system can hence be seen as an optical molecular weighing scale, enabling room temperature detection of mass at the zeptogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Proust
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes CEDEX, France
| | - Jérôme Martin
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes CEDEX, France
| | - Davy Gérard
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes CEDEX, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bijeon
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes CEDEX, France
| | - Jérôme Plain
- Light, Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies (L2n), Institut Charles Delaunay, CNRS, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 10000 Troyes CEDEX, France
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8
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Detection of binary amino acid in aqueous solution using double gate graphene nano-ribbon field effect transistor. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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9
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Ghobaei Namhil Z, Kemp C, Verrelli E, Iles A, Pamme N, Adawi AM, Kemp NT. A label-free aptamer-based nanogap capacitive biosensor with greatly diminished electrode polarization effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:681-691. [PMID: 30543220 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05510f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A significant impediment to the use of impedance spectroscopy in bio-sensing is the electrode polarization effect that arises from the movement of free ions to the electrode-solution interface, forming an electrical double layer (EDL). The EDL screens the dielectric response of the bulk and its large capacitance dominates the signal response at low frequency, masking information particularly relevant for biological samples, such as molecular conformation changes and DNA hybridization. The fabrication of nanogap capacitors with electrode separation less than the EDL thickness can significantly reduce electrode polarization effects and provide enormous improvement in sensitivity due to better matching of the sensing volume with the size of the target entities. We report on the fabrication of a horizontal thin-film nanogap capacitive sensor with electrode separation of 40 nm that shows almost no electrode polarization effects when measured with water and ionic buffer solutions, thereby allowing direct quantification of their relative permittivity at low frequencies. Surface modification of the electrodes with thiol-functionalized single strand DNA aptamers transforms the device into a label-free biosensor with high sensitivity and selectivity towards the detection of a specific protein. Using this approach, we have developed a biosensor for the detection of human alpha thrombin. In addition, we also examine frequency dependent permittivity measurements on high ionic strength solutions contained within the nanogap and discuss how these support recent experimental observations of large Debye lengths. A large shift in the Debye relaxation frequency to lower frequency is also found, which is consistent with water molecules being in a rigid-like state, possibly indicating the formation of an ordered "ice-like" phase. Altogether, this work highlights the need for better understanding of fluids in confined, nanoscale geometries, from which important new applications in sensing may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghobaei Namhil
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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10
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Terse-Thakoor T, Ramnani P, Villarreal C, Yan D, Tran TT, Pham T, Mulchandani A. Graphene nanogap electrodes in electrical biosensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:838-844. [PMID: 30602266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Graphene nanogap electrodes are reported here for the first time in an electrical biosensor for the detection of biomolecular interactions. Streptavidin-biotin was chosen as a model system for evaluating the sensor's performance. High-affinity interactions of streptavidin-gold nanoparticles (strep-AuNPs) to the biotin-functionalized nanogap localizes AuNPs, thereby bridging the gap and resulting in changes in device conductance. Biosensing performance was optimized by varying the gap size, AuNP diameter, and streptavidin coverage on AuNPs. The sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) of streptavidin detection with the optimized parameters were determined to be 0.3 µA/nM and 0.25 pM, respectively. The proposed platform suggests high potential as a portable point-of-use biosensor for the detection of other affinity-based biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody, nucleic acid, or chemo-selective interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trupti Terse-Thakoor
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
| | - Pankaj Ramnani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Claudia Villarreal
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Dong Yan
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Thien-Toan Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Tung Pham
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States; Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States.
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11
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Voltammetric immunoassay for the human blood clotting factor IX by using nanogapped dielectrode junctions modified with gold nanoparticle-conjugated antibody. Mikrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2389-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Microarrays of biological molecules such as DNAs, proteins, carbohydrates, and small molecules provide a high-throughput platform for screening tens of thousands of biomolecular interactions simultaneously, facilitating the functional characterization of these biomolecules in areas of genomics, proteomics, glycomics, and cytomics. Routinely, analysis of binding reactions between solution-phased probes and surface-immobilized targets involves some kinds of fluorescence-based detection methods. Even though these methods have advantages of high sensitivity and wide dynamic range, labeling probes and/or targets inevitably changes their innate properties and in turn affects probe-target interactions in often uncharacterized ways. Therefore, in recent years, various label-free sensing technologies have been developed for characterizing biomolecular interactions in microarray format. These biosensors, to a certain extent, take the place of fluorescent methods by providing a comparable sensitivity as well as retaining the conformational and functional integrality of biomolecules to be investigated. More importantly, some of these biosensors are capable of real-time monitoring probe-target interactions, providing the binding affinities of these reactions. Using label-free biosensors in microarrays has become a current trend in developing high-throughput screening platforms for drug discoveries and applications in all areas of "-omics." This article is aimed to provide principles and recent developments in label-free sensing technologies applicable to microarrays, with special attentions being paid to surface plasmon resonance microscopy and oblique-incidence reflectivity difference microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, 24205.
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13
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Modeling of Integrated Nanoneedle-Microfluidic System for Single Cell Temperature Measurement. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/app6120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotube Based Biosensors for Protein Detection. Bioengineering (Basel) 2016; 3:bioengineering3040023. [PMID: 28952585 PMCID: PMC5597266 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) Field Effect Transistor (FET)-based biosensing platform for real-time and sensitive protein detections is proposed. Aligned nanotubes were synthesized on quartz substrate using catalyst contact stamping, surface-guided morphological growth and chemical vapor deposition gas-guided growth methods. Real-time detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using as-prepared FET biosensors was demonstrated. The kinetic measurements of the biosensor revealed that the drain current (Id) decreased exponentially as the concentration of PSA increased, indicating that the proposed FET sensor is capable of quantitative protein detection within a detection window of up to 1 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved by the proposed platform was demonstrated to be 84 pM, which is lower than the clinically relevant level (133 pM) of PSA in blood. Additionally, the reported aligned CNT biosensor is a uniform sensing platform that could be extended to real-time detections of various biomarkers.
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15
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Lead-Free Piezoelectric Diaphragm Biosensors Based on Micro-Machining Technology and Chemical Solution Deposition. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16010069. [PMID: 26771617 PMCID: PMC4732102 DOI: 10.3390/s16010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a new approach to the fabrication of integrated silicon-based piezoelectric diaphragm-type biosensors by using sodium potassium niobate-silver niobate (0.82KNN-0.18AN) composite lead-free thin film as the piezoelectric layer. The piezoelectric diaphragms were designed and fabricated by micro-machining technology and chemical solution deposition. The fabricated device was very sensitive to the mass changes caused by various targets attached on the surface of diaphragm. The measured mass sensitivity value was about 931 Hz/μg. Its good performance shows that the piezoelectric diaphragm biosensor can be used as a cost-effective platform for nucleic acid testing.
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16
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Sun YS. Use of Microarrays as a High-Throughput Platform for Label-Free Biosensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:334-53. [DOI: 10.1177/2211068215577570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Lam B, Zhou W, Kelley SO, Sargent EH. Programmable definition of nanogap electronic devices using self-inhibited reagent depletion. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6940. [PMID: 25914024 PMCID: PMC4423216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrodes exhibiting controlled nanoscale separations are required in devices for light detection, semiconductor electronics and medical diagnostics. Here we use low-cost lithography to define micron-separated electrodes, which we downscale to create three-dimensional electrodes separated by nanoscale gaps. Only by devising a new strategy, which we term electrochemical self-inhibited reagent depletion, were we able to produce a robust self-limiting nanogap manufacturing technology. We investigate the method using experiment and simulation and find that, when electrodeposition is carried out using micron-spaced electrodes simultaneously poised at the same potential, these exhibit self-inhibited reagent depletion, leading to defined and robust nanogaps. Particularly remarkable is the formation of fractal electrodes that exhibit interpenetrating jagged elements that consistently avoid electrical contact. We showcase the new technology by fabricating photodetectors with responsivities (A/W) that are one hundred times higher than previously reported photodetectors operating at the same low (1-3 V) voltages. The new strategy adds to the nanofabrication toolkit method that unites top-down template definition with bottom-up three-dimensional nanoscale features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Wendi Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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18
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Species Authentication Methods in Foods and Feeds: the Present, Past, and Future of Halal Forensics. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Gao P, Zhang Q, Li H, Chan-Park MB. Self-aligned sub-10-nm nanogap electrode array for large-scale integration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2195-2200. [PMID: 21626689 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201100448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach to creating a gap on the nanometer scale between two adjacent electrodes of the same or different metals is described. The gap size can be well controlled through sidewall coverage in a self-aligned manner and it can be tuned from 60 nm down to 5 nm with high reproducibility. This technique is fully compatible with traditional microfabrication technology and it is easily implemented to fabricate a nanogap electrode array for integration purposes. An array of short-channel single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingqi Gao
- Microelectronics Centre, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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20
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Han G, Weber D, Neubrech F, Yamada I, Mitome M, Bando Y, Pucci A, Nagao T. Infrared spectroscopic and electron microscopic characterization of gold nanogap structure fabricated by focused ion beam. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:275202. [PMID: 21597137 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Using infrared spectroscopy of plasmonic resonances and mapping of elemental composition and structure, we investigated the correlation between optical and structural properties of nanometre-scale gaps in gold nanorod dimers fabricated by electron beam lithography (EBL) and focused ion beam (FIB) milling. In spite of their very similar scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, a fully cut nanogap and a shallower cut with slight imperfection near the gap region were clearly distinguished by their strongly different infrared plasmonic resonance behaviour. The differences in the infrared spectra are related to different structural and chemical results from elaborated cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) mapping of the gap region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Han
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
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21
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Cho H, Kim SK, Jung Y, Jung J, Chung BH. Electric detection of target DNA by fabricating gold nanowire bridges on planar nanogap electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5756-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Ryu SW, Kim CJ, Kim S, Seo M, Yun C, Yoo S, Choi YK. Fullerene-derivative-embedded nanogap field-effect-transistor and its nonvolatile memory application. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:1617-1621. [PMID: 20629051 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200902410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Wan Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Information Science & Technology, KAIST, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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