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New Insights into the Cellular Toxicity of Carbon Quantum Dots to Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122475. [PMID: 36552683 PMCID: PMC9774514 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the cytotoxicity and toxic mechanism of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) to E. coli were evaluated in vitro. The synthetic CQDs were extremely small in size (~2.08 nm) and displayed strong fluorescence. The results demonstrated that CQDs showed good biocompatibility with E. coli within a short culture time. However, when the exposure time exceeded 24 h, the toxicity of CQDs became apparent, and the contents of reactive oxygen species, lactate dehydrogenase, and the crystal violet absorption rate increased significantly. To further explore the cytotoxic mechanism, approaches including confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and biological transmission electron microscopy combined with zeta potential tests, osmotic pressure measurement, and comet assays were performed. On the one hand, the CQDs altered the surface charges of cells and induced lipid peroxidation by adhesion on the surface of E. coli, leading to an increase in the permeability of the cell wall. On the other hand, when the concentration of CQDs reached 200 µg/mL, the osmotic pressure of the extracellular environment was significantly reduced. These are the main factors that lead to cell edema and death. Finally, the comet assays confirmed that CQDs could induce DNA damage, which could inhibit the proliferation of E. coli.
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2
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Fang Q, Xiao Y, Zhang R, Yin J, Xie D, Wang X. Arginine–glycine–aspartate (RGD)-targeted positron-labeled dendritic polylysine nanoprobe for tumor PET imaging. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23276-23285. [PMID: 35520297 PMCID: PMC9054685 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the optimization of the 68Ga radiolabeling of the dendritic polylysine-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid conjugate (DGL-NOTA). Under pH = 4.0, reaction temperature of 70 °C, and incubation time of 10.0 min, the conjugate (DGL-NOTA) radiochemical yield was between 50% and 70%. After separation and purification, the radiochemical purity was greater than 98%. The radiolabeled formulation (68Ga-NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC) remained stable in both phosphate buffer and serum (all radiochemically greater than 95%) for up to 2 hours with a specific activity of 30 GBq/μmol. Cellular experimental studies have shown that radiolabeled preparations can rapidly enter U87MG cells, and after 2 hours, there was still retention of imaging agents in the cells. In vivo distribution studies had shown that the tracer is excreted by the kidneys. Two hours after injecting the imaging agent, the U87MG tumor tissue uptake value was (4.67 ± 0.09)% ID/g. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in animals showed that 68Ga-NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC had good targeting and can be enriched in tumor sites. Through hemolysis testing and morphological changes of red blood cells, it was proved that NOTA-DGL-PEG-RGDyC has good blood compatibility. This work investigated the optimization of the 68Ga radiolabeling of the dendritic polylysine-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid conjugate (DGL-NOTA).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- The First Clinical Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
| | - Yongcheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Rongqin Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command
- PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Jilin Yin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- General Hospital of Southern Theater Command
- PLA
- Guangzhou 510010
- China
| | - Deming Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technological Research Center for Drug Carrier Development
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- The First Clinical Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
- Guangzhou 510120
- China
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3
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Mirnajafizadeh F, Ramsey D, McAlpine S, Wang F, Stride JA. Nanoparticles for Bioapplications: Study of the Cytotoxicity of Water Dispersible CdSe(S) and CdSe(S)/ZnO Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E465. [PMID: 30897752 PMCID: PMC6474084 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have unique optical and physical properties that make them potential imaging tools in biological and medical applications. However, concerns over the aqueous dispersivity, toxicity to cells, and stability in biological environments may limit the use of QDs in such applications. Here, we report an investigation into the cytotoxicity of aqueously dispersed CdSe(S) and CdSe(S)/ZnO core/shell QDs in the presence of human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT-116) and a human skin fibroblast cell line (WS1). The cytotoxicity of the precursor solutions used in the synthesis of the CdSe(S) QDs was also determined in the presence of HCT-116 cells. CdSe(S) QDs were found to have a low toxicity at concentrations up to 100 µg/mL, with a decreased cell viability at higher concentrations, indicating a highly dose-dependent response. Meanwhile, CdSe(S)/ZnO core/shell QDs exhibited lower toxicity than uncoated QDs at higher concentrations. Confocal microscopy images of HCT-116 cells after incubation with CdSe(S) and CdSe(S)/ZnO QDs showed that the cells were stable in aqueous concentrations of 100 µg of QDs per mL, with no sign of cell necrosis, confirming the cytotoxicity data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Ramsey
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Shelli McAlpine
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - John Arron Stride
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Maurya N, Maurya JK, Singh UK, Dohare R, Zafaryab M, Moshahid Alam Rizvi M, Kumari M, Patel R. In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Interaction of Noscapine with Human Serum Albumin: Effect on Structure and Esterase Activity of HSA. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:952-966. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Maurya
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Maurya
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Singh
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Ravins Dohare
- Nonlinear Dynamic Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md Zafaryab
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - M. Moshahid Alam Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Meena Kumari
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, IIT Delhi, Hauzkhas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rajan Patel
- Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
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5
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Jin JC, Wu XJ, Xu J, Wang BB, Jiang FL, Liu Y. Ultrasmall silver nanoclusters: Highly efficient antibacterial activity and their mechanisms. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:247-257. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00717a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We study the antibacterial activities of bifunctional fluorescent DHLA-AgNCs against three types of bacteria, and the antibacterial mechanisms against differentE. colistrains are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Bei-Bei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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Liu W, Yao J, Jin J, Ma J, Masakorala K. Microbial Toxicity of a Type of Carbon Dots to Escherichia coli. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:506-514. [PMID: 26353753 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (Cdots), as a class of novel photoluminescence nanoprobes, has attracted tremendous interest for its broad application in recent years. Thus, the toxicity and behavior of Cdots in biological systems become important fundamental problems that require significant attention. In this study, Cdots with diameters of 5 nm are produced using mixed-acid treatment. The Cdots exhibit strong yellow fluorescence under UV irradiation and shifted emission peaks as the excitation wavelength is changed. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) are applied as testing model to study the biological effect of Cdots on the cell growth by microcalorimetric, spectroscopic, and microscopic investigation. The introducing of Cdots caused a gradual increase of the maximum heat power (P peak) and the total heat produced (Q total) at low concentrations (0.0-5.00 mg/L). The metabolism rate constant (k) and half inhibitory concentration (IC50) were calculated from the microcalorimetric data. The results indicated that Cdots had a concentration-dependent effect on the growth of E. coli. For confirmation, the growth curves and colony-forming units at different concentration of Cdots were studied. The morphology of E. coli in the absence and presence of Cdots was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of these studies were in agreement well with the analysis explored from microcalorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology of Chinese Ministry of Education, and Sino-Hungarian Joint Laboratory of Environmental Science and Health, China University of Geoscience, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jingnan Jin
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaheng Ma
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and National International Cooperation Based on Environment and Energy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kanaji Masakorala
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka.
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Thermodynamic Properties of the Site-selective Binding of a Bromo-hydrazone and Its Unsubstituted Analogue to Human Serum Albumin. J SOLUTION CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-015-0303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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8
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Mei J, Yang LY, Lai L, Xu ZQ, Wang C, Zhao J, Jin JC, Jiang FL, Liu Y. The interactions between CdSe quantum dots and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: adhesion of quantum dots to the cell surface and the protection effect of ZnS shell. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:92-99. [PMID: 25048893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between quantum dots (QDs) and biological systems have attracted increasing attention due to concerns on possible toxicity of the nanoscale materials. The biological effects of CdSe QDs and CdSe/ZnS QDs with nearly identical hydrodynamic size on Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated via microcalorimetric, spectroscopic and microscopic methods, demonstrating a toxic order CdSe>CdSe/ZnS QDs. CdSe QDs damaged yeast cell wall and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Noteworthy, adhesion of QDs to the yeast cell surface renders this work a good example of interaction site at cell surface, and the epitaxial coating of ZnS could greatly reduce the toxicity of Cd-containing QDs. These results will contribute to the safety evaluation of quantum dots, and provide valuable information for design of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Li-Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Lu Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Life Science and Chemistry, Wuhan Donghu University, Wuhan 430212, PR China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Jian-Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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9
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Tong JQ, Tian FF, Liu Y, Jiang FL. Comprehensive study of the adsorption of an acylhydrazone derivative by serum albumin: unclassical static quenching. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09107h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NCH binds to both HSA and BSA in site I and causes unclassical static quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qiang Tong
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jinzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jinzhou 434023, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (MOE)
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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10
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Wang J, Xiang C, Tian FF, Xu ZQ, Jiang FL, Liu Y. Investigating the interactions of a novel anticancer delocalized lipophilic cation and its precursor compound with human serum albumin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46997b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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11
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Toxicity evaluation of CdTe quantum dots with different size on Escherichia coli. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:1233-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Han X, Lai L, Tian F, Jiang FL, Xiao Q, Li Y, Yu Q, Li D, Wang J, Zhang Q, Zhu B, Li R, Liu Y. Toxicity of CdTe quantum dots on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2680-2689. [PMID: 22674770 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Along with the widespread development of their bioapplications, concerns about the biosafety of quantum dots (QDs) have increasingly attracted intensive attention. This study examines the toxic effect and subcellular location of cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs with different sizes against yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The innovative approach is based on the combination of microcalorimetric, spectroscopic, electrochemical, and microscopic methods, which allows analysis of the toxic effect of CdTe QDs on S. cerevisiae and its mechanism. According to the values of the half inhibitory concentration (IC(50)), CdTe QDs exhibit marked cytotoxicity in yeast cells at concentrations as low as 80.81 nmol L(-1) for green-emitting CdTe QDs and 17.07 nmol L(-1) for orange-emitting CdTe QDs. QD-induced cell death is characterized by cell wall breakage and cytoplasm blebbing. These findings suggest that QDs with sizes ranging from 4.1 to 5.8 nm can be internalized into yeast cells, which then leads to QD-induced cytotoxicity. These studies provide valuable information for the design and development of aqueous QDs for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, PR China
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13
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Tian FF, Li JH, Jiang FL, Han XL, Xiang C, Ge YS, Li LL, Liu Y. The adsorption of an anticancer hydrazone by protein: an unusual static quenching mechanism. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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14
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Tong JQ, Tian FF, Li Q, Li LL, Xiang C, Liu Y, Dai J, Jiang FL. Probing the adverse temperature dependence in the static fluorescence quenching of BSA induced by a novel anticancer hydrazone. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1868-79. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Li J, Zhang Y, Xiao Q, Tian F, Liu X, Li R, Zhao G, Jiang F, Liu Y. Mitochondria as target of quantum dots toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 194:440-444. [PMID: 21872986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise in many biological applications, with the persistence of safety concerns about the environment and human health. The present work investigated the potential toxicity of CdTe QDs on the function of mitochondria isolated from rat livers by examining mitochondrial respiration, swelling, and lipid peroxidation. We observed that QDs can significantly affect the mitochondrial membrane properties, bioenergetics and induce mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). These results will help us learn more about QDs toxicity at subcellular (mitochondrial) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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16
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A strategy for the detection of quality fluctuation of a Chinese herbal injection based on chemical fingerprinting combined with biological fingerprinting. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:436-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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