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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of recent developments in the field of volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, which are finding uses in healthcare, safety, environmental monitoring, food and agriculture, oil industry, and other fields. It starts by briefly explaining the basics of VOC sensing and reviewing the currently available and quickly progressing VOC sensing approaches. It then discusses the main trends in materials' design with special attention to nanostructuring and nanohybridization. Emerging sensing materials and strategies are highlighted and their involvement in the different types of sensing technologies is discussed, including optical, electrical, and gravimetric sensors. The review also provides detailed discussions about the main limitations of the field and offers potential solutions. The status of the field and suggestions of promising directions for future development are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khatib
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Ovalle S, Malardier-Jugroot C. Choice of Functional for Iron Porphirin Density Functional Theory Studies: Geometry, Spin-State, and Binding Energy Analysis. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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A 2BC-Type Porphyrin SAM on Gold Surface for Bacteria Detection Applications: Synthesis and Surface Functionalization. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081934. [PMID: 33924427 PMCID: PMC8070129 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently used elaborate technologies for the detection of bacteria can be improved in regard to their time consumption, labor intensity, accuracy and reproducibility. Well-known electrical measurement methods might connect highly sensitive sensing systems with biological requirements. The development of modified sensor surfaces with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from functionalized porphyrin for bacteria trapping can lead to a highly sensitive sensor for bacteria detection. Different A2BC-type porphyrin structures were synthesized and examined regarding their optical behavior. We achieved the synthesis of a porphyrin for SAM formation on a gold surface as electrode material. Two possible bio linkers were attached on the opposite meso-position of the porphyrin, which allows the porphyrin to react as a linker on the surface for bacteria trapping. Different porphyrin structures were attached to a gold surface, the SAM formation and the respective coverage was investigated.
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SnSe2-Zn-Porphyrin Nanocomposite Thin Films for Threshold Methane Concentration Detection at Room Temperature. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8040134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposite thin films, sensitive to methane at the room temperature (25–30 °C), have been prepared, starting from SnSe2 powder and Zn(II)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4-aminophenyl)- -porphyrin (ZnTAPP) powder, that were fully characterized by XRD, UV-VIS, FT-IR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), SEM and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) techniques. Film deposition was made by drop casting from a suitable solvent for the two starting materials, after mixing them in an ultrasonic bath. The thickness of these films were estimated from SEM images, and found to be around 1.3 μm. These thin films proved to be sensitive to a threshold methane (CH4) concentration as low as 1000 ppm, at a room temperature of about 25 °C, without the need for heating the sensing element. The nanocomposite material has a prompt and reproducible response to methane in the case of air, with 50% relative humidity (RH) as well. A comparison of the methane sensing performances of our new nanocomposite film with that of other recently reported methane sensitive materials is provided. It is suitable for signaling gas presence before reaching the critical lower explosion limit concentration of methane at 50,000 ppm.
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Di Natale C. Roberto Paolesse and the sensors group at the university of Rome Tor Vergata: (“ the world will always welcome ‘ chemists, ’ as time goes by…” ). J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma; Italy
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Orzechowska S, Mazurek A, Świsłocka R, Lewandowski W. Electronic Nose: Recent Developments in Gas Sensing and Molecular Mechanisms of Graphene Detection and Other Materials. MATERIALS 2019; 13:ma13010080. [PMID: 31877901 PMCID: PMC6981730 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Keywords: graphene; electronic nose; carbon nanotubes; porphyrins; conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Orzechowska
- M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-664-4637
| | - Andrzej Mazurek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (W.L.)
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (R.Ś.); (W.L.)
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Self-Assembled Nanoscaled Metalloporphyrin for Optical Detection of Dimethylmethylphosphonate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:7689183. [PMID: 31011578 PMCID: PMC6442447 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7689183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly approach has been widely adopted in the effort to design and prepare functional materials. Herein, we report the synthesis and optical properties of metalloporphyrin nanoparticles. Nanoscaled particles of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin manganese (MnTPP) and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin indium (InTPP) were produced in the water/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) mixed solution by self-assembly approach. The absorbance intensity at the characteristic peak of the monomeric and nanoscaled metalloporphyrins decreased when they interact with dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP). Detection limits of MnTPP and InTPP nanoparticles to DMMP were 10−9 and 10−10 L/L, respectively, and detection limits of monomeric MnTPP and InTPP to DMMP were 10−6 and 10−7 L/L, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on MnTPP and InTPP with DMMP as axial ligands had been performed in the B3LYP/6-31g (d) approximation. Their optimized geometries and binding energies were found to depend very strongly on the central metal ion, and InTPP was more sensitive for DMMP detection in contract to MnTPP. All the experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that nanoscaled metalloporphyrin have potential prospects in determination for public safety.
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Zhu P, Li S, Jiang X, Wang Q, Fan F, Yan M, Zhang Y, Zhao P, Yu J. Noninvasive and Wearable Respiration Sensor Based on Organic Semiconductor Film with Strong Electron Affinity. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10320-10327. [PMID: 31267731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interventional medical detection techniques require expensive devices and cause inconvenience and discomfort to the human body, which restricts their application to the frequency and duration of measurements. A noninvasive respiration test is urgently required for the next-generation medical technologies in early disease warning and postoperative monitoring. This article describes a noninvasive and wearable sensing device that shows high sensitivity toward acetone in respiratory gases with excellent stability, low energy consumption, and reliable flexibility. To obtain such a sensor, the organic semiconductor compound La(TBPP)(TBNc) (TBPP = tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrin; TBNc = tetrakis(4-tert-butylphenyl)naphthalocyanine) was synthesized and further self-assembled into a highly ordered flexible film via a simple solution-vapor annealing method. The fabricated flexible film was deposited on an interdigitated electrode with poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate and employed as an electrical identification component for a respiration sensor. Thanks to the attractive electron-transfer properties of highly ordered films and strong electron affinity of La(TBPP)(TBNc) molecules, the as-prepared sensor shows a low detection limit (200 ppb) and acceptable selectivity. The wrinkled/rippled structure of films endows the fabricated sensors with the ability of mechanical flexibility. More importantly, the experimental results suggest the potential application of acetone identification in real respiratory gases and provide a new concept for the development of noninvasive and wearable medical diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peihua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Fuqing Fan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Materials , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fluorine Chemistry and Chemical Materials , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peini Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Wu H, Fu Y, Yan M, Xu W, Cao H, He Q, Cheng J. A very sensitive and highly selective organic selector in CNTs composite chemiresistive for efficient differentiation of organic amine vapours. Talanta 2019; 199:698-704. [PMID: 30952317 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the call for the IoE (Internet of Everything), stable and efficient electric noses/tongues have become the most critical part of the sensor network. Identifying target gases efficiently and rapidly at ambient air becomes a focus on sensor research. We designed a chemiresistive sensor based on a composite of a specific selector and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for the detection and differentiation of organic amine vapours in air (25 ℃, 55% RH). The synergetic combination of F4-TCNQ (2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanoquinodimethane) and SWCNTs could modulate the electrical properties of sensor leading to the enhancement of response up to ppb-level for primary amine vapor detection. Different from traditional chemiresistive sensor, this sensing materials exhibit unique differences in response to different types of amines thought different mechanisms. We have proven the practical possibilities through the detection of the simulated complexed environmental atmosphere in industrial production. Furthermore, we explored the working mechanism of high-performance sensors, which could provide theoretical guidance for sensor design for more commercial applications. This study provided a simple, convenient, and highly efficient practical method for organic amine detection at ambient air for real-life applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Chen
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Huafeng Wu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Mingzhu Yan
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.
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Sarkar T, Srinives S, Rodriquez A, Mulchandani A. Single-walled Carbon Nanotube-Calixarene Based Chemiresistor for Volatile Organic Compounds. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Sarkar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of California; Riverside, California - 92521 USA
- University School of Chemical Technology; Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, Sector−16C; New Delhi India - 110078
| | - Sira Srinives
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of California; Riverside, California - 92521 USA
- Chemical Engineering Department; Mahidol University; 25/25 Puttamonthon 4 Road Nakorn Pathom Thailand - 73170
| | - Armando Rodriquez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of California; Riverside, California - 92521 USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of California; Riverside, California - 92521 USA
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Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Magna G, Mandoj F, Monti D, Nardis S, Stefanelli M, Paolesse R. Porphyrins for olfaction mimic: The Rome Tor Vergata approach. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The impressive chemistry shown by porphyrins in natural systems is particularly attractive for exploitation in chemical sensors. In these devices the sensing mechanisms can mimic most of the porphyrin biological reactivity, such as reversible binding, activation of small molecules, redox activity, and photoactivated processes. The simultaneous presence of multiple binding mechanisms allows porphyrins to interact with a large variety of analytes. This feature reduces the selectivity, but prompts the development of sensor arrays, where the cross-selectivity of more sensors is used to classify and identify samples characterized by a complex composition. Since 1995 the Sensors Group of the University of Rome Tor Vergata has exploited these features to prepare sensor arrays based on different transducers and aimed at several applications. These kinds of devices have been reported as electronic noses (gaseous phase analytes) and electronic tongues (liquid phase analytes) to underline that their working mechanisms are tentatively similar to that of biological senses. We report here some of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Di Natale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettronica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Mandoj
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy
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Savagatrup S, Schroeder V, He X, Lin S, He M, Yassine O, Salama KN, Zhang XX, Swager TM. Bio-Inspired Carbon Monoxide Sensors with Voltage-Activated Sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14066-14070. [PMID: 28952172 PMCID: PMC5658252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) outcompetes oxygen when binding to the iron center of hemeproteins, leading to a reduction in blood oxygen level and acute poisoning. Harvesting the strong specific interaction between CO and the iron porphyrin provides a highly selective and customizable sensor. We report the development of chemiresistive sensors with voltage-activated sensitivity for the detection of CO comprising iron porphyrin and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (F-SWCNTs). Modulation of the gate voltage offers a predicted extra dimension for sensing. Specifically, the sensors show a significant increase in sensitivity toward CO when negative gate voltage is applied. The dosimetric sensors are selective to ppm levels of CO and functional in air. UV/Vis spectroscopy, differential pulse voltammetry, and density functional theory reveal that the in situ reduction of FeIII to FeII enhances the interaction between the F-SWCNTs and CO. Our results illustrate a new mode of sensors wherein redox active recognition units are voltage-activated to give enhanced and highly specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Vera Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Xin He
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Maggie He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Omar Yassine
- Sensors Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N Salama
- Sensors Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi-Xiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy M Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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Savagatrup S, Schroeder V, He X, Lin S, He M, Yassine O, Salama KN, Zhang X, Swager TM. Bio‐Inspired Carbon Monoxide Sensors with Voltage‐Activated Sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchol Savagatrup
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Vera Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Xin He
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sibo Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Maggie He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
| | - Omar Yassine
- Sensors Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled N. Salama
- Sensors Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Xi‐Xiang Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA
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Paolesse R, Nardis S, Monti D, Stefanelli M, Di Natale C. Porphyrinoids for Chemical Sensor Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2517-2583. [PMID: 28222604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porphyrins and related macrocycles have been intensively exploited as sensing materials in chemical sensors, since in these devices they mimic most of their biological functions, such as reversible binding, catalytic activation, and optical changes. Such a magnificent bouquet of properties allows applying porphyrin derivatives to different transducers, ranging from nanogravimetric to optical devices, also enabling the realization of multifunctional chemical sensors, in which multiple transduction mechanisms are applied to the same sensing layer. Potential applications are further expanded through sensor arrays, where cross-selective sensing layers can be applied for the analysis of complex chemical matrices. The possibility of finely tuning the macrocycle properties by synthetic modification of the different components of the porphyrin ring, such as peripheral substituents, molecular skeleton, coordinated metal, allows creating a vast library of porphyrinoid-based sensing layers. From among these, one can select optimal arrays for a particular application. This feature is particularly suitable for sensor array applications, where cross-selective receptors are required. This Review briefly describes chemical sensor principles. The main part of the Review is divided into two sections, describing the porphyrin-based devices devoted to the detection of gaseous or liquid samples, according to the corresponding transduction mechanism. Although most devices are based on porphyrin derivatives, seminal examples of the application of corroles or other porphyrin analogues are evidenced in dedicated sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Nardis
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Monti
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Stefanelli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata , via del Politecnico, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Shirsat MD, Sarkar T, Kakoullis J, Myung NV, Konnanath B, Spanias A, Mulchandani A. Porphyrins-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Chemiresistive Sensor Arrays for VOCs. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2012; 116:3845-3850. [PMID: 22393460 PMCID: PMC3292351 DOI: 10.1021/jp210582t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have been used extensively for sensor fabrication due to its high surface to volume ratio, nanosized structure and interesting electronic property. Lack of selectivity is a major limitation for SWNTs-based sensors. However, surface modification of SWNTs with a suitable molecular recognition system can enhance the sensitivity. On the other hand, porphyrins have been widely investigated as functional materials for chemical sensor fabrication due to their several unique and interesting physico-chemical properties. Structural differences between free-base and metal substituted porphyrins make them suitable for improving selectivity of sensors. However, their poor conductivity is an impediment in fabrication of prophyrin-based chemiresistor sensors. The present attempt is to resolve these issues by combining freebase- and metallo-porphyrins with SWNTs to fabricate SWNTs-porphyrin hybrid chemiresistor sensor arrays for monitoring volatile organic carbons (VOCs) in air. Differences in sensing performance were noticed for porphyrin with different functional group and with different central metal atom. The mechanistic study for acetone sensing was done using field-effect transistor (FET) measurements and revealed that the sensing mechanism of ruthenium octaethyl porphyrin hybrid device was governed by electrostatic gating effect, whereas iron tetraphenyl porphyrin hybrid device was governed by electrostatic gating and Schottky barrier modulation in combination. Further, the recorded electronic responses for all hybrid sensors were analyzed using a pattern-recognition analysis tool. The pattern-recognition analysis confirmed a definite pattern in response for different hybrid material and could efficiently differentiate analytes from one another. This discriminating capability of the hybrid nanosensor devices open up the possibilities for further development of highly dense nanosensor array with suitable porphyrin for E-nose application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra D. Shirsat
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tapan Sarkar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - James Kakoullis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nosang V. Myung
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Bharatan Konnanath
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Andreas Spanias
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Electronic mail of corresponding author:
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16
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Zhao WH, Shang B, Du SP, Yuan LF, Yang J, Cheng Zeng X. Highly selective adsorption of methanol in carbon nanotubes immersed in methanol-water solution. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:034501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4732313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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