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Dat LT, Pham VNT, Vy ND, Payam AF. Frequency equation and semi-empirical mechanical coupling strength of microcantilevers in an array. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:3237-3244. [PMID: 35708241 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic equation for the frequencies of the T-shaped and overhang-shaped cantilevers is derived for the first time. We show that there are optimum values of the overhang lengths and widths that maximize the frequency and the number of maxima is corresponding to the mode number. The frequency of higher-order modes could be tuned by changing the overhang dimensions. Especially, a semi-empirical formula for the coupling strength κ $$ \left(\kappa \right) $$ between cantilevers in an array is proposed where the strength presents a cubic decrease with the overhang width ξ $$ \left(\xi \right) $$ and a linear increase with the overhang length η $$ \left(\eta \right) $$ , κ = η / ξ 3 $$ \kappa =\eta /{\xi}^3 $$ . There is a very good agreement between the proposed formula and the values obtained in recent experiments by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tri Dat
- Computational Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Structures, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vinh N T Pham
- Department of Physics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,International Cooperation Office, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Duy Vy
- Laboratory of Applied Physics, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Amir F Payam
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Co. Antrim, UK
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Roy A, Ju SP, Wang S, Huang H. Temperature dependent Young's modulus of ZnO nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:065705. [PMID: 30523872 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaf182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A thermal resonant method was developed to accurately determine the temperature-dependent Young's moduli of nanowires. In this method, the frequency spectra of a [0001]-oriented ZnO nanowire cantilever at elevated temperatures were measured using scanning laser Doppler vibrometry. The temperature-dependent Young's moduli were derived from the resonant frequencies using Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. It was found that the modulus of ZnO nanowires decreased linearly with the increase of temperature from 300 to 650 K, independent of the nanowire diameter ranged from 101 to 350 nm. The temperature coefficient that defines the linear relationship between the dimensionless modulus and temperature is [Formula: see text] which agrees with that of [Formula: see text] being calculated using molecular dynamics with a partially charged rigid ion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Roy
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
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Sposito AJ, Kurdekar A, Zhao J, Hewlett I. Application of nanotechnology in biosensors for enhancing pathogen detection. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29528198 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection and identification of pathogenic microorganisms is fundamental to minimizing the spread of infectious disease, and informing clinicians on patient treatment strategies. This need has led to the development of enhanced biosensors that utilize state of the art nanomaterials and nanotechnology, and represent the next generation of diagnostics. A primer on nanoscale biorecognition elements such as, nucleic acids, antibodies, and their synthetic analogs (molecular imprinted polymers), will be presented first. Next the application of various nanotechnologies for biosensor transduction will be discussed, along with the inherent nanoscale phenomenon that leads to their improved performance and capabilities in biosensor systems. A future outlook on characterization and quality assurance, nanotoxicity, and nanomaterial integration into lab-on-a-chip systems will provide the closing thoughts. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Sposito
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Aditya Kurdekar
- Laboratories for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Anantapur, India
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Dick N, Wallin CB, Krylov S, Grutzik S, Ilic BR, Zehnder AT. Actuation of higher harmonics in large arrays of micromechanical cantilevers for expanded resonant peak separation. JOURNAL OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS 2018; 140:10.1115/1.4039568. [PMID: 31080325 PMCID: PMC6508619 DOI: 10.1115/1.4039568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A large array of elastically coupled micro cantilevers of variable length is studied experimentally and numerically. Full-scale finite element modal analysis is implemented to determine the spectral behavior of the array and to extract a global coupling matrix. A compact reduced order model is used for numerical investigation of the array's dynamic response. Our model results show that at a given excitation frequency within a propagation band, only a finite number of beams respond. Spectral characteristics of individual cantilevers, inertially excited by an external piezoelectric actuator, were measured in vacuum using laser interferometry. The theoretical and experimental results collectively show that the resonant peaks corresponding to individual beams are clearly separated when operating in vacuum at the 3rd harmonic. Distinct resonant peak separation, coupled with the spatially-confined modal response, make higher harmonic operation of tailored, variable-length cantilever arrays well suited for a variety of resonant based sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Dick
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Christopher B. Wallin
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | - Slava Krylov
- Member of ASME, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978 Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Scott Grutzik
- Component Science and Mechanics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185
| | - B. Robert Ilic
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Kosmaca J, Jasulaneca L, Meija R, Andzane J, Romanova M, Kunakova G, Erts D. Young's modulus and indirect morphological analysis of Bi 2Se 3 nanoribbons by resonance measurements. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:325701. [PMID: 28617248 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa79cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An electrostatically induced resonance behaviour of individual topological insulator Bi2Se3 nanoribbons grown by a catalyst free vapour-solid synthesis was studied in situ by scanning electron microscopy. It was demonstrated that the relation between the resonant frequencies of vibrations in orthogonal planes can be applied to distinguish the nanoribbons with rectangular cross-sections from the nanoribbons having step-like morphology (terraces). The average Young's modulus of the Bi2Se3 nanoribbons with rectangular cross-sections was found to be 44 ± 4 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kosmaca
- Institute of Chemical Physics, University of Latvia, 19 Raina blvd., Riga, LV-1586, Latvia
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Wang S, Shan Z, Huang H. The Mechanical Properties of Nanowires. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600332. [PMID: 28435775 PMCID: PMC5396167 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Applications of nanowires into future generation nanodevices require a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of the nanowires. A great research effort has been made in the past two decades to understand the deformation physics and mechanical behaviors of nanowires, and to interpret the discrepancies between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions. This review focused on the characterization and understanding of the mechanical properties of nanowires, including elasticity, plasticity, anelasticity and strength. As the results from the previous literature in this area appear inconsistent, a critical evaluation of the characterization techniques and methodologies were presented. In particular, the size effects of nanowires on the mechanical properties and their deformation mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Mining EngineeringThe University of QueenslandAustralia
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the NanoscaleXi'an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| | - Han Huang
- School of Mechanical and Mining EngineeringThe University of QueenslandAustralia
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Wang S, Chen G, Huang H, Ma S, Xu H, He Y, Zou J. Vapor-phase synthesis, growth mechanism and thickness-independent elastic modulus of single-crystal tungsten nanobelts. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:505705. [PMID: 24270939 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/50/505705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Single-crystal tungsten nanobelts with thicknesses from tens to hundreds of nanometers, widths of several micrometers and lengths of tens of micrometers were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition. Surface energy minimization was believed to have played a crucial role in the growth of the synthesized nanobelts enclosed by the low-energy {110} crystal planes of body-centered-cubic structure. The anisotropic growth of the crystallographically equivalent {110} crystal planes could be attributable to the asymmetric concentration distribution of the tungsten atom vapor around the nanobelts during the growth process. The elastic moduli of the synthesized tungsten nanobelts with thicknesses ranging from 65 to 306 nm were accurately measured using a newly developed thermal vibration method. The measured modulus values of the tungsten nanobelts were thickness-dependent. After eliminating the effect of surface oxidization using a core-shell model, the elastic modulus of tungsten nanobelts became constant, which is close to that of the bulk tungsten value of 410 GPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia. School of Physics and Electronics, State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
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Guillon S, Saya D, Mazenq L, Costecalde J, Rèmiens D, Soyer C, Nicu L. Lead zirconate titanate nanoscale patterning by ultraviolet-based lithography lift-off technique for nano-electromechanical system applications. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:1955-1961. [PMID: 23007767 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The advantage of using lead zirconate titanate (PbZr(0.54)Ti(0.46)O(3)) ceramics as an active material in nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comes from its relatively high piezoelectric coefficients. However, its integration within a technological process is limited by the difficulty of structuring this material with submicrometer resolution at the wafer scale. In this work, we develop a specific patterning method based on optical lithography coupled with a dual-layer resist process. The main objective is to obtain sub-micrometer features by lifting off a 100-nm-thick PZT layer while preserving the material's piezoelectric properties. A subsequent result of the developed method is the ability to stack several layers with a lateral resolution of few tens of nanometers, which is mandatory for the fabrication of NEMS with integrated actuation and read-out capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Guillon
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes–Centre National de la Recherche Scientifiqueu, Toulouse, France
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