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Lasseter J, Gellerup S, Ghosh S, Yun SJ, Vasudevan R, Unocic RR, Olunloyo O, Retterer ST, Xiao K, Randolph SJ, Rack PD. Selected Area Manipulation of MoS 2 via Focused Electron Beam-Induced Etching for Nanoscale Device Editing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9144-9154. [PMID: 38346142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate direct-write patterning of single and multilayer MoS2 via a focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE) process mediated with the XeF2 precursor. MoS2 etching is performed at various currents, areal doses, on different substrates, and characterized using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies as well as Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. Scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals a sub-40 nm etching resolution and the progression of point defects and lateral etching of the consequent unsaturated bonds. The results confirm that the electron beam-induced etching process is minimally invasive to the underlying material in comparison to ion beam techniques, which damage the subsurface material. Single-layer MoS2 field-effect transistors are fabricated, and device characteristics are compared for channels that are edited via the selected area etching process. The source-drain current at constant gate and source-drain voltage scale linearly with the edited channel width. Moreover, the mobility of the narrowest channel width decreases, suggesting that backscattered and secondary electrons collaterally affect the periphery of the removed area. Focused electron beam doses on single-layer transistors below the etching threshold were also explored as a means to modify/thin the channel layer. The FEBIE exposures showed demonstrative effects via the transistor transfer characteristics, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. While strategies to minimize backscattered and secondary electron interactions outside of the scanned regions require further investigation, here, we show that FEBIE is a viable approach for selective nanoscale editing of MoS2 devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lasseter
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Spencer Gellerup
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seok Joon Yun
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Rama Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Raymond R Unocic
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Olugbenga Olunloyo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Kai Xiao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Steven J Randolph
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Philip D Rack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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2
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Kim S, Jung S, Lee J, Kim S, Fedorov AG. High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Sculpting of Two-Dimensional Graphene Oxide by E-Beam Direct Write. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39595-39601. [PMID: 32805878 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
On-demand switchable "additive/subtractive" patterning of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials is an essential capability for developing new concepts of functional nanomaterials and their device realizations. Traditionally, this is performed via a multistep process using photoresist coating and patterning by conventional photo or electron beam lithography, which is followed by bulk dry/wet etching or deposition. This limits the range of functionalities and structural topologies that can be achieved as well as increases the complexity, cost, and possibility of contamination, which are significant barriers to device fabrication from highly sensitive 2D materials. Focused electron beam-induced processing (FEBIP) enables a material chemistry/site-specific, high-resolution multimode atomic scale processing and provides unprecedented opportunities for "direct-write", single-step surface patterning of 2D nanomaterials with an in situ imaging capability. It allows for realizing a rapid multiscale/multimode approach, ranging from an atomic scale manipulation (e.g., via targeted defect introduction as an active site) to a large-area surface modification on nano- and microscales, including patterned doping and material removal/deposition with 2D (in-plane)/three-dimensional (3D) (out-of-plane) control. In this work, we report on a new capability of FEBIP for nanoscale patterning of graphene oxide via removal of oxygenated carbon moieties with no use of reactive gas required for etching complemented by carbon atom deposition using a focused electron beam. The mechanism of experimentally observed phenomena is explored using the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, revealing that interactions of e-beam that liberated reactive oxygen radicals with carbon atoms on the graphene basal plane lead to the creation of atomic vacancies in the material. The reaction byproducts are volatile carbon dioxides, which are dissociated and volatilized from the graphene oxide surface functional groups by interactions with an energetic focused electron beam. Along with selective subtractive patterning of graphene oxide, the same electron beam with increased irradiation doses can deposit out-of-plane 3D carbon nanostructures on top of or around the 2D etched pattern, thus forming a hybrid 2D/3D nanocomposite with a feature control down to a few nanometers. This in operando dual nanofabrication capability of FEBIP is unmatched by any other nanopatterning techniques and opens a new design window for forming 2D/3D complex nanostructures and functional nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songkil Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - SungYeb Jung
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jaekwang Lee
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seokjun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Andrei G Fedorov
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Lami SK, Smith G, Cao E, Hastings JT. The radiation chemistry of focused electron-beam induced etching of copper in liquids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11550-11561. [PMID: 31168552 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Well-controlled, focused electron-beam induced etching of copper thin films has been successfully conducted on bulk substrates in an environmental scanning electron microscope by controlling liquid-film thickness with an in situ correlative interferometry system. Knowledge of the liquid-film thickness enables a hybrid Monte Carlo/continuum model of the radiation chemistry to accurately predict the copper etch rate using only electron scattering cross-sections, radical yields, and reaction rates from previous studies. Etch rates depended strongly on the thickness of the liquid film and simulations confirmed that this was a result of increased oxidizing radical generation. Etch rates also depended strongly, but non-linearly, on electron beam current, and simulations showed that this effect arises through the dose-rate dependence of reactions of radical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Lami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA.
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Shen Y, Xu T, Tan X, Sun J, He L, Yin K, Zhou Y, Banhart F, Sun L. Electron Beam Etching of CaO Crystals Observed Atom by Atom. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5119-5125. [PMID: 28737928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanoscale structuring technology, the precision in the etching reaches the sub-10 nm scale today. However, with the ongoing development of nanofabrication the etching mechanisms with atomic precision still have to be understood in detail and improved. Here we observe, atom by atom, how preferential facets form in CaO crystals that are etched by an electron beam in an in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). An etching mechanism under electron beam irradiation is observed that is surprisingly similar to chemical etching and results in the formation of nanofacets. The observations also explain the dynamics of surface roughening. Our findings show how electron beam etching technology can be developed to ultimately realize tailoring of the facets of various crystalline materials with atomic precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Tan
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Longbing He
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilong Zhou
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
| | - Florian Banhart
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS , UMR 7504, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Fabrication, Device and System, Southeast University , Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China
- Center for Advanced Materials and Manufacture, Joint Research Institute of Southeast University and Monash University , Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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Stanford MG, Mahady K, Lewis BB, Fowlkes JD, Tan S, Livengood R, Magel GA, Moore TM, Rack PD. Laser-Assisted Focused He + Ion Beam Induced Etching with and without XeF 2 Gas Assist. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29155-29162. [PMID: 27700046 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Focused helium ion (He+) milling has been demonstrated as a high-resolution nanopatterning technique; however, it can be limited by its low sputter yield as well as the introduction of undesired subsurface damage. Here, we introduce pulsed laser- and gas-assisted processes to enhance the material removal rate and patterning fidelity. A pulsed laser-assisted He+ milling process is shown to enable high-resolution milling of titanium while reducing subsurface damage in situ. Gas-assisted focused ion beam induced etching (FIBIE) of Ti is also demonstrated in which the XeF2 precursor provides a chemical assist for enhanced material removal rate. Finally, a pulsed laser-assisted and gas-assisted FIBIE process is shown to increase the etch yield by ∼9× relative to the pure He+ sputtering process. These He+ induced nanopatterning techniques improve material removal rate, in comparison to standard He+ sputtering, while simultaneously decreasing subsurface damage, thus extending the applicability of the He+ probe as a nanopattering tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Stanford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Kyle Mahady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brett B Lewis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Jason D Fowlkes
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Shida Tan
- Intel Corporation , MS: SC9-68, 2200 Mission College Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Richard Livengood
- Intel Corporation , MS: SC9-68, 2200 Mission College Blvd., Santa Clara, California 95054, United States
| | - Gregory A Magel
- Waviks Inc. , 10330 Markison Road, Dallas, Texas 75238, United States
| | - Thomas M Moore
- Waviks Inc. , 10330 Markison Road, Dallas, Texas 75238, United States
| | - Philip D Rack
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Martin AA, Bahm A, Bishop J, Aharonovich I, Toth M. Dynamic Pattern Formation in Electron-Beam-Induced Etching. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:255501. [PMID: 26722926 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.255501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report highly ordered topographic patterns that form on the surface of diamond, span multiple length scales, and have a symmetry controlled by the precursor gas species used in electron-beam-induced etching (EBIE). The pattern formation dynamics reveals an etch rate anisotropy and an electron energy transfer pathway that is overlooked by existing EBIE models. We, therefore, modify established theory such that it explains our results and remains universally applicable to EBIE. The patterns can be exploited in controlled wetting, optical structuring, and other emerging applications that require nano- and microscale surface texturing of a wide band-gap material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiden A Martin
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Alan Bahm
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- FEI Company, 5350 Northeast Dawson Creek Drive, Hillsboro, Oregon 97124, USA
| | - James Bishop
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Noh JH, Fowlkes JD, Timilsina R, Stanford MG, Lewis BB, Rack PD. Pulsed laser-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching of titanium with XeF2: enhanced reaction rate and precursor transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:4179-4184. [PMID: 25629708 DOI: 10.1021/am508443s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to enhance the etch rate of electron-beam-induced etching, we introduce a laser-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching (LA-FEBIE) process which is a versatile, direct write nanofabrication method that allows nanoscale patterning and editing. The results demonstrate that the titanium electron stimulated etch rate via the XeF2 precursor can be enhanced up to a factor of 6 times with an intermittent pulsed laser assist. The evolution of the etching process is correlated to in situ stage current measurements and scanning electron micrographs as a function of time. The increased etch rate is attributed to photothermally enhanced Ti-F reaction and TiF4 desorption and in some regimes enhanced XeF2 surface diffusion to the reaction zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Noh
- Department of Materials Science, Engineering, University of Tennessee , Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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Roberts NA, Noh JH, Lassiter MG, Guo S, Kalinin SV, Rack PD. Synthesis and electroplating of high resolution insulated carbon nanotube scanning probes for imaging in liquid solutions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 23:145301. [PMID: 22433664 PMCID: PMC3362830 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/14/145301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
High resolution and isolated scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is in demand for continued development of energy storage and conversion systems involving chemical reactions at the nanoscale as well as an improved understanding of biological systems. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have large aspect ratios and, if leveraged properly, can be used to develop high resolution SPM probes. Isolation of SPM probes can be achieved by depositing a dielectric film and selectively etching at the apex of the probe. In this paper the fabrication of a high resolution and isolated SPM tip is demonstrated using electron beam induced etching of a dielectric film deposited onto an SPM tip with an attached CNT at the apex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Roberts
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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