1
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Wang W, Liu H, Guo Z, Hu Z, Wang K, Leng Y, Yuan C, Li Z, Ge X. Various Antibacterial Strategies Utilizing Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes Prepared via Electrochemical Anodization Biofabrication Method. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:408. [PMID: 39056849 PMCID: PMC11274689 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, titanium and its alloys have emerged as the predominant metallic biomaterials for orthopedic implants. Nonetheless, the relatively high post-operative infection rate (2-5%) exacerbates patient discomfort and imposes significant economic costs on society. Hence, urgent measures are needed to enhance the antibacterial properties of titanium and titanium alloy implants. The titanium dioxide nanotube array (TNTA) is gaining increasing attention due to its topographical and photocatalytic antibacterial properties. Moreover, the pores within TNTA serve as excellent carriers for chemical ion doping and drug loading. The fabrication of TNTA on the surface of titanium and its alloys can be achieved through various methods. Studies have demonstrated that the electrochemical anodization method offers numerous significant advantages, such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and controllability. This review presents the development process of the electrochemical anodization method and its applications in synthesizing TNTA. Additionally, this article systematically discusses topographical, chemical, drug delivery, and combined antibacterial strategies. It is widely acknowledged that implants should possess a range of favorable biological characteristics. Clearly, addressing multiple needs with a single antibacterial strategy is challenging. Hence, this review proposes systematic research into combined antibacterial strategies to further mitigate post-operative infection risks and enhance implant success rates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Hanpeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zilin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Zijun Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Kefeng Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yujia Leng
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Caideng Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
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2
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Broens MI, Ramos Cervantes W, Asenjo Collao AM, Iglesias RA, Teijelo ML, Linarez Pérez OE. TiO2 nanotube arrays grown in ethylene glycol-based media containing fluoride: Understanding the effect of early anodization stages on the morphology. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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3
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The relationship between the growth rate of anodic TiO2 nanotubes, the fluoride concentration and the electronic current. Electrochem commun 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2023.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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4
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Sacco LN, Vollebregt S. Overview of Engineering Carbon Nanomaterials Such As Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Carbon Nanofibers (CNFs), Graphene and Nanodiamonds and Other Carbon Allotropes inside Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) Templates. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:260. [PMID: 36678014 PMCID: PMC9861583 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication and design of carbon-based hierarchical structures with tailored nano-architectures have attracted the enormous attention of the materials science community due to their exceptional chemical and physical properties. The collective control of nano-objects, in terms of their dimensionality, orientation and size, is of paramount importance to expand the implementation of carbon nanomaterials across a large variety of applications. In this context, porous anodic alumina (PAA) has become an attractive template where the pore morphologies can be straightforwardly modulated. The synthesis of diverse carbon nanomaterials can be performed using PAA templates, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanodiamonds, or can act as support for other carbon allotropes such as graphene and other carbon nanoforms. However, the successful growth of carbon nanomaterials within ordered PAA templates typically requires a series of stages involving the template fabrication, nanostructure growth and finally an etching or electrode metallization steps, which all encounter different challenges towards a nanodevice fabrication. The present review article describes the advantages and challenges associated with the fabrication of carbon materials in PAA based materials and aims to give a renewed momentum to this topic within the materials science community by providing an exhaustive overview of the current synthesis approaches and the most relevant applications based on PAA/Carbon nanostructures materials. Finally, the perspective and opportunities in the field are presented.
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5
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The role of mild and hard anodization regimes of iron oxide nanotubes in the photoelectrochemical performance. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Zeng H, Li C, Dan Y, Lu Y, Sun W, Zhang S, Song Y. A comparative study of two-step anodization with one-step anodization at constant voltage. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:065603. [PMID: 34749349 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-step anodization has been widely used because it can produce highly self-organized anodic TiO2nanotubes, but the differences in morphology and current-time curve of one-step anodization and two-step anodization are rarely reported. Here, one-step anodization and two-step anodization were conducted at different voltages. By comparing the FESEM image of anodic TiO2nanotubes fabricated by one-step anodization and two-step anodization, it was found that the variation of morphology characteristics is same with voltage. The distinction of morphology and current-time curve between one-step anodization and two-step anodization at the same voltage were analyzed: the nanotube average growth rate and porosity of two-step anodization are greater than that of one-step anodization. In the current-time curve, the duration of stage I and stage II in two-step anodization are significantly shorter than one-step anodization. The traditional field-assisted dissolution theory cannot explain the three stages of the current-time curves and their physics meaning under different voltages in the same fluoride electrolyte. Here, the distinction between one-step anodization and two-step anodization was clarified successfully by the theories of ionic current and electronic current and oxygen bubble mould.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Dan
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College, Changzhou 213147, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, NanJing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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7
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Kouao DS, Grochowska K, Siuzdak K. The Anodization of Thin Titania Layers as a Facile Process towards Semitransparent and Ordered Electrode Material. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1131. [PMID: 35407248 PMCID: PMC9000737 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Photoanodes consisting of titania nanotubes (TNTs) grown on transparent conductive oxides (TCO) by anodic oxidation are being widely investigated as a low-cost alternative to silicon-based materials, e.g., in solar light-harvesting applications. Intending to enhance the optical properties of those photoanodes, the modification of the surface chemistry or control of the geometrical characteristics of developed TNTs has been explored. In this review, the recent advancement in light-harvesting properties of transparent anodic TNTs formed onto TCO is summarized. The physical deposition methods such as magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and electron beam evaporation are the most reported for the deposition of Ti film onto TCO, which are subsequently anodized. A concise description of methods utilized to improve the adhesion of the deposited film and achieve TNT layers without cracks and delamination after the anodization is outlined. Then, the different models describing the formation mechanism of anodic TNTs are discussed with particular focus on the impact of the deposited Ti film thickness on the adhesion of TNTs. Finally, the effects of the modifications of both the surface chemistry and morphological features of materials on their photocatalyst and photovoltaic performances are discussed. For each section, experimental results obtained by different research groups are evoked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujearic-Stephane Kouao
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Science, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland; (K.G.); (K.S.)
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8
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Jiang L, Zhang J, Chen B, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wan W, Song Y. Morphological comparison and growth mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes in HBF4 and NH4F electrolytes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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9
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Li X, Zhang Y, Gao L, Ma J, Qiu Y, Xu X, Ou J, Ma W. The growth rate of nanotubes and the quantity of charge during anodization. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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10
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Li C, Ni Y, Gong J, Song Y, Gong T, Zhu X. A review: research progress on the formation mechanism of porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:322-333. [PMID: 36132683 PMCID: PMC9417932 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00624j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the great development potential of porous anodic oxides (PAO) in many fields, research on their formation mechanisms, fabrication processes and applications has a history of more than ten years. Although compared with research on the fabrication processes and applications of PAO, research on their formation mechanisms started late, several mainstream theories have been formed in the academic community, including the field-assisted dissolution (FAD) theory, the field-assisted ejection (FAE) theory, the self-organization theory, the ionic and electronic current theory and the oxygen bubble mould effect. This review will focus on summarizing the core views of the mainstream mechanisms mentioned above and comparing the explanations for some of their classical experimental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jingjing Gong
- School of Design Art and Media, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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11
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Li P, Wang H, Ni Y, Song Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li C, Zhu X. Unraveling the six stages of the current-time curve and the bilayer nanotubes obtained by one-step anodization of Zr. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:582-589. [PMID: 36132686 PMCID: PMC9419485 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The application and growth mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been a hot topic in the last ten years, but the formation mechanism of anodic ZrO2 nanotubes has rarely been studied. In one-step constant voltage anodization of Al and Ti, the typical current-time curve has three stages. Moreover, the current-time curves of the three stages can last for 10 min or even 10 hours, resulting in a single layer of nanotubes with the same diameter due to the constant voltage in one-step anodization. However, in this paper, it was found for the first time that the three stages of the current-time curve appeared twice in succession during one-step constant voltage anodization of Zr for only 900 seconds, and bilayer nanotubes with increased diameter were obtained. This six-stage current-time curve cannot be explained by classical field-assisted dissolution and field-assisted flow or stress-driven mechanisms. Here, the formation mechanism and growth kinetics of bilayer ZrO2 nanotubes have been clarified rationally by the theories of ionic current, electronic current and oxygen bubble mold. The interesting results presented in this paper are of great significance for revealing the anodizing process of various metals and the formation mechanism of porous structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengze Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yilin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ming Sun
- School of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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12
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Hou X, Lund PD, Li Y. Controlling anodization time to monitor film thickness, phase composition and crystal orientation during anodic growth of TiO2 nanotubes. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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13
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Gong T, Chen J, Fang P, Liu L, Li C, Han A, Song Y. Debunking the essential effect of temperature and voltage on the current curve and the nanotube morphology. RSC Adv 2021; 12:429-436. [PMID: 35424478 PMCID: PMC8978680 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06694c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains to be unclear till now. Many researchers study the influence of temperatures above 0 °C instead of below 0 °C. Few papers before have explained the relationship between the current-time curve and the morphology of the nanotubes. In this study, the innovative 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories were introduced to explain the growth of nanotubes below 0 °C. The length of anodic TiO2 nanotubes at 15 °C, 0 °C, -10 °C were 1.28 μm, 0.93 μm and 0.21 μm, respectively, but the diameter of anodic TiO2 nanotubes was almost the same, at about 164 nm. When the temperature was low, the magnitude of electronic current and the ionic current was small, the mold effect was weak and nanotubes could not be formed. At the same time, this study shows that the dissolution reaction of the field-assisted solution theory has no electron gain or loss, and it has nothing to do with the current, which negates the field-assisted dissolution theory. A novel two-step anodization was used to verify the conclusion. It was found that nanotubes could be obtained when the anodizing current was decreasing or increasing. Also, ginseng-shaped nanotubes are formed at a particular voltage sequence. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and the ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation process of nanotubes of two-step anodization is explained clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Jieda Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Pengjin Fang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang 222005 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Aijun Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ye Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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14
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Li P, Wang J, Liu L, Ma J, Ni Y, Wang H, Song Y. The effect of atmospheric pressure on the growth rate of TiO2 nanotubes: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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Gong T, Li C, Li X, Yue H, Zhu X, Zhao Z, Lv R, Zhu J. Evidence of oxygen bubbles forming nanotube embryos in porous anodic oxides. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4659-4668. [PMID: 36134301 PMCID: PMC9417053 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Anodic TiO2 nanotubes have been studied widely for two decades because of their regular tubular structures and extensive applications. However, the formation mechanism of anodic TiO2 nanotubes remains unclear, because it is difficult to find convincing evidence for popular field-assisted dissolution or field-assisted injection theories and the oxygen bubble model. Here, in a bid to find direct evidence that oxygen bubbles form nanotube embryos, a new method is applied to handle this challenge. Before nanotube formation, a dense cover layer was formed to make nanotubes grow more slowly. Many completely enclosed nanotube embryos formed by oxygen bubbles were found beneath the dense cover layer for the first time. The formation of these enclosed and hollow gourd-shaped embryos is convincing enough to prove that the nanotubes are formed by the oxygen bubble mold, similar to inflating a football, rather than by field-assisted dissolution. Based on the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories, the formation and growth process of nanotube embryos is explained clearly for the first time. These interesting findings indicate that the 'oxygen bubble model' and ionic current and electronic current theories also apply to anodization of other metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Gong
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Chengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Hangyu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Renquan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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16
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Debunking the formation mechanism of nanopores in four kinds of electrolytes without fluoride ion. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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17
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Fang P, Liu L, Yue H, Ou J, Han A. Anodization of aluminum in a sealed container. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Liu S, Tian J, Zhang W. Fabrication and application of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:222001. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abe25f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the unique optical and electrochemical properties, large surface area, tunable properties, and high thermal stability, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has become one of the most popular materials with a large potential to develop emerging applications in numerous areas, including biosensors, desalination, high-risk pollutants detection, capacitors, solar cell devices, photonic crystals, template-assisted fabrication of nanostructures, and so on. This review covers the mechanism of AAO formation, manufacturing technology, the relationship between the properties of AAO and fabrication conditions, and applications of AAO. Properties of AAO, like pore diameter, interpore distance, wall thickness, and anodized aluminum layer thickness, can be fully controlled by fabrication conditions, including electrolyte, applied voltage, anodizing and widening time. Generally speaking, the pore diameter of AAO will affect its specific application to a large extent. Moreover, manufacturing technology like one/two/multi step anodization, nanoimprint lithography anodization, and pulse/cyclic anodization also have a major impact on overall array arrangement. The review aims to provide a perspective overview of the relationship between applications and their corresponding AAO pore sizes, systematically. And the review also focuses on the strategies by which the structures and functions of AAO can be utilized.
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19
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Lu N, Zhang J, Dan Y, Sun M, Gong T, Li X, Zhu X. Growth of porous anodic TiO2 in silver nitrate solution without fluoride: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution reactions of fluoride ions. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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20
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Zhou Q, Niu D, Feng X, Wang A, Ying Z, Zhang J, Lu N, Zhu J, Zhu X. Debunking the effect of water content on anodizing current: Evidence against the traditional dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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TiO2 nanotube arrays with a volume expansion factor greater than 2.0: Evidence against the field-assisted ejection theory. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Zhou Q, Tian M, Ying Z, Dan Y, Tang F, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhu X. Dense films formed during Ti anodization in NH4F electrolyte: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution reactions of fluoride ions. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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23
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Huang W, Xu H, Ying Z, Dan Y, Zhou Q, Zhang J, Zhu X. Split TiO2 nanotubes − Evidence of oxygen evolution during Ti anodization. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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24
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Zhang K, Cao S, Li C, Qi J, Jiang L, Zhang J, Zhu X. Rapid growth of TiO2 nanotubes under the compact oxide layer: Evidence against the digging manner of dissolution reaction. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Li C, Wu L, Zhao S, Jiang L, Yang Y, Zhang K, Zhu X. Essential influence of electrode and electrolyte temperatures on the anodizing process of Ti. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Bamboo shoot nanotubes with diameters increasing from top to bottom: Evidence against the field-assisted dissolution equilibrium theory. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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27
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Morphology evolution of TiO2 nanotubes with additional reducing agent: Evidence of oxygen release. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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28
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Mohamed M, Moustafa S, Taha SA, Abd-Elnaiem AM. Morphological characterization and refractive index calculation of anodized titanium (99.7%) foil in HF-ethanol electrolyte. MATERIALS RESEARCH EXPRESS 2018; 6:035026. [DOI: 10.1088/2053-1591/aaf7c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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29
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Zhao S, Wu L, Li C, Li C, Yu M, Cui H, Zhu X. Fabrication and growth model for conical alumina nanopores – Evidence against field-assisted dissolution theory. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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A mathematical model for initiation and growth of anodic titania nanotube embryos under compact oxide layer. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Studies of oxide growth location on anodization of Al and Ti provide evidence against the field-assisted dissolution and field-assisted ejection theories. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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32
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33
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Zaraska L, Gawlak K, Gurgul M, Chlebda DK, Socha RP, Sulka GD. Controlled synthesis of nanoporous tin oxide layers with various pore diameters and their photoelectrochemical properties. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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34
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Zhang S, Yu M, Xu L, Zhao S, Che J, Zhu X. Formation mechanism of multilayer TiO 2 nanotubes in HBF 4 electrolyte. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05624a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayer anodic TiO2 nanotubes with A-shaped sidewalls are first fabricated in HBF4-containing electrolyte by a one-step galvanostatic anodization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College
| | - Mengshi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Liming Xu
- Jiangsu Urban and Rural Construction College
- Changzhou 213147
- China
| | - Siwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Jianfei Che
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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35
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Jin R, Fan H, Yin X, Chen Q, Ma J, Ma W. A capacitor circuit model for theoretical derivation of anodizing current. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Lu H, Fan H, Jin R, Chong B, Shen X, Yan S, Zhu X. Formation and Morphology Evolution of Anodic TiO 2 Nanotubes under Negative Pressure. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.08.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Jin R, Fan H, Liu Y, Ma W, Lu H, Yang P, Ma W. Formation Mechanism of Lotus-root-shaped Nanostructure during Two-step Anodization. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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38
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Chen S, Liao M, Yang P, Yan S, Jin R, Zhu X. Simulation of anodizing current–time curves and the morphology evolution of TiO2 nanotubes obtained in phosphoric electrolytes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The simulation and separation of anodizing current density–time curves obtained in mixed electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Maoying Liao
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Shuo Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
| | - Xufei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Education Ministry
- Nanjing University of Science and Technology
- Nanjing 210094
- China
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39
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Lin Y, Lin Q, Liu X, Gao Y, He J, Wang W, Fan Z. A Highly Controllable Electrochemical Anodization Process to Fabricate Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:495. [PMID: 26706687 PMCID: PMC4691247 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1202-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the broad applications of porous alumina nanostructures, research on fabrication of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) with nanoporous structure has triggered enormous attention. While fabrication of highly ordered nanoporous AAO with tunable geometric features has been widely reported, it is known that its growth rate can be easily affected by the fluctuation of process conditions such as acid concentration and temperature during electrochemical anodization process. To fabricate AAO with various geometric parameters, particularly, to realize precise control over pore depth for scientific research and commercial applications, a controllable fabrication process is essential. In this work, we revealed a linear correlation between the integrated electric charge flow throughout the circuit in the stable anodization process and the growth thickness of AAO membranes. With this understanding, we developed a facile approach to precisely control the growth process of the membranes. It was found that this approach is applicable in a large voltage range, and it may be extended to anodization of other metal materials such as Ti as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingfeng Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jin He
- Peking University Shenzhen SOC Key Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen, 518051, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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40
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Zhang Y, Cheng W, Du F, Zhang S, Ma W, Li D, Song Y, Zhu X. Quantitative relationship between nanotube length and anodizing current during constant current anodization. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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41
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Simulation of anodizing current-time curves and morphology evolution of TiO2 nanotubes anodized in electrolytes with different NH4F concentrations. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.07.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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