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Bagheri R, Ball AK, Kasraie M, Chandra A, Chen X, Miskioglu I, Shan Z, Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi P. Conductive 3D nano-biohybrid systems based on densified carbon nanotube forests and living cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 39:137-149. [PMID: 38223564 PMCID: PMC10784361 DOI: 10.1557/s43578-023-01163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Conductive biohybrid cell-material systems have applications in bioelectronics and biorobotics. To date, conductive scaffolds are limited to those with low electrical conductivity or 2D sheets. Here, 3D biohybrid conductive systems are developed using fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes integrated with carbon nanotube (CNT) forests that are densified due to interactions with a gelatin coating. CNT forest scaffolds with a height range of 120-240 µm and an average electrical conductivity of 0.6 S/cm are developed and shown to be cytocompatible as evidenced from greater than 89% viability measured by live-dead assay on both cells on day 1. The cells spread on top and along the height of the CNT forest scaffolds. Finally, the scaffolds have no adverse effects on the expression of genes related to cardiomyocyte maturation and functionality, or fibroblast migration, adhesion, and spreading. The results show that the scaffold could be used in applications ranging from organ-on-a-chip systems to muscle actuators. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Bagheri
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Alicia K. Ball
- Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Masoud Kasraie
- Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Aparna Chandra
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Xinqian Chen
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Ibrahim Miskioglu
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Parisa Pour Shahid Saeed Abadi
- Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
- Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
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Kang YH, Bae EJ, Lee MH, Han M, Kim BJ, Cho SY. Highly Flexible and Durable Thermoelectric Power Generator Using CNT/PDMS Foam by Rapid Solvent Evaporation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106108. [PMID: 34984817 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a simple, rapid solvent evaporation process, the authors produced 3D carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) foams with both high thermoelectric (TE) and good mechanical performance and used them to fabricate highly flexible and durable TE generators. The numerous pores and interfaces in the CNT/PDMS foams, which have porosities exceeding 87%, afford very low thermal conductivity of 0.13 W m-1 K-1 . The foam has a zT value of 6.6 × 10-3 , which is twice as high as that of pristine CNT foam. Importantly, the CNT/PDMS foam exhibits good tensile strength of 0.78 MPa, elongation greater than 20%, and excellent resilience even at compressive strain of 80%. This foam is used to fabricate a highly flexible TE foam generator that exhibits a moderate output power of 1.9 µW generated from the large temperature gradient of 18.1 K produced by applied heat. The authors also demonstrate a practical TE foam generator that produces sustainable output power of 3.1 µW under a compressive strain of 80% and 38.2 nW under the continuous vibrational stress produced by a car engine. The TE foam generator also exhibits excellent stability and durability under cyclic bending and harsh vibrational stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Kang
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Bae
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hye Lee
- Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Daejeon, 34188, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijeong Han
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Yun Cho
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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Mirza Gheitaghy A, Poelma RH, Sacco L, Vollebregt S, Zhang GQ. Vertically-Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube Pillars with Various Diameters under Compression: Pristine and NbTiN Coated. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10061189. [PMID: 32570835 PMCID: PMC7353429 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the compressive stress of pristine and coated vertically-aligned (VA) multi-walled (MW) carbon nanotube (CNT) pillars were investigated using flat-punch nano-indentation. VA-MWCNT pillars of various diameters (30-150 µm) grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on silicon wafer. A conformal brittle coating of niobium-titanium-nitride with high superconductivity temperature was deposited on the VA-MWCNT pillars using atomic layer deposition. The coating together with the pillars could form a superconductive vertical interconnect. The indentation tests showed foam-like behavior of pristine CNTs and ceramic-like fracture of conformal coated CNTs. The compressive strength and the elastic modulus for pristine CNTs could be divided into three regimes of linear elastic, oscillatory plateau, and exponential densification. The elastic modulus of pristine CNTs increased for a smaller pillar diameter. The response of the coated VA-MWCNTs depended on the diffusion depth of the coating in the pillar and their elastic modulus increased with pillar diameter due to the higher sidewall area. Tuning the material properties by conformal coating on various diameter pillars enhanced the mechanical performance and the vertical interconnect access (via) reliability. The results could be useful for quantum computing applications that require high-density superconducting vertical interconnects and reliable operation at reduced temperatures.
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Kim HI, Wang M, Lee SK, Kang J, Nam JD, Ci L, Suhr J. Tensile properties of millimeter-long multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9512. [PMID: 28842673 PMCID: PMC5573399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10279-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been a number of theoretical and experimental studies on tensile properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT), reporting the Young’s modulus of the individual CNT up to 1 TPa. Although CNT shows the promise to be used as reinforcement in a high modulus/strength composite material, it exhibits quite disappointing in terms of modulus or strength. Along with recent advance in CNT growth technique, we will be able to directly measure tensile properties of millimeter-long MWCNTs. This study firstly tackles the direct measurement of the tensile properties of millimeter-long MWCNTs that can be used as reinforcement in a composite system. A carefully designed tensile testing technique for the MWCNTs is developed, which allows us to obtain more accurate and reliable measured values. The average tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the CNTs investigated in this study are measured to be 0.85 GPa and 34.65 GPa, respectively. Also, this work statistically investigates the effect of the CNT dimensions including length, diameter and volume on the tensile properties. To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first report on the tensile properties of macroscopically long and continuous CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ick Kim
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 25 Yeonkkot-ro, 165 beon-gil, Jeongchon-myeon, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52845, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephanie K Lee
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, United States
| | - Jae-Do Nam
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea.,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Lijie Ci
- SDU & Rice Joint Lab for Carbon Nanomaterials, Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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