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Panigrahi PK, Chandu B, Puvvada N. Recent Advances in Nanostructured Materials for Application as Gas Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:3092-3122. [PMID: 38284032 PMCID: PMC10809240 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Many different industries, including the pharmaceutical, medical engineering, clinical diagnostic, public safety, and food monitoring industries, use gas sensors. The inherent qualities of nanomaterials, such as their capacity to chemically or physically adsorb gas, and their great ratio of surface to volume make them excellent candidates for use in gas sensing technology. Additionally, the nanomaterial-based gas sensors have excellent selectivity, reproducibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness. This Review article offers a summary of the research on gas sensor devices based on nanomaterials of various sizes. The numerous nanomaterial-based gas sensors, their manufacturing procedures and sensing mechanisms, and most recent advancements are all covered in detail. In addition, evaluations and comparisons of the key characteristics of gas sensing systems made from various dimensional nanomaterials were done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Kumar Panigrahi
- Department
of Basic Science, Government College of
Engineering, Kalahandi, Odisha 766003, India
| | - Basavaiah Chandu
- Department
of Nanotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522510, India
| | - Nagaprasad Puvvada
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT-AP University, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh522237, India
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Abstract
There is an increasing need for the development of low-cost and highly sensitive gas sensors for environmental, commercial, and industrial applications in various areas, such as hazardous gas monitoring, safety, and emission control in combustion processes. Considering this, resistive-based gas sensors using metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) have gained special attention owing to their high sensing performance, high stability, and low cost of synthesis and fabrication. The relatively low final costs of these gas sensors allow their commercialization; consequently, they are widely used and available at low prices. This review focuses on the important MOSs with different morphologies, including quantum dots, nanowires, nanofibers, nanotubes, hierarchical nanostructures, and other structures for the fabrication of resistive gas sensors.
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Kim K, Kang Y, Bae K, Kim J. Ethanol-sensing properties of cobalt porphyrin-functionalized titanium dioxide nanoparticles as chemiresistive materials that are integrated into a low power microheater. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-022-00146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGaseous ethanol detection has attracted significant interest owing to its practical applications such as in breath analysis, chemical process monitoring, and safety evaluations of food packaging. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles functionalized with cobalt porphyrin (CoPP) are utilized as resistive ethanol-sensing materials, and are integrated with a suspended micro-heater for low power consumption. The micro-heater with the suspended structure inhibits substrate heat transfer, resulting in power consumption as low as 18 mW when the operating temperature is approximately 300 °C. CoPP functionalization allows an enhanced response (197.8%) to 10 ppm ethanol compared to that of pristine TiO2 nanoparticles. It is confirmed that the sensor response is reliable upon exposure to 10 ppm ethanol for three cycles. In addition, responses of different magnitude are obtained under exposure to ethanol at various concentrations from 9 to 1 ppm, indicating that the resistance change originates from a charge transfer between the sensing materials and target gas. The sensing mechanism of CoPP-functionalized TiO2 in relation to charge transfer is analyzed, and the performance of the proposed sensor with previously reported TiO2-based ethanol sensors is compared. Considering that it is processed by batch fabrication, consumes low power, and offers high sensitivity, the proposed sensor is promising for use as a portable sensor in the distributed monitoring of gaseous ethanol.
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Yang S, Lei G, Xu H, Lan Z, Wang Z, Gu H. Metal Oxide Based Heterojunctions for Gas Sensors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1026. [PMID: 33920589 PMCID: PMC8073732 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of heterojunctions has been widely applied to improve the gas sensing performance of composites composed of nanostructured metal oxides. This review summarises the recent progress on assembly methods and gas sensing behaviours of sensors based on nanostructured metal oxide heterojunctions. Various methods, including the hydrothermal method, electrospinning and chemical vapour deposition, have been successfully employed to establish metal oxide heterojunctions in the sensing materials. The sensors composed with the built nanostructured heterojunctions were found to show enhanced gas sensing performance with higher sensor responses and shorter response times to the targeted reducing or oxidising gases compare with those of the pure metal oxides. Moreover, the enhanced gas sensing mechanisms of the metal oxide-based heterojunctions to the reducing or oxidising gases are also discussed, with the main emphasis on the important role of the potential barrier on the accumulation layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.Y.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Gui Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.Y.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Huoxi Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.Y.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhigao Lan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.Y.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhao Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Haoshuang Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; (S.Y.); (G.L.); (Z.L.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ferro & Piezoelectric Materials and Devices, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China;
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Kumar NS, Chang JH, Ho MS, Balraj B, Chandrasekar S, Mohanbabu B, Gowtham M, Guo D, Mohanraj K. Impact of Zn2+ Doping on the Structural, Morphological and Photodiode Properties of V2O5 Nanorods. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is a transition metal oxide with features such as high availability, good catalytic activity, unique electrical properties and high conductivity which are appropriate for gas sensing applications. In this review, we discuss different gas sensing aspects of V2O5 in pristine, doped, decorated and composite forms. Depending on its synthesis procedure, morphology, sensing temperature and surface conditions, the V2O5-based gas sensors show different responses to target gases. Herein, we have discussed the behavior of V2O5-based gas sensors to different gases and associated sensing mechanisms. This review paper can be a useful reference for the researchers who works in the field of gas sensors.
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7
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Facile synthesis of reduced graphene oxide encapsulated selenium nanoparticles prepared by hydrothermal method for acetone gas sensors. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kaur N, Singh M, Moumen A, Duina G, Comini E. 1D Titanium Dioxide: Achievements in Chemical Sensing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13132974. [PMID: 32635229 PMCID: PMC7372330 DOI: 10.3390/ma13132974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has received wide attention in several areas such as in medicine, sensor technology and solar cell industries. TiO2-based gas sensors have attracted significant attention in past decades due to their excellent physical/chemical properties, low cost and high abundance on Earth. In recent years, more and more efforts have been invested for the further improvement in sensing properties of TiO2 by implementing new strategies such as growth of TiO2 in different morphologies. Indeed, in the last five to seven years, 1D nanostructures and heterostructures of TiO2 have been synthesized using different growth techniques and integrated in chemical/gas sensing. Thus, in this review article, we briefly summarize the most important contributions by different researchers within the last five to seven years in fabrication of 1D nanostructures of TiO2-based chemical/gas sensors and the different strategies applied for the improvements of their performances. Moreover, the crystal structure of TiO2, different fabrication techniques used for the growth of TiO2-based 1D nanostructures, their chemical sensing mechanism and sensing performances towards reducing and oxidizing gases have been discussed in detail.
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Ji H, Zeng W, Li Y. Gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors: a focus review. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22664-22684. [PMID: 31755888 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, gas sensors have been increasingly used in industrial production and daily life. Metal oxide semiconductor gas sensing materials are favoured for their outstanding physical and chemical properties, low cost and simple preparation methods. However, the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors have not been considered by researchers, resulting in omissions and errors in the interpretation of gas sensing mechanisms in many articles. This review organizes and introduces several common gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors in detail and classifies them into two categories. The scope and relationship of these mechanisms are clarified. In addition, this review selects four strategies for enhancing the gas sensing properties of metal oxide semiconductors and analyses the gas sensing mechanisms to highlight the importance of the gas sensing mechanism. Finally, some perspectives for future investigations on the gas sensing mechanisms of metal oxide semiconductors are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Wen Zeng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China. and State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yanqiong Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 400030, China
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Self-Assembled Vanadium Oxide Nanoflakes for p-Type Ammonia Sensors at Room Temperature. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030317. [PMID: 30818822 PMCID: PMC6473898 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
VO2(B), VO2(M), and V2O5 are the most famous compounds in the vanadium oxide family. Here, their gas-sensing properties were investigated and compared. VO2(B) nanoflakes were first self-assembled via a hydrothermal method, and then VO2(M) and V2O5 nanoflakes were obtained after a heat-phase transformation in nitrogen and air, respectively. Their microstructures were evaluated using X-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopies, respectively. Gas sensing measurements indicated that VO2(M) nanoflakes were gas-insensitive, while both VO2(B) and V2O5 nanoflakes were highly selective to ammonia at room temperature. As ammonia sensors, both VO2(B) and V2O5 nanoflakes showed abnormal p-type sensing characteristics, although vanadium oxides are generally considered as n-type semiconductors. Moreover, V2O5 nanoflakes exhibited superior ammonia sensing performance compared to VO2(B) nanoflakes, with one order of magnitude higher sensitivity, a shorter response time of 14–22 s, and a shorter recovery time of 14–20 s. These characteristics showed the excellent potential of V2O5 nanostructures as ammonia sensors.
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Lee S, Kim J, Jeon JH, Song M, Kim S, You YG, Jhang SH, Seo SA, Chun SH. Chemical Vapor-Deposited Vanadium Pentoxide Nanosheets with Highly Stable and Low Switching Voltages for Effective Selector Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42875-42881. [PMID: 30427172 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, attempts to overcome the physical limits of memory devices have led to the development of promising materials and architectures for next-generation memory technology. The selector device is one of the essential ingredients of high-density stacked memory systems. However, complicated constituent deposition conditions and thermal degradation are problematic, even with effective selector device materials. Herein, we demonstrate the highly stable and low-threshold voltages of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets synthesized by facile chemical vapor deposition, which have not been previously reported on the threshold switching (TS) properties. The electrons occupying trap sites in poly-crystalline V2O5 nanosheet contribute to the perfectly symmetric TS feature at the bias polarity and low-threshold voltages in V2O5, confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements. Furthermore, we find an additional PdO interlayer in V2O5 nanodevices connected with a Pd/Au electrode after thermal annealing treatment. The PdO interlayer decreases the threshold voltages, and the Ion/ Ioff ratio increases because of the increased trap density of V2O5. These studies provide insights into V2O5 switching characteristics, which can support low power consumption in nonvolatile memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghun Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jeon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seonyeong Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu You
- School of Physics , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Jhang
- School of Physics , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Ae Seo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Chun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Sejong University , Seoul 05006 , Republic of Korea
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13
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Zappa D, Galstyan V, Kaur N, Munasinghe Arachchige HMM, Sisman O, Comini E. "Metal oxide -based heterostructures for gas sensors"- A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1039:1-23. [PMID: 30322540 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the synthesis and chemical sensing characterization of metal oxide heterostructures reported since 2012. Heterostructures exhibit strong interactions between closely packed interfaces, showing superior performances compared to single structures. Surface effects appear thanks to the magnification of nanostructures' surface leading to an enhancement of surface related properties (the base of chemical sensors working mechanism). The combination of different metal oxides to form heterostructures further improves the selectivity and/or other important sensing parameters. A very large number of different morphologies and structures have been proposed, each one exhibiting peculiar sensing properties towards specific chemical compounds. Among the different preparation methodologies, a significant number has been performed by means of hydrothermal method. However, the combination of various fabrication methods seems a very efficient strategy to obtain metal oxide-based heterostructures with different morphologies and dimensions such as core-shell nanostructures, one-dimensional heterostructures, two-dimensional layered heterojunctions, and three-dimensional hierarchical heterostructures. Despite all extraordinary advances in both material science and nanotechnology and the results achieved with heterostructured chemical sensors, there are few points that still deserve further studies and investigations, such as possible diffusion across the junctions, reproducibility of the fabrication process, synergistic or catalytic effects among the materials forming the heterostructures and influence/stability of the contacts. Moreover, perfect control over their growth is mandatory for their application in commercial devices. Only a careful understanding of the growth and the interface properties could fill the existing gap between laboratory studies and real-world exploitation of these heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Zappa
- SENSOR Laboratory, Dept. of Information Engineering (DII), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Via Valotti 7, 25123, Italy
| | - Vardan Galstyan
- SENSOR Laboratory, Dept. of Information Engineering (DII), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Via Valotti 7, 25123, Italy
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- SENSOR Laboratory, Dept. of Information Engineering (DII), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Via Valotti 7, 25123, Italy
| | | | - Orhan Sisman
- SENSOR Laboratory, Dept. of Information Engineering (DII), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Via Valotti 7, 25123, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- SENSOR Laboratory, Dept. of Information Engineering (DII), Università degli Studi di Brescia, Via Valotti 7, 25123, Italy.
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Wang Y, Wu T, Zhou Y, Meng C, Zhu W, Liu L. TiO₂-Based Nanoheterostructures for Promoting Gas Sensitivity Performance: Designs, Developments, and Prospects. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E1971. [PMID: 28846621 PMCID: PMC5621145 DOI: 10.3390/s17091971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas sensors based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) have attracted much public attention during the past decades due to their excellent potential for applications in environmental pollution remediation, transportation industries, personal safety, biology, and medicine. Numerous efforts have therefore been devoted to improving the sensing performance of TiO₂. In those effects, the construct of nanoheterostructures is a promising tactic in gas sensing modification, which shows superior sensing performance to that of the single component-based sensors. In this review, we briefly summarize and highlight the development of TiO₂-based heterostructure gas sensing materials with diverse models, including semiconductor/semiconductor nanoheterostructures, noble metal/semiconductor nanoheterostructures, carbon-group-materials/semiconductor nano- heterostructures, and organic/inorganic nanoheterostructures, which have been investigated for effective enhancement of gas sensing properties through the increase of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, decrease of optimal work temperature and response/recovery time, and minimization of detectable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University for Science and Technology, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, Southwest University for Science and Technology, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yun Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Chuanmin Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lixin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, PO Box 919-111, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China.
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Yao MS, Cao LA, Hou GL, Cai ML, Xiu JW, Fang CH, Yuan FL, Chen YF. Gold–tin co-sensitized ZnO layered porous nanocrystals: enhanced responses and anti-humidity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold–tin co-sensitized ZnO layered porous nanocrystals were synthesized and performed enhanced responses and significantly reduced negative effects of RH on responses to both reducing and oxidizing gases (good anti-humidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Lin-An Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R.China
| | - Guo-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Min-Lan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R.China
| | - Jing-Wei Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R.China
| | - Chen-Hao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- P. R.China
| | - Fang-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fa Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multi-Phase Complex Systems
- Institute of Process Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- P. R. China
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