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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Cabizosu A, Alcaraz PE, Marín-Pagán C. Effects of pre-exercise glycerol supplementation on dehydration, metabolic, kinematic, and thermographic variables in international race walkers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2346563. [PMID: 38676933 PMCID: PMC11057399 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2346563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the increase in global temperature, it is necessary to investigate solutions so that athletes competing in hot conditions can perform in optimal conditions avoiding loss of performance and health problems. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise glycerol supplementation during a rectangular test at ambient temperature mid (28.2ºC) on dehydration variables in international race walkers. METHODS Eight international male race walkers (age: 28.0 years (4.4); weight: 65.6 kg (6.6); height: 180.0 cm (5.0); fat mass: 6.72% (0.66); muscle mass: 33.3 kg (3.3); VO2MAX: 66.5 ml · kg-1·min-1 (1.9)) completed this randomized crossover design clinical trial. Subjects underwent two interventions: they consumed placebo (n = 8) and glycerol (n = 8) acutely, before a rectangular test where dehydration, RPE, metabolic, kinematic, and thermographic variables were analyzed before, during and after the test. RESULTS After the intervention, significant differences were found between groups in body mass in favor of the placebo (Placebo: -2.23 kg vs Glycerol: -2.48 kg; p = 0.033). For other variables, no significant differences were found. CONCLUSION Therefore, pre-exercise glycerol supplementation was not able to improve any dehydration, metabolic, kinematic, or thermographic variables during a rectangular test at temperature mid in international race walkers. Possibly, a higher environmental temperature could have generated a higher metabolic and thermoregulatory stress, generating differences between groups like other previous scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Cabizosu
- THERMHESC Group, Chair of Ribera Hospital de Molina San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro E. Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Verdegaal ELJMM, Howarth GS, McWhorter TJ, Delesalle CJG. Thermoregulation during Field Exercise in Horses Using Skin Temperature Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:136. [PMID: 38200867 PMCID: PMC10777899 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia and exertional heat illness (EHI) are performance and welfare issues for all exercising horses. Monitoring the thermoregulatory response allows for early recognition of metabolic heat accumulation during exercise and the possibility of taking prompt and effective preventative measures to avoid a further increase in core body temperature (Tc) leading to hyperthermia. Skin temperature (Tsk) monitoring is most used as a non-invasive tool to assess the thermoregulatory response pre- and post-exercise, particularly employing infrared thermographic equipment. However, only a few studies have used thermography to monitor skin temperature continuously during exercise. This commentary provides an overview of studies investigating surface skin temperature mainly by infrared thermography (IRT) during exercise. The scientific evidence, including methodologies, applications, and challenges associated with (continuous) skin temperature monitoring in horses during field exercise, is discussed. The commentary highlights that, while monitoring Tsk is straightforward, continuous Tsk alone does not always reliably estimate Tc evolvement during field exercise. In addition, inter-individual differences in thermoregulation need to be recognized and accounted for to optimize individual wellbeing. With the ongoing development and application of advanced wearable monitoring technology, there may be future advances in equipment and modeling for timely intervention with horses at hyperthermic risk to improve their welfare. However, at this point, infrared thermographic assessment of Tsk should always be used in conjunction with other clinical assessments and veterinary examinations for a reliable monitoring of the welfare of the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Todd J. McWhorter
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Catherine J. G. Delesalle
- Thermoregulation Research Group, Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5116, Australia; (G.S.H.); (T.J.M.); (C.J.G.D.)
- Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Holanda AGA, Cortez DEA, Queiroz GFD, Matera JM. Applicability of thermography for cancer diagnosis in small animals. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103561. [PMID: 37344014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Medical thermography is an imaging test used to monitor skin surface temperature. Although it is not a recent technique, significant advances have been made since the 2000s with the equipment modernization, leading to its popularization. In cancer diagnosis, the application of thermography is supported by the difference in thermal distribution between neoplastic processes and adjacent healthy tissue. The mechanisms involved in heat production by cancer cells include neoangiogenesis, increased metabolic rate, vasodilation, and the release of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory substances. Currently, thermography has been widely studied in humans as a screening tool for skin and breast cancer, with positive results. In veterinary medicine, the technique has shown promise and has been described for skin and soft tissue tumors in felines, mammary gland tumors, osteosarcoma, mast cell tumors, and perianal tumors in dogs. This review discusses the fundamentals of the technique, monitoring conditions, and the role of thermography as a complementary diagnostic tool for cancer in veterinary medicine, as well as future perspectives for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia Maria Matera
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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4
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Martínez-Noguera FJ, Cabizosu A, Marín-Pagán C, Alcaraz PE. Body surface profile in ambient and hot temperatures during a rectangular test in race walker champions of the World Cup in Oman 2022. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103548. [PMID: 37344022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
There is current interest in infrared thermography as a method to assess changes in body surface temperature to determine thermoregulatory mechanisms, especially in endurance sports. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two environmental temperatures (17 and 28°C) on body surface temperature in different anterior and posterior aspects of the body during a rectangular test in international walkers of the Spanish National Team. Three international walkers performed a rectangular test, where body temperature was measured at rest, and after the 5th, 10th and 15th run using an infrared thermographic camera in room temperatures at 17 and 28°C. In addition, oxygen consumption was measured simultaneously. ANOVA detected a group × time interaction in the chest and abdomen (right and left), left back and right calf (p = < 0.05), with a trend in the right hamstring (p = 0.053) when comparing 17°C and 28°C. ANOVA detected no significant group × time interaction (p = 0.853) but there was a significant group effect (p = 0.022). The eleven degrees increase in ambient temperature (17 to 28°C) produces changes in almost all anatomical zones, but not homogeneously in international walkers during a rectangular test. This indicates that metabolic and blood flow changes are different depending on the anatomical zone measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alessio Cabizosu
- THERMHESC Group, Ribera Hospital de Molina San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Spain.
| | - Cristian Marín-Pagán
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Campus de los Jerónimos, N° 135 UCAM, 30107, Murcia, Spain.
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Sánchez-Jiménez JL, Tejero-Pastor R, Calzadillas-Valles MDC, Jimenez-Perez I, Cibrián Ortiz de Anda RM, Salvador-Palmer R, Priego-Quesada JI. Chronic and Acute Effects on Skin Temperature from a Sport Consisting of Repetitive Impacts from Hitting a Ball with the Hands. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8572. [PMID: 36366270 PMCID: PMC9655514 DOI: 10.3390/s22218572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Valencian handball consists in hitting the ball with the hands and it may contribute to injury development on the hands. This study aimed to analyze skin temperature asymmetries and recovery after a cold stress test (CST) in professional players of Valencian handball before and after a competition. Thirteen professional athletes and a control group of ten physically active participants were measured. For both groups, infrared images were taken at the baseline condition; later they underwent a thermal stress test (pressing for 2 min with the palm of the hand on a metal plate) and then recovery images were taken. In athletes, the images were also taken after their competition. Athletes at baseline condition presented lower temperatures (p < 0.05) in the dominant hand compared with the non-dominant hand. There were asymmetries in all regions after their match (p < 0.05). After CST, a higher recovery rate was found after the game. The regions with the most significant differences in variation, asymmetries and recovery patterns were the index, middle and ring fingers, and the palm of the dominant hand. Taking into account that lower temperatures and the absence of temperature variation may be the consequence of a vascular adaptation, thermography could be used as a method to prevent injuries in athletes from Valencian handball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sánchez-Jiménez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Robert Tejero-Pastor
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Lino-Samaniego Á, de la Rubia A, Sillero-Quintana M. Acute effect of auxotonic and isometric contraction evaluated by infrared thermography in handball players. J Therm Biol 2022; 109:103318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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García Becerra A, Olguín Tiznado JE, García Alcaraz JL, Camargo Wilson C, López Barreras JA, Cano Gutiérrez JC, Garcia-Rivera RB. Temperature Asymmetry Analysis between Left and Right Wrist with Sensory and Infrared Thermography. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10240. [PMID: 36011875 PMCID: PMC9408491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191610240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article reports a thermal analysis of the wrists to analyze the behavior and recovery of skin temperature after 20 min when performing a highly repetitive movement, and two thermography methods (sensory and infrared) and research groups were compared. The tests were carried out with 44 participants who performed a repetitive task for 10 min and integrated into two groups, of which 22 were trained workers from a maquiladora company and were analyzed with sensory thermography, and the other 22 were in the laboratory with infrared thermography with undergraduate students. The study area is the left and right hand, specifically the wrists. The proposed hypothesis is that people with some musculoskeletal problems have a decrease in temperature when starting repetitive tasks and thermal asymmetries, which measurements were recorded at 0, 10, 15, and 20 min after the task was finished. Findings indicate that the temperatures in both wrists behave similarly. The workers reached higher temperatures, and the centigrade degrees of asymmetry difference were also higher. The variable with influence on the temperature was fractured in the arm. After thermally analyzing the temperature behavior between the wrists of both hands, it is concluded that there is an increase in temperature after finishing a repetitive task, and it does not stabilize after 20 min. Both thermography methods observed that the asymmetries are greater than 0.5 °C, detecting the possible pathology of carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra García Becerra
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tecnológico Nacional de México/IT Ciudad Guzmán, Ciudad Guzman 49100, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Luis García Alcaraz
- Department Industrial Engineering and Manufacturing, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Ciudad Juárez 32310, Mexico
| | - Claudia Camargo Wilson
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Mexico
| | - Juan Andrés López Barreras
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana 22390, Mexico
| | - Julio Cesar Cano Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22860, Mexico
| | - Rosa Blanca Garcia-Rivera
- Faculty of Administrative and Social Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, Mexico
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Verdegaal ELJMM, Howarth GS, McWhorter TJ, Delesalle CJG. Is Continuous Monitoring of Skin Surface Temperature a Reliable Proxy to Assess the Thermoregulatory Response in Endurance Horses During Field Exercise? Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:894146. [PMID: 35711810 PMCID: PMC9196037 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.894146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is a performance and welfare issue for exercising horses. The thermoregulatory stressors associated with exercise have typically been estimated by responses in the laboratory. However, monitoring surface skin temperature (Tsk) coincident with core temperature (Tc) has not previously been investigated in horses exercising in the field. We investigated the suitability of monitoring surface Tsk as a metric of the thermoregulatory response, and simultaneously investigated its relationship with Tc using gastrointestinal (GI) temperature. We evaluated Tsk in 13 endurance horses competing during four endurance rides over 40 km (n = 1) or a total of 80 km (n = 12) distance. Following each 40-km loop, the horses were rested for 60 min. Tsk and Tc were continuously recorded every 15 s by an infrared thermistor sensor located in a modified belt and by telemetric GI pill, respectively, and expressed as mean ± SD. The net area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to estimate the thermoregulatory response to the thermal load of Tsk over time (°C × minutes) using the trapezoidal method. The relationship between Tsk and Tc was assessed using scatterplots, paired t-test or generalized linear model ANOVA (delta Tsk) (n = 8). Ambient temperature ranged from 6.7°C to 18.4°C. No relationship was found between Tsk and Tc profiles during exercise and recovery periods, and no significant difference between delta Tsk results was detected when comparing exercise and rest. However, time to maximum Tsk (67 min) was significantly reduced compared to Tc (139 min) (p = 0.0004) with a significantly lesser maximum Tsk (30.3°C) than Tc (39°C) (p = 0.0002) during exercise. Net AUC Tsk was 1,164 ± 1,448 and −305 ± 388°C × minutes during periods of exercise and recovery, respectively. We conclude that Tsk monitoring does not provide a reliable proxy for the thermoregulatory response and horse welfare, most probably because many factors can modulate Tsk without directly affecting Tc. Those factors, such as weather conditions, applicable to all field studies can influence the results of Tsk in endurance horses. The study also reveals important inter-individual differences in Tsk and Tc time profiles, emphasizing the importance of an individualized model of temperature monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth-Lidwien J. M. M. Verdegaal
| | - Gordon S. Howarth
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Gastroenterology Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Todd J. McWhorter
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Catherine J. G. Delesalle
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Research Group of Comparative Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Sim D, Brothers MC, Slocik JM, Islam AE, Maruyama B, Grigsby CC, Naik RR, Kim SS. Biomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104426. [PMID: 35023321 PMCID: PMC8895156 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of "quantitative assessments" on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high-performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Research Associateship Program (RAP)the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and MedicineWashingtonDC20001USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Michael C. Brothers
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
- Integrative Health & Performance Sciences DivisionUES Inc.DaytonOH45432USA
| | - Joseph M. Slocik
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Ahmad E. Islam
- Air Force Research LaboratorySensors DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Air Force Research LaboratoryMaterials and Manufacturing DirectorateWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Claude C. Grigsby
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Rajesh R. Naik
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
| | - Steve S. Kim
- Air Force Research Laboratory711th Human Performance WingWright‐Patterson Air Force BaseOH 45433USA
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Levshinskii V, Galazis C, Losev A, Zamechnik T, Kharybina T, Vesnin S, Goryanin I. Using AI and passive medical radiometry for diagnostics (MWR) of venous diseases. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 215:106611. [PMID: 34998169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the possibility of using artificial intelligence (AI) passive microwave radiometry (MWR) for the diagnostics of venous diseases. MWR measures non-invasive microwave emission (internal temperature) from human body 4 cm deep. The method has been used for early diagnostics in cancer, back pain, brain, COVID-19 pneumonia, and other diseases. In this paper, an AI model based on MWR data is proposed. The model was used to predict the disease state of phlebology patients. We have used MWR and infrared (skin temperature) data of the lower extremities to design a feature space and construct a classification algorithm. Our method has a sensitivity above 0.8 and a specificity above 0.7. At the same time, our method provides an advisory outcome in terms which are understandable for clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Galazis
- School of Informatics University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Losev
- Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - T Zamechnik
- Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd, Russia
| | - T Kharybina
- Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Vesnin
- Medical Microwave Radiometry Ltd, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - I Goryanin
- School of Informatics University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Moscow, Russia; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan.
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Fisher JT, Ciuha U, Tipton MJ, Ioannou LG, Mekjavic IB. Predicting Deep Body Temperature (T b) from Forehead Skin Temperature: T b or Not T b? SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030826. [PMID: 35161573 PMCID: PMC8838465 DOI: 10.3390/s22030826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to rapidly screen individuals for heat strain and fever using skin temperature (Tsk) as an index of deep body temperature (Tb). This study’s aim was to assess whether Tsk could serve as an accurate and valid index of Tb during a simulated heatwave. Seven participants maintained a continuous schedule over 9-days, in 3-day parts; pre-/post-HW (25.4 °C), simulated-HW (35.4 °C). Contact thermistors measured Tsk (Tforehead, Tfinger); radio pills measured gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi). Proximal-distal temperature gradients (ΔTforehead–finger) were also measured. Measurements were grouped into ambient conditions: 22, 25, and 35 °C. Tgi and Tforehead only displayed a significant relationship in 22 °C (r: 0.591; p < 0.001) and 25 °C (r: 0.408; p < 0.001) conditions. A linear regression of all conditions identified Tforehead and ΔTforehead–finger as significant predictors of Tgi (r2: 0.588; F: 125.771; p < 0.001), producing a root mean square error of 0.26 °C. Additional residual analysis identified Tforehead to be responsible for a plateau in Tgi prediction above 37 °C. Contact Tforehead was shown to be a statistically suitable indicator of Tgi in non-HW conditions; however, an error of ~1 °C makes this physiologically redundant. The measurement of multiple sites may improve Tb prediction, though it is still physiologically unsuitable, especially at higher ambient temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Fisher
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.T.F.); (U.C.); (L.G.I.)
- International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Ciuha
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.T.F.); (U.C.); (L.G.I.)
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2EF, UK;
| | - Leonidas G. Ioannou
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.T.F.); (U.C.); (L.G.I.)
| | - Igor B. Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.T.F.); (U.C.); (L.G.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-477-3358
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Skin temperature measurement in individuals with spinal cord injury during and after exercise: Systematic review. J Therm Biol 2021; 105:103146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Batista E, Moncusi MA, López-Aguilar P, Martínez-Ballesté A, Solanas A. Sensors for Context-Aware Smart Healthcare: A Security Perspective. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6886. [PMID: 34696099 PMCID: PMC8537585 DOI: 10.3390/s21206886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The advances in the miniaturisation of electronic devices and the deployment of cheaper and faster data networks have propelled environments augmented with contextual and real-time information, such as smart homes and smart cities. These context-aware environments have opened the door to numerous opportunities for providing added-value, accurate and personalised services to citizens. In particular, smart healthcare, regarded as the natural evolution of electronic health and mobile health, contributes to enhance medical services and people's welfare, while shortening waiting times and decreasing healthcare expenditure. However, the large number, variety and complexity of devices and systems involved in smart health systems involve a number of challenging considerations to be considered, particularly from security and privacy perspectives. To this aim, this article provides a thorough technical review on the deployment of secure smart health services, ranging from the very collection of sensors data (either related to the medical conditions of individuals or to their immediate context), the transmission of these data through wireless communication networks, to the final storage and analysis of such information in the appropriate health information systems. As a result, we provide practitioners with a comprehensive overview of the existing vulnerabilities and solutions in the technical side of smart healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Batista
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
- SIMPPLE S.L., C. Joan Maragall 1A, 43003 Tarragona, Spain
| | - M. Angels Moncusi
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
| | - Pablo López-Aguilar
- Anti-Phishing Working Group EU, Av. Diagonal 621–629, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Antoni Martínez-Ballesté
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
| | - Agusti Solanas
- Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (A.M.-B.)
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Aylwin PE, Racinais S, Bermon S, Lloyd A, Hodder S, Havenith G. The use of infrared thermography for the dynamic measurement of skin temperature of moving athletes during competition; methodological issues. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34320480 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the use of infrared thermography (IRT) for skin temperature measurement of moving athletes during competition and its sensitivity to factors that are traditionally standardised.Approach. Thermograms were collected for 18 female athletes during the 20 km racewalk at the 2019 World Athletics Championships, with a medium-wave, cooled indium antimonide medium wave infrared band (MWIR) and a long-wave, uncooled microbolometer longwave infrared band (LWIR) infrared camera.Main results. The MWIR provided greater clarity images of motion due to a shorter exposure and response time and produced a higher percentage of acceptable images. Analysing acceptable images only, the LWIR and WMIR produced good levels of agreement, with a bias of -0.1 ± 0.6 °C in mean skin temperature for the LWIR. As the surface area of an ROI was reduced, the measured temperature became less representative of the whole ROI. Compared to measuring the whole area ROI, a single central pixel produced a bias of 0.3 ± 0.3 °C (MWIR) and 0.1 ± 0.4 °C (LWIR) whilst using the maximum and minimum temperature pixels resulted in deviations of 1.3 ± 0.4 °C and -1.1 ± 0.3 °C (MWIR) and 1.2 ± 0.3 °C and -1.3 ± 0.4 °C (LWIR). The sensitivity to air and reflected temperatures was lower for the LWIR camera, due to the higher emissivity of skin in its wavelength.Significance. IRT provides an appropriate tool for the measurement of skin temperature during real-world competition and critically during athlete motion. The cheaper LWIR camera provides a feasible alternative to the MWIR in low rate of motion scenarios, with comparable precision and sensitivity to analysis. However, the LWIR is limited when higher speeds prevent the accurate measurement and ability to capture motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polly E Aylwin
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, Principality of Monaco, Europe.,LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, France
| | - Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
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Perpetuini D, Formenti D, Cardone D, Filippini C, Merla A. Regions of interest selection and thermal imaging data analysis in sports and exercise science: a narrative review. Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34186518 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac0fbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive, contactless and low-cost technology that allows recording of the radiating energy that is released from a body, providing an estimate of its superficial temperature. Thanks to the improvement of infrared thermal detectors, this technique is widely used in the biomedical field to monitor the skin temperature for different purposes (e.g. assessing circulatory diseases, psychophysiological state, affective computing). Particularly, in sports and exercise science, thermography is extensively used to assess sports performance, to investigate superficial vascular changes induced by physical exercise, and to monitor injuries. However, the methods of analysis employed to treat IRT data are not standardized, and hence introduce variability in the results. APPROACH This review focuses on the methods of analysis currently used for thermal imaging in sports and exercise science. MAIN RESULTS Firstly, the procedures employed for the selection of regions of interest (ROIs) from anatomical body districts are reviewed, paying attention also to the potentialities of morphing algorithms to increase the reproducibility of thermal results. Secondly, the statistical approaches utilized to characterize the temperature frequency and spatial distributions within ROIs are investigated, showing their strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the importance of employing tracking methods to analyze the temporal thermal oscillations within ROIs is discussed. Thirdly, the capability of employing procedures of investigation based on machine learning frameworks on thermal imaging in sports science is examined. SIGNIFICANCE Finally, some proposals to improve the standardization and the reproducibility of IRT data analysis are provided, in order to facilitate the development of a common database of thermal images and to improve the effectiveness of IRT in sports science.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perpetuini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiano Formenti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences (DBSV), University of Insubria, Via Dunant, 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Daniela Cardone
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara Filippini
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Merla
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University G. D'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Via Luigi Polacchi 13, 66100, Chieti, Italy
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Jung H, Seo J, Seo K, Kim D, Park S. Detection of Muscle Activation during Resistance Training Using Infrared Thermal Imaging. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134505. [PMID: 34209377 PMCID: PMC8272228 DOI: 10.3390/s21134505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermal imaging has been widely used to show the correlation between thermal characteristics of the body and muscle activation. This study aims to investigate a method using thermal imaging to visualize and differentiate target muscles during resistance training. Thermal images were acquired to monitor three target muscles (i.e., biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and deltoid muscle) in the brachium while varying the training weight, duration, and order of training. The acquired thermal images were segmented and converted to heat maps. By generating difference heat maps from pairs of heat maps during training, the target muscles were clearly visualized, with an average temperature difference of 0.86 °C. It was observed that training order had no significant effect on skin surface temperature. The difference heat maps were also used to train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to show the feasibility of target muscle classification, with an accuracy of 92.3%. This study demonstrated that infrared thermal imaging could be effectively utilized to locate and differentiate target muscle activation during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haemin Jung
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
| | - Jeongwung Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kangwon Seo
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.S.); (K.S.)
| | | | - Suhyun Park
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Vardasca R, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Pre-exercise skin temperature evolution is not related with 100 m front crawl performance. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102926. [PMID: 34016349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During the transition between warm-up and competition there is a change in core, muscle and (eventually) skin temperature that may affect swimming performance. We have aimed to assess skin temperature evolution during transition phases of different durations before a typical front crawl effort and to investigate its relationship with performance. Following a standardized warm-up, nine adolescent male swimmers performed three maximal randomized 100 m maximum front crawl trials after 10, 20 and 45 min transition phases. Skin temperature, performance (time, stroke frequency, length and index, and propelling efficiency), heart rate, lactate and perceived effort were assessed. Data showed a skin temperature log increase over time (R2 > 0.96, p < 0.01) without differences from the 15 min with the following instants. Performance and psychophysiological variables were similar between transition phases. However, skin temperature at the end of the transition periods, i.e., just before the 100 m trials, was lower in the 10 min than the 20 and 45 min transitions (32.0 ± 0.6 vs 33.0 ± 0.4 and 33.5 ± 0.5 °C, respectively). The main finding was that no relevant relationships were observed between pre-test skin temperature and performance times (|r| < 0.6, p > 0.05) for the studied transition phases. We have concluded that transitions longer than 10 min will not present thermal changes and that, within the physiologic limits studied, pre-exercise skin temperature does not influence swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of health and Sport Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Vardasca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; ISLA Santarem, Santarem, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Machado ÁS, Priego-Quesada JI, Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Carpes FP, Perez-Soriano P. Influence of infrared camera model and evaluator reproducibility in the assessment of skin temperature responses to physical exercise. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102913. [PMID: 34016340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) has been gaining in popularity in clinical and scientific research due to the increasing availability of affordable infrared cameras. This study aims to determine the similarity of measurement performance between three models of IRT camera during assessment of skin temperature before and after physical exercise. Three models of FLIR thermographic cameras (E60bx, Flir-One Pro LT, and C2) were tested. Thermal images were taken of the foot sole, anterior leg, and anterior thigh from 12 well-trained men, before and after a 30-min run on a treadmill. Image files were blinded and processed by three evaluators to extract the mean, maximum, and standard deviation of skin temperature of the region of interest. Time for data processing and rate of perceived effort was also recorded. Data processing was slower on the E60bx (CI95% E60 vs C2 [0.2, 2.6 min], p = 0.02 and ES = 0.6); vs. Flir-One [0.0, 3.4 min], p = 0.03 and ES = 0.6) and was associated with lower effort perception (E60 3.0 ± 0.1 vs. Flir-One 5.6 ± 0.2 vs C2 7.0 ± 0.2 points; p < 0.001 and ES > 0.8). The C2 and Flir-One cameras underestimated the temperature compared with the E60. In general, measuring mean temperature provided higher camera and examiner intra-class correlations than maximum and standard deviation, especially before exercise. Moreover, post exercise mean skin temperatures provided the most consistent values across cameras and evaluators. We recommend the use of mean temperature and caution when using more than one camera model in a study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro S Machado
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene Jimenez-Perez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Research Group in Medical Physics (GIFIME), Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Gil-Calvo
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Faculty of health and Sport Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Felipe Pivetta Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Pedro Perez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Mekjavic IB, Tipton MJ. Myths and methodologies: Degrees of freedom - limitations of infrared thermographic screening for Covid-19 and other infections. Exp Physiol 2020; 107:733-742. [PMID: 33369802 DOI: 10.1113/ep089260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Around the planet, in many different scenarios, skin temperature is being used as a surrogate measure of deep body (core) temperature in the assessment of whether an individual is infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease (Covid-19), as indicated by the presence of fever. The key question is whether this is a valid methodology. If it is not, we run the risk of falsely excluding individuals from places they may want, or need, to go. We also run the risk of falsely allowing people into places where they can spread the undetected infection they have. In this review, we explore these and associated questions. We establish the limited utility of the current methodology for the mass screening of individuals for Covid-19 related fever using infrared thermography. We propose the development of an alternative method that may prove to be more sensitive.
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20
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MacLean BL, MacLean K, Stewart IB, Hunt AP. Monitoring heat strain: the effect of sensor type and location on single-site and mean skin temperature during work in the heat. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 94:539-546. [PMID: 33184687 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Elevations in skin temperature and heat strain reduce tolerance to work in the heat. This study assessed agreement between mean (eight sites) and single-site skin temperature, measured by a conductive or infrared sensor, during exercise in the heat. METHODS Twelve males (age: 24.2 ± 3.7 years; height: 180 ± 6.5 cm; body mass: 82.9 ± 9.5 kg; body fat: 16.0 ± 6.5%) volunteered to participate in two trials. Thirty minutes of seated rest was followed by 60 min of treadmill walking (4.5 km·h-1, 1%) inside an environmental chamber (35.5 ± 0.2 °C dry bulb, 50.7 ± 2.5% relative humidity) wearing either an athletic (ATH: t-shirt, shorts, shoes) or a chemical protective ensemble (CPE: ATH plus coverall and respirator). Skin temperature was measured on the axilla with a conductive sensor (Tsk-C) and an infrared sensor (Tsk-I) and compared to mean skin temperature ([Formula: see text] 8-site conductive sensors). Rectal temperature and heart rate were measured and used to calculate the adaptive physiological strain index (aPSI). RESULTS Skin temperature on the chest, scapula, and thigh showed acceptable agreement with [Formula: see text] (mean difference < 0.5 °C and limits of agreement ± 1.0 °C) in both ATH and CPE. Skin temperature on the axilla overestimated [Formula: see text] in ATH (Tsk-C: 1.5 ± 0.8 °C; Tsk-I: 2.2 ± 1.2 °C) and CPE (Tsk-C: 1.1 ± 0.9 °C; Tsk-I: 1.8 ± 1.1 °C). Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed in aPSI using Tsk-I (ATH: 5.7 ± 1.0, CPE: 8.3 ± 1.1) and Tsk-C (ATH: 5.4 ± 1.0, CPE 7.8 ± 1.0) compared to [Formula: see text] (ATH: 5.2 ± 1.0, CPE: 7.4 ± 1.0). CONCLUSION The overestimate of mean skin temperature had a significant influence on the aPSI, which has important implications for real-time monitoring and risk management of personnel working in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L MacLean
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Kendal MacLean
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Ian B Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew P Hunt
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Victoria Park Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Department of Defence, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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21
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Gonçalves AF, Matias FL, Parizotto NA, Dos Santos HH, Ferreira JJDA, de Andrade PR. The immediate effect of whole-body vibration on rectus abdominis muscle activity and cutaneous temperature: A randomized controlled trial. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 25:46-52. [PMID: 33714510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare acute effects of isometric abdominal exercises performed with or without vibration on the electromyographic activity and cutaneous temperature in the abdominal region of physically active individuals. METHODS A randomized controlled crossover clinical trial was undertaken in thirty volunteers who completed one unique session of two different protocols of interventions apart from a week from each other, in a two-week study protocol. The subjects were randomly divided in to two groups of 15 volunteers; both were assigned to perform board exercise (30 s on the front, right and left lateral boards, with a rest interval of 2 min). The first group performed it on a vibrating platform at a frequency of 30 Hz for the first week, while the remaining participants executed the same exercise without stimulates vibration. In the second week the protocol was inverted. The outcome were surface electromyography (EMG) data for the rectus abdominis muscle (RAM) and cutaneous temperature (CT) of the abdominal region. Normality was accepted, and Student's t-tests were used to compare the measurements for dependents variables (P < 0.05). RESULTS There were no differences in RAM activation and CT between protocols with or without vibration (P > 0.05). CT increased (P = 0.001) after both the exercises with and without vibration. CONCLUSION The results suggest that there were no effects in cutaneous temperature or muscle activation through the use of vibration associated with isometric abdominal exercises.
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Brito CJ, Moreira DG, Ferreira JJ, Díaz-de-Durana AL, Miarka B, Marins JC, Sillero-Quintana M. Immune Response Related With Skin Thermal Pattern in Judokas: A New Application for Infrared Thermography? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:2886-2894. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Requena-Bueno L, Priego-Quesada JI, Jimenez-Perez I, Gil-Calvo M, Pérez-Soriano P. Validation of ThermoHuman automatic thermographic software for assessing foot temperature before and after running. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Counterpoint to “Infrared cameras overestimate skin temperature during rewarming from cold exposure”. J Therm Biol 2020; 92:102663. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Calderón-Pellegrino G, Gallardo L, Paredes-Hernández V, García-Unanue J, Giménez JV, Colino E, Felipe JL, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Influence of artificial turf temperature on physical performance and muscle contractile properties in football players after a repeated-sprint ability test. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12747. [PMID: 32728088 PMCID: PMC7391762 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69720-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the effect of playing surface temperature on muscular and thermal response to a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test in football players. Thirty-two male football players (23 ± 5 years; 1.77 ± 0.06 m; 71.2 ± 6.7 kg) from two squads of a third-division football club participated in the study. An RSA test was carried out at a high surface temperature (45.34 ± 2.53 °C) and low surface temperature (27.21 ± 2.17 °C). Before and after this test, the muscular response of the players was assessed through tensiomyography and thermograms. The results revealed that performance in the RSA test particularly increased at a higher surface temperature, especially in the first 5 m of the 30 m sprint test. While a reduction in maximal radial displacement (Dm) in the biceps femoris post-RSA was observed at lower surface temperatures, a higher temperature on the thigh, hamstring and calf was found in the higher surface temperature group. In conclusion, higher surface temperatures had an influence on players’ thermal and tensiomyographic profile and improved performance in their repeated-sprint ability. These results suggest a need for coaches and players to be aware of these parameters to ensure adequate functionality and safety of the playing surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- Grupo IGOID, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Colino
- Grupo IGOID, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Muscular Strength Imbalances Are not Associated with Skin Temperature Asymmetries in Soccer Players. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10070102. [PMID: 32630633 PMCID: PMC7400411 DOI: 10.3390/life10070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strength imbalances using isokinetic dynamometer have been examined for injury risk screening in soccer players, it is very expensive and time-consuming, making the evaluation of new methods appealing. The aim of the study was to analyze the agreement between muscular strength imbalances and skin temperature bilateral asymmetries as well as skin temperature differences in the hamstrings and quadriceps. The skin temperature of the anterior and posterior thigh of 59 healthy male soccer athletes was assessed at baseline using infrared thermography for the identification of hamstrings-quadriceps skin temperature differences and thermal asymmetries (>0.5 °C). Subsequently, concentric and eccentric peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings were considered in the determination of the ratios, as well as muscular asymmetries (>15%). When considering the torque parameters, 37.3% (n = 22) of the players would be classified as high risk for injuries. The percentage of those presenting skin temperature imbalances superior to 0.5 °C was 52.5% (n = 31). The skin temperature assessment showed sensitivity (22%) and specificity (32.2%) to identify torque asymmetries, demonstrating the inability to identify false negatives (15.3%) and false positives (30.5%) from all soccer athletes. In conclusion, skin temperature differences between hamstrings and quadriceps could be more related to thermoregulatory factors than strength imbalances.
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Acute effect of induced asymmetrical running technique on foot skin temperature. J Therm Biol 2020; 91:102613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marqués-Sánchez P, Liébana-Presa C, Benítez-Andrades JA, Gundín-Gallego R, Álvarez-Barrio L, Rodríguez-Gonzálvez P. Thermal Infrared Imaging to Evaluate Emotional Competences in Nursing Students: A First Approach through a Case Study. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092502. [PMID: 32354094 PMCID: PMC7248891 DOI: 10.3390/s20092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
During university studies of nursing, it is important to develop emotional skills for their impact on academic performance and the quality of patient care. Thermography is a technology that could be applied during nursing training to evaluate emotional skills. The objective is to evaluate the effect of thermography as the tool for monitoring and improving emotional skills in student nurses through a case study. The student was subjected to different emotions. The stimuli applied were video and music. The process consisted of measuring the facial temperatures during each emotion and stimulus in three phases: acclimatization, stimulus, and response. Thermographic data acquisition was performed with an FLIR E6 camera. The analysis was complemented with the environmental data (temperature and humidity). With the video stimulus, the start and final forehead temperature from testing phases, showed a different behavior between the positive (joy: 34.5 °C-34.5 °C) and negative (anger: 36.1 °C-35.1 °C) emotions during the acclimatization phase, different from the increase experienced in the stimulus (joy: 34.7 °C-35.0 °C and anger: 35.0 °C-35.0 °C) and response phases (joy: 35.0 °C-35.0 °C and anger: 34.8 °C-35.0 °C). With the music stimulus, the emotions showed different patterns in each phase (joy: 34.2 °C-33.9 °C-33.4 °C and anger: 33.8 °C-33.4 °C-33.8 °C). Whenever the subject is exposed to a stimulus, there is a thermal bodily response. All of the facial areas follow a common thermal pattern in response to the stimulus, with the exception of the nose. Thermography is a technique suitable for the stimulation practices in emotional skills, given that it is non-invasive, it is quantifiable, and easy to access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Marqués-Sánchez
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
| | - Cristina Liébana-Presa
- SALBIS Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - José Alberto Benítez-Andrades
- SALBIS Research Group, Department of Electric, Systems and Automatics Engineering, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | | | - Lorena Álvarez-Barrio
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Gonzálvez
- Department of Mining, Surveying and Structure, Campus of Ponferrada, University of León, 24401 Ponferrada, Spain;
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Jeong IC, Bychkov D, Searson PC. Wearable Devices for Precision Medicine and Health State Monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 66:1242-1258. [PMID: 31021744 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2018.2871638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Wearable technologies will play an important role in advancing precision medicine by enabling measurement of clinically-relevant parameters describing an individual's health state. The lifestyle and fitness markets have provided the driving force for the development of a broad range of wearable technologies that can be adapted for use in healthcare. Here we review existing technologies currently used for measurement of the four primary vital signs: temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure, along with physical activity, sweat, and emotion. We review the relevant physiology that defines the measurement needs and evaluate the different methods of signal transduction and measurement modalities for the use of wearables in healthcare.
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Two Distinct Types of Sweat Profile in Healthy Subjects While Exercising at Constant Power Output Measured by a Wearable Sweat Sensor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17877. [PMID: 31784588 PMCID: PMC6884585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors have enabled real-time monitoring of sweat profiles (sweat concentration versus time) and could enable monitoring of electrolyte loss during exercise or for individuals working in extreme environments. To assess the feasibility of using a wearable sweat chloride sensor for real-time monitoring of individuals during exercise, we recorded and analyzed the sweat profiles of 50 healthy subjects while spinning at 75 Watts for 1 hour. The measured sweat chloride concentrations were in the range from 2.9-34 mM. The sweat profiles showed two distinct sweat responses: Type 1 (single plateau) and Type 2 (multiple plateaus). Subjects with Type 2 profiles had higher sweat chloride concentration and weight loss, higher maximum heart rate, and larger changes in heart rate and rating of perceived exertion during the trial compared to subjects with Type 1 profiles. To assess the influence of level of effort, we recorded sweat profiles for five subjects at 75 W, 100 W, and 125 W. While all five subjects showed Type 1 sweat profiles at 75 W, four of the subjects had Type 2 profiles at 125 W, showing an increase in sweat chloride with exercise intensity. Finally, we show that sweat profiles along with other physiological parameters can be used to predict fluid loss.
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The Dynamic and Correlation of Skin Temperature and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Male Endurance Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162869. [PMID: 31405204 PMCID: PMC6718978 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During endurance exercise, skin temperature (Tsk) plays a fundamental role in thermoregulatory processes. Environmental temperature is the biggest determinant of the Tsk. During exercise, the response of the skin temperature might be influenced by aerobic fitness (VO2peak). The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the dynamic of Tsk in high (HF) and moderately (MF) fit endurance runners during a progressive maximal stress test. Seventy-nine male endurance runners were classified into HF (n = 35; VO2peak = 56.62 ± 4.31 mL/kg/min) and MF (n = 44; VO2peak = 47.86 ± 5.29 mL/kg/min) groups. Tsk and cardiovascular data were continuously monitored during an incremental exercise, followed by a recovery period of five minutes. Results revealed that the MF group exhibited lower VO2peak, Speedpeak, ventilation (VE), muscle mass %, and higher BMI and fat mass % than the HF group (all p < 0.001). HF had significantly higher Tsk at baseline, and at 60% and 70% of peak workload (all p < 0.05). Tskpeak correlated with age, fat mass %, muscle mass %, VO2peak, Speedpeak, HR and VE (all p < 0.05). These findings indicate that VO2peak was positively associated with increased Tsk during incremental exercise in male endurance runners.
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Alayat MS, Elsodany AM, Miyajan AF, Alzhrani AA, Alzhrani HMS, Maqliyah AM. Changes in local skin temperature after the application of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to healthy subjects: a prospective crossover controlled trial. Lasers Med Sci 2019; 34:1681-1688. [PMID: 30903525 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-019-02769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) is a recent modality that is used for the rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders, but there is no evidence about its thermal effects. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in local skin temperature (LST) after the application of a pulsed Nd:YAG laser to healthy subjects. The study participants were 30 male subjects with an average age of 21.96 (± 0.92) years. A rectangular area (15 × 10 cm2) was marked at the front of the dominant thigh and scanned with a laser beam at 3000 J with 20 J/cm2 for 15 min. The other thigh was considered as a control side. The minimum, average, and maximum LSTs were measured using a thermographic camera. The measurements were performed before laser application, immediately after, and then every minute until the LST returned to the pre-treatment value. An independent t test and repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the changes in LST. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The pulsed Nd:YAG laser significantly increased the minimum, average, and maximum LSTs in comparison with the control. The increase was significant for up to 5 min after the application, and it took 10 min to reach the baseline values. The level of increase was 1.23-4.03 °C, and the average increase was 2.6 °C. The pulsed Nd:YAG laser significantly increased the minimum, average, and maximum LSTs of the thigh area in normal subjects, and the thermal effect lasted for 5 min after application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salaheldien Alayat
- Basic Science Department, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, 7 Ahmed Elziat Street from Eltahrir Street, Giza, Egypt.
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Zouboulis CC, Nogueira da Costa A, Jemec GBE, Trebing D. Long-Wave Medical Infrared Thermography: A Clinical Biomarker of Inflammation in Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa. Dermatology 2019; 235:144-149. [PMID: 30650424 DOI: 10.1159/000495982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A more reliable classification of skin inflammation and severity of active disease results from ultrasound sonography and the new hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) classification system IHS4. However, an objective assessment of skin inflammation in a continuous mode is still the ultimate goal. Long-wave medical infrared thermography (MIT) may offer a blood flow and temperature differential assessment in inflammatory conditions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the application of MIT in HS. METHODS Standardized photography of the areas involved or been candidates for HS involvement was performed and MIT pictures were taken simultaneously and superimposed on the photographs of 18 patients (11 female, 7 male, median age 38.75 years [95% confidence interval 28.5 and 51 years], Hurley score I 5.6%, Hurley score II 38.9%, and Hurley score III 55.5%). A modification of the Otsu's method facilitated the automatic lesion segmentation from the background, depicting the inflammation area. Moreover, MIT was administered in real-time mode during radical HS surgery. RESULTS A 1°C temperature difference from a corresponding symmetric body region was indicative of inflammation. MIT figures detected a gradual increase of skin temperature from 33.0°C in healthy skin on average to 35.0-36.6°C at the center of inflamma tory lesions in the axilla and to 35.4-36.9°C at the center of inflammation in the groin area. Real-time MIT assessment enabled the definition of the margins and depth of the surgical intervention during the procedure. CONCLUSION MIT is a promising tool for the detection of inflammation severity in HS lesions and can be used as a clinical biomarker in evaluation studies of medical and surgical HS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany, .,European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany,
| | - André Nogueira da Costa
- Experimental Medicine and Diagnostics, Global Exploratory Development, UCB BioPharma SPRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gregor B E Jemec
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V., Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dietrich Trebing
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Dessau, Germany
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Carpes FP, Mello-Carpes PB, Priego Quesada JI, Pérez-Soriano P, Salvador Palmer R, Ortiz de Anda RMC. Insights on the use of thermography in human physiology practical classes. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2018; 42:521-525. [PMID: 30113221 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00118.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P Carpes
- Applied Neuromechanics Research Group, Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pâmela B Mello-Carpes
- Physiology Research Group, Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego Quesada
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sport Biomechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador Palmer
- Biophysics and Medical Physics Group, Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
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35
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Morán-Navarro R, Courel-Ibáñez J, Martínez-Cava A, Conesa-Ros E, Sánchez-Pay A, Mora-Rodriguez R, Pallarés JG. Validity of Skin, Oral and Tympanic Temperatures During Exercise in the Heat: Effects of Wind and Sweat. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:317-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02115-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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MacRae BA, Rossi RM, Psikuta A, Spengler CM, Annaheim S. Contact skin temperature measurements and associated effects of obstructing local sweat evaporation during mild exercise-induced heat stress. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:075003. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aaca85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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37
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Costa CMA, Moreira DG, Sillero-Quintana M, Brito CJ, de Azambuja Pussieldi G, de Andrade Fernandes A, Cano SP, Bouzas Marins JC. Daily rhythm of skin temperature of women evaluated by infrared thermal imaging. J Therm Biol 2018; 72:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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38
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29441024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029, 10.3389/fpls.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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MacRae BA, Annaheim S, Spengler CM, Rossi RM. Skin Temperature Measurement Using Contact Thermometry: A Systematic Review of Setup Variables and Their Effects on Measured Values. Front Physiol 2018; 9:29. [PMID: 29441024 PMCID: PMC5797625 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin temperature (Tskin) is commonly measured using Tskin sensors affixed directly to the skin surface, although the influence of setup variables on the measured outcome requires clarification. Objectives: The two distinct objectives of this systematic review were (1) to examine measurements from contact Tskin sensors considering equilibrium temperature and temperature disturbance, sensor attachments, pressure, environmental temperature, and sensor type, and (2) to characterise the contact Tskin sensors used, conditions of use, and subsequent reporting in studies investigating sports, exercise, and other physical activity. Data sources and study selection: For the measurement comparison objective, Ovid Medline and Scopus were used (1960 to July 2016) and studies comparing contact Tskin sensor measurements in vivo or using appropriate physical models were included. For the survey of use, Ovid Medline was used (2011 to July 2016) and studies using contact temperature sensors for the measurement of human Tskinin vivo during sport, exercise, and other physical activity were included. Study appraisal and synthesis methods: For measurement comparisons, assessments of risk of bias were made according to an adapted version of the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. Comparisons of temperature measurements were expressed, where possible, as mean difference and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Meta-analyses were not performed due to the lack of a common reference condition. For the survey of use, extracted information was summarised in text and tabular form. Results: For measurement comparisons, 21 studies were included. Results from these studies indicated minor (<0.5°C) to practically meaningful (>0.5°C) measurement bias within the subgroups of attachment type, applied pressure, environmental conditions, and sensor type. The 95% LoA were often within 1.0°C for in vivo studies and 0.5°C for physical models. For the survey of use, 172 studies were included. Details about Tskin sensor setup were often poorly reported and, from those reporting setup information, it was evident that setups widely varied in terms of type of sensors, attachments, and locations used. Conclusions: Setup variables and conditions of use can influence the measured temperature from contact Tskin sensors and thus key setup variables need to be appropriately considered and consistently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braid A. MacRae
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Annaheim
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René M. Rossi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Moreira DG, Costello JT, Brito CJ, Adamczyk JG, Ammer K, Bach AJ, Costa CM, Eglin C, Fernandes AA, Fernández-Cuevas I, Ferreira JJ, Formenti D, Fournet D, Havenith G, Howell K, Jung A, Kenny GP, Kolosovas-Machuca ES, Maley MJ, Merla A, Pascoe DD, Priego Quesada JI, Schwartz RG, Seixas AR, Selfe J, Vainer BG, Sillero-Quintana M. Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:155-162. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Monitoring changes in body surface temperature associated with treadmill exercise in dogs by use of infrared methodology. J Therm Biol 2017; 69:64-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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Ota H, Chao M, Gao Y, Wu E, Tai LC, Chen K, Matsuoka Y, Iwai K, Fahad HM, Gao W, Nyein HYY, Lin L, Javey A. 3D Printed "Earable" Smart Devices for Real-Time Detection of Core Body Temperature. ACS Sens 2017; 2:990-997. [PMID: 28721726 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Real-time detection of basic physiological parameters such as blood pressure and heart rate is an important target in wearable smart devices for healthcare. Among these, the core body temperature is one of the most important basic medical indicators of fever, insomnia, fatigue, metabolic functionality, and depression. However, traditional wearable temperature sensors are based upon the measurement of skin temperature, which can vary dramatically from the true core body temperature. Here, we demonstrate a three-dimensional (3D) printed wearable "earable" smart device that is designed to be worn on the ear to track core body temperature from the tympanic membrane (i.e., ear drum) based on an infrared sensor. The device is fully integrated with data processing circuits and a wireless module for standalone functionality. Using this smart earable device, we demonstrate that the core body temperature can be accurately monitored regardless of the environment and activity of the user. In addition, a microphone and actuator are also integrated so that the device can also function as a bone conduction hearing aid. Using 3D printing as the fabrication method enables the device to be customized for the wearer for more personalized healthcare. This smart device provides an important advance in realizing personalized health care by enabling real-time monitoring of one of the most important medical parameters, core body temperature, employed in preliminary medical screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ota
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Yuji Gao
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Li-Chia Tai
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kevin Chen
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Hossain M. Fahad
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hnin Yin Yin Nyein
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Ali Javey
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Georgiou K, Larentzakis A, Papavassiliou AG. Surgeons' and surgical trainees' acute stress in real operations or simulation: A systematic review. Surgeon 2017; 15:355-365. [PMID: 28716368 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Acute stress in surgery is ubiquitous and has an immediate impact on surgical performance and patient safety. Surgeons react with several coping strategies; however, they recognise the necessity of formal stress management training. Thus, stress assessment is a direct need. Surgical simulation is a validated standardised training milieu designed to replicate real-life situations. It replicates stress, prevents biases, and provides objective metrics. The complexity of stress mechanisms makes stress measurement difficult to quantify and interpret. This systematic review aims to identify studies that have used acute stress estimation measurements in surgeons or surgical trainees during real operations or surgical simulation, and to collectively present the rationale of these tools, with special emphasis in salivary markers. METHODS A search strategy was implemented to retrieve relevant articles from MEDLINE and SCOPUS databases. The 738 articles retrieved were reviewed for further evaluation according to the predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS Thirty-three studies were included in this systematic review. The methods for acute stress assessment varied greatly among studies with the non-invasive techniques being the most commonly used. Subjective and objective tests for surgeons' acute stress assessment are being presented. CONCLUSION There is a broad spectrum of acute mental stress assessment tools in the surgical field and simulation and salivary biomarkers have recently gained popularity. There is a need to maintain a consistent methodology in future research, towards a deeper understanding of acute stress in the surgical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Georgiou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Andreas Larentzakis
- 1st Propaedeutic Surgical Clinic, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 114 Vasilissis Sofias Avenue, Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, Athens 11527, Greece.
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Priego Quesada JI, Gil-Calvo M, Jimenez-Perez I, Lucas-Cuevas ÁG, Pérez-Soriano P. Relationship between foot eversion and thermographic foot skin temperature after running. APPLIED OPTICS 2017; 56:5559-5565. [PMID: 29047517 DOI: 10.1364/ao.56.005559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main instruments to assess foot eversion have some limitations (especially for field applications), and therefore it is necessary to explore new methods. The objective was to determine the relationship between foot eversion and skin temperature asymmetry of the foot sole (difference between medial and lateral side), using infrared thermography. Twenty-two runners performed a running test lasting 30 min. Skin temperature of the feet soles was measured by infrared thermography before and after running. Foot eversion during running was measured by kinematic analysis. Immediately after running, weak negative correlations were observed between thermal symmetry of the rearfoot and eversion at contact time, and between thermal symmetry of the entire plantar surface of the foot and maximum eversion during stance phase (r=-0.3 and p=0.04 in both cases). Regarding temperature variations, weak correlations were also observed (r=0.4 and p<0.05). The weak correlations observed in this study suggest that skin temperature is not related to foot eversion. However, these results open interesting future lines of research.
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Vainer BG, Morozov VV. Infrared Thermography-based Biophotonics: Integrated Diagnostic Technique for Systemic Reaction Monitoring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Priego Quesada JI, Kunzler MR, Carpes FP. Methodological Aspects of Infrared Thermography in Human Assessment. BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS, BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47410-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Domingues AS, Barbosa F, Seixas A, Borgonovo-Santos M, Pereira EM, Vardasca R, Gabriel J, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Infrared Thermography in Swimming. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN THERMAL IMAGING FOR BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-2072-6.ch009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In order to verify whether there is a considerable increase in body skin temperature during different swimming techniques (crawl and backstroke) and identifying the most affected regions. The athlete's thermal symmetry was also analyzed, as well as its modification after the swimming, according to the performed technique. The accuracy of thermography as a method to identify and distinguish these different styles was also evaluated. Ten male swimmers were recruited and two different swimming techniques were assessed, crawl and backstroke. After a 10 minute acclimatization period in the pool, the swimmers were quickly dried with microfiber towels. The thermograms were taken before and after the swimming task, which consisted in a 7x200m protocol in crawl or backstroke. Infrared thermography revealed an increase of temperature after exercise and no significant differences were found between both techniques. Thermal symmetry was not affected by exercise.
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Fernandes AA, Moreira DG, Brito CJ, da Silva CD, Sillero-Quintana M, Pimenta EM, Bach AJE, Garcia ES, Bouzas Marins JC. Validity of inner canthus temperature recorded by infrared thermography as a non-invasive surrogate measure for core temperature at rest, during exercise and recovery. J Therm Biol 2016; 62:50-55. [PMID: 27839549 PMCID: PMC7117007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Research into obtaining a fast, valid, reliable and non-invasive measure of core temperature is of interest in many disciplinary fields. Occupational and sports medicine research has attempted to determine a non-invasive proxy for core temperature particularly when access to participants is limited and thermal safety is of a concern due to protective encapsulating clothing, hot ambient environments and/or high endogenous heat production during athletic competition. This investigation aimed to determine the validity of inner canthus of the eye temperature (TEC) as an alternate non-invasive measure of intestinal core temperature (TC) during rest, exercise and post-exercise conditions. Twelve physically active males rested for 30 min prior to exercise, performed 60 min of aerobic exercise at 60% V̇O2max and passively recovered a further 60 min post-exercise. TEC and TC were measured at 5 min intervals during each condition. Mean differences between TEC and TC were 0.61 °C during pre-exercise, −1.78 °C during exercise and −1.00 °C during post-exercise. The reliability between the methods was low in the pre-exercise (ICC=0.49 [−0.09 to 0.82]), exercise (ICC=−0.14 [−0.65 to 0.44]) and post-exercise (ICC=−0.25 [−0.70 to 0.35]) conditions. In conclusion, poor agreement was observed between the TEC values measured through IRT and TC measured through a gastrointestinal telemetry pill. Therefore, TEC is not a valid substitute measurement to gastrointestinal telemetry pill in sports and exercise science settings. Inner canthus of the eye is not a valid measure of intestinal core temperature. Inner canthus of the eye temperature has severe errors in exercises settings. The variability is more evident in the aerobic exercise and post-exercise conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Andrade Fernandes
- Federal Institute for Education, Sciences and Technology of Minas Gerais, Campus Ipatinga and Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Danilo Gomes Moreira
- Federal Institute for Education, Sciences and Technology of Minas Gerais, Campus Ipatinga and Governador Valadares, Brazil.
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Diniz da Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aaron J E Bach
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - João Carlos Bouzas Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Fernandes ADA, Amorim PRDS, Brito CJ, Sillero-Quintana M, Bouzas Marins JC. Regional Skin Temperature Response to Moderate Aerobic Exercise Measured by Infrared Thermography. Asian J Sports Med 2016; 7:e29243. [PMID: 27217931 PMCID: PMC4870826 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infrared thermography (IRT) does not require contact with the skin, and it is a convenient, reliable and non-invasive technique that can be used for monitoring the skin temperature (TSK). Objectives: The aim of this study was to monitor the variations in the regional TSK during exercise on 28 regions of interest (ROIs) (forehead, face, chest, abdomen, back, lumbar, anterior and posterior neck, and posterior and anterior views of the right and left hands, forearms, upper arms, thighs, and legs) with IRT. Patients and Methods: 12 physically active young males were monitored with IRT during the following three phases: a) 30 minutes before exercise b) while performing one hour of moderate intensity exercise on a treadmill at 60% of the VO2max, and c) 60 minutes after exercise. Results: During pre-exercise, all TSK reached a steady-state (P ≤ 0.05), which ensured adequate thermal stabilisation. At the beginning of exercise, there was a significant reduction in the TSK in most ROIs after 10 minutes of activity, except for the lower limbs (legs and thighs). After one hour of recovery, in the anterior view of the hands and thighs and in the posterior view of the legs, there were significant increases in the TSK compared to pre-exercise. Conclusions: There were significant distinctions in the skin temperature distribution during exercise according to the activity of the area under consideration during exercise, which may be important in the development of physiological models and heat flux analyses for different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex de Andrade Fernandes
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Federal Institute for Education, Sciences and Technology of Minas Gerais, Bambuí, Brazil
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Corresponding author: Alex de Andrade Fernandes, Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil. Tel: +55-3138992076, Fax: +55-3138992076, E-mail:
| | | | - Ciro José Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - João Carlos Bouzas Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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