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Zou Q, Miller Z, Dzelebdzic S, Abadeer M, Johnson KM, Hussain T. Time-Resolved 3D cardiopulmonary MRI reconstruction using spatial transformer network. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:15982-15998. [PMID: 37919998 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The accurate visualization and assessment of the complex cardiac and pulmonary structures in 3D is critical for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Conventional 3D cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques suffer from long acquisition times, motion artifacts, and limited spatiotemporal resolution. This study proposes a novel time-resolved 3D cardiopulmonary MRI reconstruction method based on spatial transformer networks (STNs) to reconstruct the 3D cardiopulmonary MRI acquired using 3D center-out radial ultra-short echo time (UTE) sequences. The proposed reconstruction method employed an STN-based deep learning framework, which used a combination of data-processing, grid generator, and sampler. The reconstructed 3D images were compared against the start-of-the-art time-resolved reconstruction method. The results showed that the proposed time-resolved 3D cardiopulmonary MRI reconstruction using STNs offers a robust and efficient approach to obtain high-quality images. This method effectively overcomes the limitations of conventional 3D cardiac MRI techniques and has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment planning of cardiopulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zou
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zachary Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sanja Dzelebdzic
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Maher Abadeer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Tarique Hussain
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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2
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Li N, Zhang T, Hurr C. Effect of high-intensity intermittent aerobic exercise on blood pressure, heart rate variability, and respiratory function in people with methamphetamine use disorder. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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Trankle CR, Canada JM, Jordan JH, Truong U, Hundley WG. Exercise Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: A Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 55:720-754. [PMID: 33655592 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
While pharmacologic stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a robust noninvasive tool in the diagnosis and prognostication of epicardial coronary artery disease, clinical guidelines recommend exercise-based testing in those patients who can exercise. This review describes the development of exercise cardiovascular MRI protocols, summarizes the insights across various patient populations, and highlights future research initiatives. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory R Trankle
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Justin M Canada
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jordan
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Uyen Truong
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - W Gregory Hundley
- Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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4
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Patterson AJ, Sarode A, Al-Kindi S, Shaver L, Thomas R, Watson E, Alaiti MA, Liu Y, Hamilton J, Seiberlich N, Rashid I, Gilkeson R, Schilz R, Hoit B, Jenkins T, Zullo M, Bossone E, Longenecker C, Simonetti O, Rajagopalan S. Evaluation of dyspnea of unknown etiology in HIV patients with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:74. [PMID: 33040733 PMCID: PMC7549205 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients commonly experience dyspnea for which an immediate cause may not be always apparent. In this prospective cohort study of HIV patients with exercise limitation, we use cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) coupled with exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) to elucidate etiologies of dyspnea. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-four HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy with dyspnea and exercise limitation (49.7 years, 65% male, mean absolute CD4 count 700) underwent comprehensive evaluation with combined rest and maximal exercise treadmill CMR and CPET. The overall mean oxygen consumption (VO2) peak was reduced at 23.2 ± 6.9 ml/kg/min with 20 patients (58.8% of overall cohort) achieving a respiratory exchange ratio > 1. The ventilatory efficiency (VE)/VCO2 slope was elevated at 36 ± 7.92, while ventilatory reserve (VE: maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)) was within normal limits. The mean absolute right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) contractile reserves were preserved at 9.0% ± 11.2 and 9.4% ± 9.4, respectively. The average resting and post-exercise mean average pulmonary artery velocities were 12.2 ± 3.9 cm/s and 18.9 ± 8.3 respectively, which suggested lack of exercise induced pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). LV but not RV delayed enhancement were identified in five patients. Correlation analysis found no relationship between peak VO2 measures of contractile RV or LV reserve, but LV and RV stroke volume correlated with PET CO2 (p = 0.02, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Well treated patients with HIV appear to have conserved RV and LV function, contractile reserve and no evidence of exercise induced PAH. However, we found evidence of impaired ventilation suggesting a non-cardiopulmonary etiology for dyspnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Patterson
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Anuja Sarode
- Kent State University, College of Public Health, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lauren Shaver
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rahul Thomas
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Evelyn Watson
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamad Amer Alaiti
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yuchi Liu
- Michigan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jessie Hamilton
- Michigan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Seiberlich
- Michigan University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Imran Rashid
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Gilkeson
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Schilz
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Pulmonology, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian Hoit
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Trevor Jenkins
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Melissa Zullo
- Kent State University, College of Public Health, Kent, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Orlando Simonetti
- Ohio State University Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Department of Radiology, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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5
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Craven TP, Tsao CW, La Gerche A, Simonetti OP, Greenwood JP. Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance: development, current utility and future applications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:65. [PMID: 32907587 PMCID: PMC7488086 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress cardiac imaging is the current first line investigation for coronary artery disease diagnosis and decision making and an adjunctive tool in a range of non-ischaemic cardiovascular diseases. Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (Ex-CMR) has developed over the past 25 years to combine the superior image qualities of CMR with the preferred method of exercise stress. Presently, numerous exercise methods exist, from performing stress on an adjacent CMR compatible treadmill to in-scanner exercise, most commonly on a supine cycle ergometer. Cardiac conditions studied by Ex-CMR are broad, commonly investigating ischaemic heart disease and congenital heart disease but extending to pulmonary hypertension and diabetic heart disease. This review presents an in-depth assessment of the various Ex-CMR stress methods and the varied pulse sequence approaches, including those specially designed for Ex-CMR. Current and future developments in image acquisition are highlighted, and will likely lead to a much greater clinical use of Ex-CMR across a range of cardiovascular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Craven
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Connie W Tsao
- Cardiovascular Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Ave, RW-453, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- National Centre for Sports Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Australia
| | | | - John P Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Arena R, Canada JM, Popovic D, Trankle CR, Del Buono MG, Lucas A, Abbate A. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing - refining the clinical perspective by combining assessments. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:563-576. [PMID: 32749934 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1806057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now established as a vital sign. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) is the gold-standard approach to assessing CRF. AREAS COVERED A body of literature spanning several decades clearly supports the clinical utility of CPX in those who are apparently health and at risk for chronic disease as well as numerous patient populations. While CPX, in and of itself, is a valid and reliable clinical assessment, combining findings with other available assessments may provide a more comprehensive perspective that enhances clinical decision making and outcomes. The current review will accomplish the following: (1) define key CPX measures based upon current evidence; and (2) describe the current evidence addressing the relationships between CPX and echocardiography, serum biomarkers, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance. EXPERT OPINION Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides prognostic and diagnostic information in apparently healthy individuals, those at risk for one or more chronic conditions, as well as numerous patient populations. Moreover, if the goal of an intervention is to improve one or more systems integral to the physiologic response to exercise, CPX should be considered as a central assessment to gauge therapeutic efficacy. To further refine the information obtained from CPX, combining other assessments has demonstrated promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Arena
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Science, University of Illinois , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Justin M Canada
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Dejana Popovic
- Division of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade , Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Cory R Trankle
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Lucas
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA, USA
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7
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LaFountain RA, Raman SV, Simonetti OP. Letter to the Editor: Exercise MRI in healthy individuals—will the outlier please stand up? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R298-R399. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00368.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Subha V. Raman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Orlando P. Simonetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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8
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Beaudry RI, Samuel TJ, Wang J, Tucker WJ, Haykowsky MJ, Nelson MD. Exercise cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: a feasibility study and meta-analysis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R638-R645. [PMID: 29949409 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00158.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac stress testing improves detection and risk assessment of heart disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the clinical gold-standard for assessing cardiac morphology and function at rest; however, exercise MRI has not been widely adapted for cardiac assessment because of imaging and device limitations. Commercially available magnetic resonance ergometers, together with improved imaging sequences, have overcome many previous limitations, making cardiac stress MRI more feasible. Here, we aimed to demonstrate clinical feasibility and establish the normative, healthy response to supine exercise MRI. Eight young, healthy subjects underwent rest and exercise cinematic imaging to measure left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction. To establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI we performed a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of existing exercise cardiac MRI studies. Results were pooled using a random effects model to define the left ventricular ejection fraction, end-diastolic, end-systolic, and stroke volume responses. Our proof-of-concept data showed a marked increase in cardiac index with exercise, secondary to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume. The change in stroke volume was driven by a reduction in end-systolic volume, with no change in end-diastolic volume. These findings were entirely consistent with 17 previous exercise MRI studies (226 individual records), despite differences in imaging approach, ergometer, or exercise type. Taken together, the data herein demonstrate that exercise cardiac MRI is clinically feasible, using commercially available exercise equipment and vendor-provided product sequences and establish the normative, healthy response to exercise MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys I Beaudry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - T Jake Samuel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
| | - Michael D Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington , Arlington, Texas
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9
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Alaiti MA, Goud A, Ramani G, Bagchi S, Al-Kindi S, Sawicki S, Longenecker C, Jenkins T, Pauza D, Park M, McComsey G, Simonetti O, Hoit B, Rajagopalan S. Design of the exercise MRI evaluation of HIV-pulmonary arterial hypertension longitudinal determinants (EXALTED) trial. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2018; 18:888-896. [PMID: 28937582 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a potentially serious cause of dyspnea and exercise limitation in patients with HIV infection. In this trial, we propose using exercise MRI in conjunction with cardiopulmonary testing to delineate PAH from other causes of cardiovascular dysfunction, identify individuals with exercise-induced PAH who are at high risk of developing resting PAH, and provide longitudinal estimates of progression of PAH and right ventricular function. METHODS In this prospective observational study, HIV patients with dyspnea and exercise limitation in the absence of identifiable causes and those who meet the inclusion criteria will be enrolled based on resting pulmonary artery pressure (≤ or >40 mmHg) on a screening echocardiogram and exercise limitation on the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale. Patients without evidence of resting PAH will be enrolled into both rest and exercise MRI and cardiopulmonary testing protocol, whereas patients with evidence of PAH on resting echocardiograms will undergo only resting cardiac MRI studies to evaluate right ventricular function and fibrosis. Both patient subgroups will be followed for 24 months to obtain longitudinal progression of the disease. In a sub-study, we will further analyze inflammatory variables that may predict these changes, thus allowing early identification of these patients. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS This trial will be the first study to provide an understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the functional deterioration of the right ventricle in patients with HIV and will impart insight into the immune mediators of PAH progression and right ventricular functional deterioration in patients with HIV-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Amer Alaiti
- aDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio bDivision of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland cDivision of Infectious Diseases and Institute of Human Virology dHouston Methodist DeBakey Heart & Vascular Center, Houston, Texas eDivision of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio fThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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10
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Petrella AFM, Gill DP, Petrella RJ. Evaluation of the Get Active Questionnaire in community-dwelling older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:587-594. [PMID: 29342366 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity screening prior to starting a physical activity program is important to identify if there are any underlying health conditions. However, many older adults do not complete such assessments prior to beginning their physical activity program. This project compared the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology's newly developed Get Active Questionnaire (GAQ) to a standardized exercise stress test in terms of screening out versus screening in false-positive GAQ tests. A convenience sample of community-dwelling adults (male n = 58, female n = 54) aged 75 ± 7 years from London, Ontario, Canada, was used. Participants completed a physical exam and physical activity screening session (i.e., stress test and GAQ) at a research laboratory that routinely conducts community-based referrals. One week after the initial visit, participants returned to the study site, completed the GAQ, and were asked questions about their perceptions of physical activity screening by a research assistant. The GAQ "screened in" participants, but it did not provide the same precision of "screening out" at-risk individuals as an exercise stress test; the GAQ reduced false-positives versus the stress test, yet there was a large proportion of high false-negative results reported. The GAQ shows promise in physical activity screening in older adults to engage in exercise safely. However, the lack of precision in physical-activity screening out of at-risk populations requires further evaluation. Questionnaires such as the GAQ should be evaluated in a larger study population at various time points to further assess the validity and reliability of physical activity screening tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F M Petrella
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Dawn P Gill
- b Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada.,c Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 2B7, Canada
| | - Robert J Petrella
- a Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.,b Centre for Studies in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2M1, Canada
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11
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Le TT, Bryant JA, Ting AE, Ho PY, Su B, Teo RCC, Gan JSJ, Chung YC, O'Regan DP, Cook SA, Chin CWL. Assessing exercise cardiac reserve using real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017. [PMID: 28110638 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-0170322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (ExCMR) has great potential for clinical use but its development has been limited by a lack of compatible equipment and robust real-time imaging techniques. We developed an exCMR protocol using an in-scanner cycle ergometer and assessed its performance in differentiating athletes from non-athletes. METHODS Free-breathing real-time CMR (1.5T Aera, Siemens) was performed in 11 athletes (5 males; median age 29 [IQR: 28-39] years) and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (7 males; median age 26 [interquartile range (IQR): 25-33] years). All participants underwent an in-scanner exercise protocol on a CMR compatible cycle ergometer (Lode BV, the Netherlands), with an initial workload of 25W followed by 25W-increment every minute. In 20 individuals, exercise capacity was also evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Scan-rescan reproducibility was assessed in 10 individuals, at least 7 days apart. RESULTS The exCMR protocol demonstrated excellent scan-rescan (cardiac index (CI): 0.2 ± 0.5L/min/m2) and inter-observer (ventricular volumes: 1.2 ± 5.3mL) reproducibility. CI derived from exCMR and CPET had excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p < 0.001) and agreement (1.7 ± 1.8L/min/m2). Despite similar values at rest (P = 0.87), athletes had increased exercise CI compared to healthy individuals (at peak exercise: 12.2 [IQR: 10.2-13.5] L/min/m2 versus 8.9 [IQR: 7.5-10.1] L/min/m2, respectively; P < 0.001). Peak exercise CI, where image acquisition lasted 13-17 s, outperformed that at rest (c-statistics = 0.95 [95% confidence interval: 0.87-1.00] versus 0.48 [95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.72], respectively; P < 0.0001 for comparison) in differentiating athletes from healthy volunteers; and had similar performance as VO2max (c-statistics = 0.84 [95% confidence interval = 0.62-1.00]; P = 0.29 for comparison). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel in-scanner exCMR protocol using real-time CMR that is highly reproducible. It may now be developed for clinical use for physiological studies of the heart and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thao Le
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.
| | - Jennifer Ann Bryant
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Alicia Er Ting
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Ho
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Boyang Su
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Calvin Woon-Loong Chin
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Le TT, Bryant JA, Ting AE, Ho PY, Su B, Teo RCC, Gan JSJ, Chung YC, O’Regan DP, Cook SA, Chin CWL. Assessing exercise cardiac reserve using real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2017; 19:7. [PMID: 28110638 PMCID: PMC5256575 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-017-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise cardiovascular magnetic resonance (ExCMR) has great potential for clinical use but its development has been limited by a lack of compatible equipment and robust real-time imaging techniques. We developed an exCMR protocol using an in-scanner cycle ergometer and assessed its performance in differentiating athletes from non-athletes. METHODS Free-breathing real-time CMR (1.5T Aera, Siemens) was performed in 11 athletes (5 males; median age 29 [IQR: 28-39] years) and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (7 males; median age 26 [interquartile range (IQR): 25-33] years). All participants underwent an in-scanner exercise protocol on a CMR compatible cycle ergometer (Lode BV, the Netherlands), with an initial workload of 25W followed by 25W-increment every minute. In 20 individuals, exercise capacity was also evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Scan-rescan reproducibility was assessed in 10 individuals, at least 7 days apart. RESULTS The exCMR protocol demonstrated excellent scan-rescan (cardiac index (CI): 0.2 ± 0.5L/min/m2) and inter-observer (ventricular volumes: 1.2 ± 5.3mL) reproducibility. CI derived from exCMR and CPET had excellent correlation (r = 0.83, p < 0.001) and agreement (1.7 ± 1.8L/min/m2). Despite similar values at rest (P = 0.87), athletes had increased exercise CI compared to healthy individuals (at peak exercise: 12.2 [IQR: 10.2-13.5] L/min/m2 versus 8.9 [IQR: 7.5-10.1] L/min/m2, respectively; P < 0.001). Peak exercise CI, where image acquisition lasted 13-17 s, outperformed that at rest (c-statistics = 0.95 [95% confidence interval: 0.87-1.00] versus 0.48 [95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.72], respectively; P < 0.0001 for comparison) in differentiating athletes from healthy volunteers; and had similar performance as VO2max (c-statistics = 0.84 [95% confidence interval = 0.62-1.00]; P = 0.29 for comparison). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a novel in-scanner exCMR protocol using real-time CMR that is highly reproducible. It may now be developed for clinical use for physiological studies of the heart and circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu-Thao Le
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Jennifer Ann Bryant
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Alicia Er Ting
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Pei Yi Ho
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | - Boyang Su
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Stuart A. Cook
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Calvin Woon-Loong Chin
- National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609 Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Barber NJ, Ako EO, Kowalik GT, Cheang MH, Pandya B, Steeden JA, Moledina S, Muthurangu V. Magnetic Resonance–Augmented Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 9:CIRCIMAGING.116.005282. [DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.116.005282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Conventional cardiopulmonary exercise testing can objectively measure exercise intolerance but cannot provide comprehensive evaluation of physiology. This requires additional assessment of cardiac output and arteriovenous oxygen content difference. We developed magnetic resonance (MR)–augmented cardiopulmonary exercise testing to achieve this goal and assessed children with right heart disease.
Methods and Results—
Healthy controls (n=10) and children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH; n=10) and repaired tetralogy of Fallot (n=10) underwent MR-augmented cardiopulmonary exercise testing. All exercises were performed on an MR-compatible ergometer, and oxygen uptake was continuously acquired using a modified metabolic cart. Simultaneous cardiac output was measured using a real-time MR flow sequence and combined with oxygen uptake to calculate arteriovenous oxygen content difference. Peak oxygen uptake was significantly lower in the PAH group (12.6±1.31 mL/kg per minute;
P
=0.01) and trended toward lower in the tetralogy of Fallot group (13.5±1.29 mL/kg per minute;
P
=0.06) compared with controls (16.7±1.37 mL/kg per minute). Although tetralogy of Fallot patients had the largest increase in cardiac output, they had lower resting (3±1.2 L/min per m
2
) and peak (5.3±1.2 L/min per m
2
) values compared with controls (resting 4.3±1.2 L/min per m
2
and peak 6.6±1.2 L/min per m
2
) and PAH patients (resting 4.5±1.1 L/min per m
2
and peak 5.9±1.1 L/min per m
2
). Both the PAH and tetralogy of Fallot patients had blunted exercise–induced increases in arteriovenous oxygen content difference. However, only the PAH patients had significantly reduced peak values (6.9±1.3 mlO2/100 mL) compared with controls (8.4±1.4 mlO2/100 mL;
P
=0.005).
Conclusions—
MR-augmented cardiopulmonary exercise testing is feasible in both healthy children and children with cardiac disease. Using this novel technique, we have demonstrated abnormal exercise patterns in oxygen uptake, cardiac output, and arteriovenous oxygen content difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Barber
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Emmanuel O. Ako
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Gregorz T. Kowalik
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Mun H. Cheang
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Bejal Pandya
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Jennifer A. Steeden
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Shahin Moledina
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
| | - Vivek Muthurangu
- From the Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., E.O.A., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., V.M.); Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom (N.J.B., G.T.K., M.H.C., J.A.S., S.M., V.M.); and Bart’s Heart Centre, London, United Kingdom (E.O.A., B.P.)
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